The method according to claim 1, where D<sub>1 </sub>is a transform, u(t) is a step function, u(t)−u(t−T<sub>A</sub>) is a windowing operator or aperture of duration T<sub>A</sub>, and A sin (φt+N) is an approximate half cycle of the carrier signal, step of processing the approximate half cycle of the carrier signal in accordance with:
D₁=∫₀^TA(u(t)−u(t−T_A))·A sin(ωt+φ)dt. view more

The method according to claim 1, where E is energy, A is a constant, S<sub>i</sub>(t) is the carrier signal, A·S<sub>i</sub>(t) is an aperture impulse response of duration T<sub>A</sub>, and wherein step (2) comprises the step of accumulating energy he carrier signal in accordance with: view more

A method for down-converting an electromagnetic signal, comprising the steps of: (1) receiving an information signal; (2) inverting the information signal to generate an inverted information signal; (3) electrically coupling the information signal to a first capacitor and the inverted information signal to a second capacitor; (4) controlling a charging and discharging cycle of the first and second capacitors with first and second switching devices electrically coupled to the first and second capacitors, respectively; and (5) performing a plurality of charging and discharging cycles of the first and second capacitors to generate first and second down-converted information signals across first and second impedance devices, respectively; wherein the information signal is used to store a charge on the first capacitor when the first switching device is closed and the inverted information signal is used to store a charge on the second capacitor when the second switching device is closed. view more

The method according to claim <HIL><BOLD>1</BOLD></HIL>, further comprising the step of transferring energy to a load during an off-time.

An apparatus for down-converting a carrier signal to a baseband signal, the carrier signal including at least one of amplitude variations, phase variations, or frequency variations at a frequency lower than a carrier frequency of the carrier signal, the apparatus comprising: means for sampling the carrier signal over aperture periods to transfer energy from the carrier signal at an aliasing rate, the aliasing rate determined according to a frequency of the carrier signal divided by N, wherein N indicates a harmonic or sub-harmonic of the carrier signal; means for integrating the energy over the aperture periods; and means for generating the baseband signal from the integrated energy. view more

An apparatus for down-converting a first signal to a second signal, comprising:</claim-text> means for sub-sampling the first signal over aperture periods to transfer energy from the first signal; means for integrating the transferred energy over the ure periods; means for generating the second signal from the integrated energy; and means for impedance matching at least one of said first signal and said second signal. view more

The apparatus of claim <HIL><BOLD>90</BOLD></HIL>, wherein said aperture periods are substantially greater than zero such that energy transferred is to such an extent that accurate voltage reproduction of the first signal is prevented.

An apparatus, comprising:</claim-text> at least one universal frequency down-conversion module, including a switch, an integrator coupled to said switch, and a pulse generator coupled to said switch; and wherein said pulse generator outputs pulses to switch at an aliasing rate that is determined according to: (a frequency of a carrier signal +/− a frequency of a lower frequency signal) divided by N; wherein said pulses have apertures and cause said switch to close and sub-sample the carrier signal over said apertures, and wherein energy is transferred from the carrier signal and integrated using said integrator during said apertures of said pulses, and wherein the lower frequency signal is generated from the transferred energy. view more

An apparatus for down-converting a carrier signal to a lower frequency signal, comprising: an energy transfer signal generator; a switch module controlled by said energy transfer signal generator; and a storage module coupled to said switch module; wherein said storage module receives non-negligible amounts of energy transferred from a carrier signal at an aliasing rate that is substantially equal to a frequency of the carrier signal plus or minus a frequency of the lower frequency signal, divided by n where n represents a harmonic or sub-harmonic of the carrier signal, wherein a lower frequency signal is generated from the transferred energy. view more

The apparatus according to claim 23, wherein said circuit comprises: an output impedance match circuit coupled to an output of said apparatus.

The apparatus according to claim 23, wherein said storage device comprises a capacitive storage device sized to store substantial amounts of energy relative to energy contained in a percentage of half cycles of a carrier signal, whereby said capacitive storage device integrates the transferred energy. view more

The apparatus according to claim 23, wherein the aliasing rate is substantially equal to frequency of the carrier signal divided by n, and the lower frequency signal is a demodulate baseband signal.

The apparatus according to claim 23, wherein said storage module receives and integrate controlled substantial amounts of energy transferred from the carrier signal over aperture periods wherein said storage module generates a lower frequency signal from the integrated energy wherein the transferring of energy substantially prevents accurate voltage reproduction of the carrier signal during the apertures. view more