Since launching its first campaign in mid-March, TainoApp has sued Amazon, Barnes & Noble, Dell, HP, Kobo, Rakuten, and Sony. Two patents are asserted in the campaign although most cases assert one or the other patent; the case against Sony is the only one to assert both patents. Each case accuses defendants’ e-readers and tablets of infringement. The patents-in-suit relate to screen refreshing on digital video displays (7,034,791, 8,629,890). They were developed by inventor Gary Odom and sold through FTE Exchange, first to Tierra Intellectual Borinquen in December 2012 and then to TainoApp in December 2013. The correspondent address for both Tierra and TainoApp is the same and is also linked to other NPEs, including Chinook Licensing, Telenit, and Wildcat. TainoApp appears to have previously sold a service for making web content mobile compatible, but it is no longer operating; its website has been inactive since 2011 and its social media has been inactive since May 2012. RPX reviewed the asserted patents in two open market opportunities in 2009 and 2012. 3/14, District of Puerto Rico, 3:14cv01210, 3:14cv01212, 3:14cv01213, 3:14cv01214, 3:14cv01215, 3/25, District of Delaware, 1:14cv00381