Radiation detector and method therefor

• US 10,006,855 B2
• Filed: 11/22/2016
• Issued: 06/26/2018
• Est. Priority Date: 03/09/2015
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: California Institute of Technology
• Original Assignee: California Institute of Technology
• Inventors: Scherer, Axel, Hartley, Frank T.
• Primary Examiner(s): Bryant, Casey
• Application Number:
  US15/359,296
• Publication Number:
  US 20170074786A1
• Time in Patent Office: 581 Days
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 2003/1213 Filters in general, e.g. dichroic, band
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/0208 using focussing or collimating elements, e.g. lenses or mirrors; performing aberration correction
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/0256 Compact construction
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/108 for measurement in the infrared range
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/18 using diffraction elements, e.g. grating gratings per se G02B
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/36 Investigating two or more bands of a spectrum by separate detectors
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/42 Absorption spectrometry; Double beam spectrometry; Flicker spectrometry; Reflection spectrometry beam switching arrangements G01J3/08
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2021/3148 using three or more wavelengths
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/35 using infrared light G01N21/39 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/3563 for analysing solids; Preparation of samples therefor
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/3577 for analysing liquids, e.g. polluted water
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2201/0245 with insertable-removable part
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2201/0638 Refractive parts

Abstract

MIR spectroscopy systems comprising hierarchical spectral dispersion that enables fine spectral resolution and high sensitivity spectroscopy are disclosed. Hierarchical spectral dispersion is derived by employing at least two diffractive lens arrays, located on either side of a test sample, each receiving input radiation having an input spectral range and distributing the input radiation into a plurality of output signals, each having a fraction of the spectral range of the input radiation. As a result, the signal multiplication factor of the two arrays is multiplied in a manner that mitigates the propagation of wavelength harmonics through the system. In some embodiments, an emitter array comprising a plurality of spectrally selective emitters provides the input MIR radiation to a spectroscopy system. In some embodiments, spectrally selective detectors are used to detect narrow spectral components in the radiation after they have passed through the test sample.

Claims

1. An apparatus comprising a first detector operative for providing a photoconductive response in response to receipt of a first radiation signal, wherein the first detector includes a first detector pixel comprising:

a first layer that comprises a first material that is substantially transparent for the first radiation signal; and

a first arrangement of features located in a first region of the first layer, the first arrangement of features being dimensioned and arranged to excite surface states that generate charge carriers in response to at least a portion of the first radiation signal.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first material is float-zone silicon.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first radiation signal includes wavelengths that span a first spectral range, and wherein the first arrangement of features defines a first photonic crystal that gives rise to spectral selectivity for a first wavelength component within the first spectral range for the first detector pixel.

4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the first detector further includes a second detector pixel that comprises a second arrangement of features located in a second region of the first layer, the second arrangement of features being dimensioned and arranged to excite surface states that generate charge carriers in response to receipt of at least a portion of the first radiation signal, and wherein the second arrangement of features defines a second photonic crystal that gives rise to spectral selectivity for a second wavelength component within the first spectral range for the second detector pixel.

5. The apparatus of claim 4 further comprising a first lens that is operative for (1) receiving the first radiation signal and (2) providing a first radiation beamlet to the first detector pixel and a second radiation beamlet to the second detector pixel, wherein the first radiation beamlet is characterized by the first spectral component, and wherein the second radiation beamlet is characterized by the second spectral component.

6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first radiation signal includes wavelengths that span a first spectral range that is within the mid-infrared wavelength range.

7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first detector further comprises a second detector pixel that is a blind pixel.

8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first detector pixel includes first and second contacts that are operative for inducing avalanche gain in the first material.

9. An apparatus comprising a first detector operative for detecting a first radiation signal, wherein the first detector comprises:

a first layer comprising a first material that is substantially transparent for the first radiation signal; and

a first detector pixel having a first photoconductive response, the first detector pixel comprising a first photonic crystal located in a first region of the first layer, the first photonic crystal being dimensioned and arranged to excite surface states that generate free-carrier pairs in response to receipt of at least a portion of the first radiation signal.

10. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the first radiation signal includes a plurality of wavelength components, and wherein a first wavelength component of the plurality of wavelength components selectively excites surface states in the first photonic crystal.

11. The apparatus of claim 10 further comprising a plurality of detector pixels that includes the first detector pixel, each detector pixel of the plurality thereof being selectively sensitive for a different wavelength component of the plurality thereof.

12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the plurality of wavelength components collectively span the first spectral range, and wherein the plurality of detector pixels is collectively operative for detecting radiation that spans the first spectral range.

13. The apparatus of claim 11 further comprising a first lens that is dimensioned and arranged to distribute the first radiation signal into a first radiation beamlet directed to the first detector pixel and a second radiation beamlet directed to the second detector pixel, the first radiation beamlet including the first spectral component and the second radiation beamlet including the second spectral component.

14. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the detector further includes a second detector pixel that is a blind pixel.

15. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the first material is float zone silicon and the first spectral range is within the mid-infrared spectral range.

16. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the first detector pixel includes first and second contacts that are operative for inducing avalanche gain in the first material.

17. A method comprising:

receiving a first radiation signal at a detector, the detector comprising a first detector pixel comprising a first arrangement of features located in a first region of a first layer comprising a first material that is substantially transparent for the first radiation signal; and

detecting a first photoconductive response at the first detector pixel, wherein the first photoconductive response is based on free carriers generated by surface states that are excited in the first arrangement of features by at least a portion of the first radiation signal.

18. The method of claim 17 further comprising providing the detector such that the first arrangement of features defines a first photonic crystal, wherein the first photonic crystal includes at least one cavity that enhances detection of a first wavelength component of a plurality of wavelength components included in the first radiation signal.

19. The method of claim 17 further comprising providing the detector such that a first wavelength component of a plurality of wavelength components selectively excites surface states in the first photonic crystal, wherein the first radiation signal includes the plurality of wavelength components.

20. The method of claim 17 further comprising providing the detector such that it further includes a second detector pixel that is a blind pixel.

21. The method of claim 17 wherein the detector is provided such that the first region is physically separated from a substrate such that the first region is substantially thermally isolated from the substrate.

22. The method of claim 17 further including:

providing the detector such that it includes the first detector pixel and a second detector pixel that is a blind detector; and

comparing a first output signal provided by the first detector and a second output signal provided by the second detector.

23. The method of claim 17 further including reading out the first detector pixel by operations comprising:

providing an electric field across the first detector pixel during a first portion of a pulse period;

providing no electric field across the first detector pixel during a second portion of the pulse period;

measuring the photoconductance of the first pixel during the first portion; and

measuring the temperature of the first pixel during the second portion.

24. The method of claim 17 further including reading out the first detector pixel by operations comprising:

providing the detector such that the first detector pixel includes a first contact and a second contact; and

applying a voltage across the first and second contacts to generate an electric field across the first detector pixel;

wherein the electric field enables avalanche gain in the first material.

25. The method of claim 17 further comprising:

providing the detector such that it includes a plurality of detector pixels that includes the first detector pixel, wherein each detector pixel is selectively sensitive for a different wavelength component of a plurality of wavelength components, and wherein the first radiation signal includes the plurality of wavelength components; and

receiving at least a portion of the first radiation signal at each of the plurality of detector pixels; and

providing an output signal based on the received portion of the first radiation signal at each detector pixel of the plurality thereof.

26. The method of claim 25 further comprising:

distributing the first radiation signal into a plurality of beamlets, each beamlet selectively including a different wavelength component of the plurality thereof; and

providing the plurality of beamlets to the plurality of detector pixels such that each detector pixel receives the beamlet that includes the wavelength component for which that detector pixel is selectively sensitive.

27. The method of claim 26 further comprising:

directing the first radiation signal through a test sample, wherein the first radiation signal is provided to the detector after it has passed through the test sample;

providing a plurality of output signals at the plurality of detector pixels, wherein each output signal is based on the intensity of the wavelength component of received at a different detector pixel of the plurality thereof; and

detecting at least one analyte in the test sample based on the plurality of output signals.