Photonic blood typing

• US 10,073,102 B2
• Filed: 02/17/2017
• Issued: 09/11/2018
• Est. Priority Date: 07/20/2011
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Bloodworks
• Original Assignee: Bloodworks, University of Washington
• Inventors: Ratner, Daniel M., Johnsen, Jill M., Kirk, James T., Lopez, Jose A., Brault, Norman D., Jiang, Shaoyi
• Primary Examiner(s): Martinez, Rebecca L
• Application Number:
  US15/436,585
• Publication Number:
  US 20170227555A1
• Time in Patent Office: 571 Days
• Field of Search: None
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/75 Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated systems in which material is burnt in a flame or plasma G01N21/72, G01N21/73
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/7703 using reagent-clad optical fibres or optical waveguides using measurement of total internal reflection or attenuated total reflection G01N21/552; optical fibres or waveguides per se G02B
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 33/54373 involving physiochemical end-point determination, e.g. wave-guides, FETS, gratings
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 33/80 involving blood groups or blood types or red blood cells white blood cells G01N33/56972

Abstract

Photonic devices, systems, and methods for detecting an analyte in a biological solution (e.g., whole blood) are provided. Representative photonic devices are optical ring resonators having nanoscale features and micron-sized diameters. Due to the compact size of these devices, many resonators can be disposed on a single substrate and tested simultaneously as a sample is passed over the devices. Typical analytes include blood cells, antibodies, and pathogens, as well as compounds indicative of the presence of blood cells or pathogens (e.g., serology). In certain embodiments, blood type can be determined through photonic sensing using a combination of direct detection of blood cells and serology. By combining the detection signals of multiple devices, the type of blood can be determined.

Claims

1. A photonic device for testing a sample to determine a blood type, comprising:

a sample waveguide having a sample surface; and

a binding coating covering and in optical communication with at least a portion of the sample surface, the binding coating configured to bind a target moiety within the sample indicative of a blood cell body antigen or immune sensitization to blood antigens, wherein the photonic device is configured such that light passed through the sample waveguide has an evanescent field that extends a distance beyond the sample waveguide sufficient to detect the bound target moiety indicative of the blood cell body antigen or immune sensitization to blood antigens, and wherein detection of the target moiety informs of the blood type in the sample.

2. The photonic device of claim 1 wherein the target moiety indicative of the blood cell body antigen is associated with a blood cell.

3. The photonic device of claim 2 wherein the blood cell is selected from the group consisting of a white blood cell, a red blood cell, a platelet, and a microparticle.

4. The photonic device of claim 1 wherein the binding coating is an antigen and wherein the target moiety indicative of the blood cell body antigen or immune sensitization to blood antigens is an antibody indicative of immunity to blood or pathogen antigens.

5. The photonic device of claim 1 wherein the binding coating is antifouling.

6. The photonic device of claim 1 wherein the binding coating is zwitterionic.

7. The photonic device of claim 6 wherein the binding coating comprises a poly(carboxybetaine).

8. The photonic device of claim 1 wherein the binding coating includes at least one capture layer.

9. The photonic device of claim 1 wherein the binding coating comprises a plurality of layers, including an antifouling layer and a capture layer.

10. The photonic device of claim 9 wherein the antifouling layer is zwitterionic.

11. The photonic device of claim 9 wherein the capture layer comprises at least one binding moiety.

12. The photonic device of claim 11 wherein the binding moiety is configured to bind to the target moiety indicative of the blood cell body antigen or immune sensitization to blood antigens.

13. The photonic device of claim 9 wherein the antifouling layer is bound to the capture layer.

14. The photonic device of claim 1 wherein the binding coating is covalently attached to the sample waveguide.

15. The photonic device of claim 1 wherein the binding coating is not covalently bound to the sample waveguide.

16. The photonic device of claim 1 wherein the binding coating has a first refractive index prior to binding the target moiety indicative of the blood cell body antigen or immune sensitization to blood antigens and a second refractive index after binding the target moiety indicative of the blood cell body antigen or immune sensitization to blood antigens, wherein the first refractive index and the second refractive index are different, and wherein an evanescent field of electromagnetic radiation of a first wavelength extends beyond the binding coating and into any target moiety bound to the binding coating.

17. The photonic device of claim 1 wherein the sample waveguide is a portion of a photonic device selected from the group consisting of a resonator and an interferometer.

18. The photonic device of claim 1 wherein the sample waveguide is a portion of a photonic device selected from the group consisting of a ring resonator, a Bragg reflector, and a Mach-Zehnder interferometer.

19. The photonic device of claim 18 wherein the photonic device is a ring resonator having a diameter of about 100 microns or less.

20. The photonic device of claim 1 wherein the sample waveguide is a nanophotonic waveguide.

21. The photonic device of claim 1 wherein photonic device is a nanophotonic device.

29. The photonic device of claim 1 wherein the blood cell body is selected from the group consisting of a blood cell, a blood cell membrane, a blood cell fragment, a microvesicle, and a microparticle.

22. A photonic system comprising:

(1) a first photonic device for determining a blood antigen presence in a subject, comprising;

a first sample waveguide having a first sample surface; and

a first binding coating covering and in optical communication with at least a portion of the first sample surface, the first binding coating configured to directly bind to a blood cell target moiety indicative of the blood antigen presence in the subject,

wherein the blood cell target moiety is attached to a blood cell body selected from the group consisting of a blood cell, a blood cell membrane, a blood cell fragment, a microvesicle, a microparticle, and a blood cell-associated antigen, and

wherein the first photonic device is configured such that light passed through the first sample waveguide has an evanescent field that extends a distance beyond the first sample waveguide sufficient to detect the bound blood cell target moiety; and

(2) a second photonic device for determining immune sensitization to blood antigens in the subject, comprising;

a second sample waveguide having a second sample surface; and

a second binding coating covering and in optical communication with at least a portion of the second sample surface, the second binding coating configured to bind to an antibody indicative of immunity to blood antigens in the subject,

wherein the second photonic device is configured such that light passed through the second sample waveguide has an evanescent field that extends a distance beyond the second sample waveguide sufficient to detect the bound antibody indicative of immunity to blood antigens.

23. The photonic system of claim 22 wherein the first photonic device and the second photonic device are configured to simultaneously determine the blood antigen presence and immune sensitization to blood antigens in the subject.

24. The photonic system of claim 22, further comprising a computer configured to determine the blood antigen presence and immune sensitization to blood antigens in the subject using output from both the first photonic device and the second photonic device.

25. The photonic system of claim 22, further comprising a reference waveguide that does not have any binding coating.

26. The photonic system of claim 22, further comprising a third photonic device configured to bind a target moiety indicative of a pathogen in the subject.

27. The photonic system of claim 26 wherein the target moiety indicative of a pathogen in the subject is selected from the group consisting of a pathogen, a pathogen-associated antibody, a pathogen-associated nucleic acid, and a pathogen-associated antigen.

28. The photonic system of claim 22 wherein detection of the bound blood cell target moiety by the first photonic device or detection of the bound antibody indicative of immunity to blood antigens by the second photonic device informs of the subject'"'"'s blood type.