Power efficient laser diode driver circuit and method

• US 10,205,931 B2
• Filed: 03/13/2017
• Issued: 02/12/2019
• Est. Priority Date: 11/12/2013
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Microsoft Technology Licensing LLC (Microsoft Corporation)
• Original Assignee: Microsoft Technology Licensing LLC (Microsoft Corporation)
• Inventors: Thompson, Barry, Wurster, Stefan, Prather, Lawrence A., Snow, Dane, McCauley, Richard
• Primary Examiner(s): Niu, Xinning(Tom)
• Application Number:
  US15/456,786
• Publication Number:
  US 20170187164A1
• Time in Patent Office: 701 Days
• CPC Class Codes: A63F 13/213 comprising photodetecting means, e.g. cameras, photodiodes or infrared cells A63F13/219, A63F13/655 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G06V 40/23 Recognition of whole body movements, e.g. for sport training
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/042 Electrical excitation ; Circuits therefor monolithically integrated laser drive components H01S5/0261
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/0427 for applying modulation to the laser
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/0651 Mode control
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/06808 by monitoring the electrical laser parameters, e.g. voltage or current
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/06825 Protecting the laser, e.g. during switch-on/off, detection of malfunctioning or degradation
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 13/254 in combination with electromagnetic radiation sources for illuminating objects

Abstract

A voltage mode laser diode driver selectively turns on and off a laser diode. An output stage has an output node configured to be connected to one of the terminals of the laser diode. Depending upon implementation, an active swing controller drives the output stage in a manner that substantially prevents inductive kickback from causing the output node voltage to swinging above the voltage level at the voltage output of the power supply, or swing below ground. The output stage provides a discharge path around the laser diode to shunt current associated with the inductive kickback, and substantially eliminates ringing on the output node of the output stage while the laser diode is off. A power supply controller adjusts the voltage level of the voltage output of the power supply so that current through the laser diode when on and emitting light is substantially equal to a predetermined desired current.

Claims

1. A depth camera system, comprising:

a power supply including a voltage output;

a laser diode including an anode terminal and a cathode terminal;

a laser diode driver including an output stage, the output stage including first and second transistors, the laser diode driver configured to;

selectively turn the first and second transistors on and off to selectively pull a voltage level at an output node of the output stage down toward ground to cause current to flow from the voltage output of the power supply through the laser diode, which causes the laser diode to turn on and emit light, and

selectively turn the first and second transistors on and off to selectively pull the voltage level at the output node of the output stage up toward a voltage level at the voltage output of the power supply to cause substantially no current to flow from the voltage output of the power supply through the laser diode, which causes the laser diode to turn off and not emit light;

an image pixel detector configured to detect light originating from the laser diode that has reflected off an object and is incident of the image pixel detector; and

one or more processors configured to produce depth images in dependence on outputs of the image pixel detector, and configured to update an application based on the depth images.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the laser diode driver includes a power supply controller configured to adjust the voltage level of the voltage output of the power supply so that the current that flows through the laser diode when the laser diode is turned on and emitting light is substantially equal to a predetermined desired laser diode current.

3. The system of claim 2, wherein the power supply controller is configured to produce a feedback signal that is used by the power supply to adjust the voltage level at the voltage output of the power supply.

4. The system of claim 3, wherein the power supply controller comprises:

a reference device that produces a reference drain-to-source voltage indicative of the predetermined desired laser diode current;

a first sampler configured to selectively sample a drain-to-source voltage of a device of the output stage of the laser diode driver to produce a drain-to-source voltage sample indicative of an actual current that flows through the laser diode when the laser diode is turned on and emitting light;

a second sampler configured to selectively sample the drain-to-source voltage of the reference device to produce a drain-to-source voltage sample that is indicative of the desired laser diode current;

a sample controller configured to control the first and second samplers to sample the drain-to-source voltages of the reference device and the device of the output stage while the laser diode is turned on and emitting light; and

a differential amplifier configured to determine a difference between the drain-to-source voltage samples produced by the first and second samplers and output a signal indicative of the difference and that is used as the feedback signal while the laser diode is turned on and emitting light.

5. The system of claim 4, wherein:

the signal output by the differential amplifier, which is indicative of the difference between the drain-to-source voltage samples produced by the first and second samplers, is produced using a primary feedback loop of the laser diode driver and is used as the feedback signal while the laser diode is turned on and emitting light; and

another signal, which is produced using a secondary feedback loop of the laser diode driver, is used as the feedback signal while the laser diode is turned off and not emitting light, in order to keep the voltage level at the voltage output of the power supply at at least a specified level while the laser diode is not emitting light.

6. The system of claim 1, wherein the first and second transistors of the output stage include an NMOS device and a PMOS device that are selectively turned on and off to selectively pull the voltage level at the output node of the output stage of the laser diode driver, to which the cathode terminal of the laser diode is connected, down towards ground or up towards the voltage level at the voltage output of the power supply.

7. The system of claim 6, wherein:

when the NMOS device is turned on in response to a gate of the NMOS device being pulled up, and the PMOS device is turned off in response to a gate of the PMOS device being pulled down, the output node of the output stage, which is connected to the cathode of the laser diode, is pulled toward ground, which causes current to flow through the laser diode, thereby causing the laser diode to turn on and emit light; and

when the NMOS device is turned off in response to the gate of the NMOS device being pulled down, and the PMOS device is turned on in response to the gate of the PMOS device being pulled up, the voltage level at the output node of the output stage, which is connected to the cathode of the laser diode, is pulled up towards the voltage level at the voltage output of the power supply, which causes the current to stop flowing through the laser diode, thereby causing the laser diode to turn off and not emit light.

8. The system of claim 1, wherein the laser diode driver includes:

an active swing controller configured to drive the output stage in a manner that substantially prevents inductive kickback, which occurs in response to the laser diode being turned from on to off, from causing the voltage level at the output node of the output stage swinging past the voltage level at the voltage output of the power supply.

9. The system of claim 8, wherein the laser diode driver also includes:

a pre-driver that receives a high frequency periodic differential signal that transitions between ground and a high voltage level that is different than the voltage level of the voltage output of the power supply, and voltage shifts the received high frequency periodic differential signal to a high frequency periodic differential signal that transitions between ground and the voltage level of the voltage output of the power supply;

wherein the high frequency periodic differential signal that transitions between ground and the voltage level of the voltage output of the power supply comprises a modulation signal in dependence on which the active swing controller drives the output stage.

10. The system of claim 8, wherein:

the first and second transistors of the output stage include an NMOS device and a PMOS device each including a gate, a source, and a drain, wherein the drains of the NMOS and PMOS devices are connected together and to the output node of the output stage; and

the output stage, under control of the active swing controller,

selectively pulls the voltage level of the output node of the output stage, and thus the drains of the NMOS and PMOS devices of the output stage, towards ground, in response to which the laser diode is turned on and emits light, and

selectively pulls the output node of the output stage, and thus the drains of the NMOS and PMOS devices of the output stage, towards the voltage level at the voltage output of the power supply, in response to which the laser diode is turned off and does not emit light.

11. The system of claim 10, wherein the output stage provides:

a discharge path around the laser diode to shunt a current associated with the inductive kickback that occurs in response to the laser diode being turned from on to off; and

impedance matching that substantially eliminates ringing on the cathode terminal of the laser diode, that is connected to the output node of the output stage, while the laser diode is off.

12. A method for use with depth camera system, the method comprising:

producing a voltage output having a voltage level;

selectively turning first and second transistors on and off to selectively pull a voltage level at one of two terminals of a laser diode down toward ground, causing a current to flow from the voltage output through the laser diode, which causes the laser diode to turn on and emit light;

selectively turning the first and second transistors on and off to selectively pull the voltage level at the one of two terminals of the laser diode up to a power supply voltage, causing substantially no current to flow from the voltage output through the laser diode, which causes the laser diode to turn off and not emit light;

detecting light originating from the laser diode that has reflected off an object and is incident of an image pixel detector;

producing depth images in dependence on the light that is incident on the image pixel detector; and

updating an application based on the depth images.

13. The method claim 12, further comprising adjusting the voltage level of the voltage output so that the current that flows through the laser diode when the laser diode is turned on and emitting light is substantially equal to a predetermined desired laser diode current.

14. The method of claim 13, further comprising producing a feedback signal that is used to adjust the voltage level of the voltage output, so that the voltage level of the voltage output comprises a substantially minimum amount of voltage required for the laser diode to emit a predetermined desired light power.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the producing the feedback signal comprises:

producing a reference drain-to-source voltage indicative of a desired laser diode current;

sampling a drain-to-source voltage of a device of an output stage used to drive the laser diode to thereby produce a drain-to-source voltage sample indicative of an actual current that flows through the laser diode when the laser diode is turned on and emitting light;

sampling the reference drain-to-source voltage to thereby produce a drain-to-source voltage sample that is indicative of the desired laser diode current;

determining a difference between the drain-to-source voltage sample, indicative of the actual current that flows through the laser diode when the laser diode is turned on and emitting light, and the reference drain-to-source voltage indicative of the desired laser diode current; and

outputting a signal indicative of the difference and that is used as the feedback signal while the laser diode is turned on and emitting light.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein:

the signal indicative of the difference is produced using a primary feedback loop and is used as the feedback signal while the laser diode is turned on and emitting light; and

further comprising producing another signal using a secondary feedback loop and used as the feedback signal while the laser diode is turned off and not emitting light, in order to keep the voltage level at the voltage output at at least a specified level while the laser diode is not emitting light.

17. The method of claim 12, further comprising

adjusting the voltage level of the voltage output so that the current that flows through the laser diode when the laser diode is turned on and emitting light is substantially equal to a predetermined desired current.

18. A depth camera system, comprising:

a power supply including a voltage output;

a power supply controller configured to produce a feedback signal that is provided to the power supply and used by the power supply to adjust a voltage level of the voltage output of the power supply;

a laser diode including an anode terminal and a cathode terminal;

a laser diode driver including an output stage, the output stage including first and second transistors, the laser diode driver configured to;

selectively turn the first and second transistors on and off to selectively pull a voltage level at an output node of the output stage down toward ground to cause current to flow from the voltage output of the power supply through the laser diode, which causes the laser diode to turn on and emit light, and

selectively turn the first and second transistors on and off to selectively pull the voltage level at the output node of the output stage up toward a voltage level at the voltage output of the power supply to cause substantially no current to flow from the voltage output of the power supply through the laser diode, which causes the laser diode to turn off and not emit light;

an image pixel detector configured to detect light originating from the laser diode that has reflected off an object and is incident of the image pixel detector; and

one or more processors configured to produce depth images in dependence on outputs of the image pixel detector, and configured to update an application based on the depth images.

19. The system of claim 18, wherein the power supply controller is configured to produce the feedback signal so that the voltage level, at the voltage output of the power supply, is a substantially minimum amount of voltage required for the laser diode to emit a predetermined desired light power.

20. The system of claim 18, wherein the power supply controller comprises:

a reference device that produces a reference drain-to-source voltage indicative of a predetermined desired laser diode current;

a first sampler configured to selectively sample a drain-to-source voltage of a device of the output stage of the laser diode driver to produce a drain-to-source voltage sample indicative of an actual current that flows through the laser diode when the laser diode is turned on and emitting light;

a second sampler configured to selectively sample the drain-to-source voltage of the reference device to produce a drain-to-source voltage sample that is indicative of the desired laser diode current;

a sample controller configured to control the first and second samplers to sample the drain-to-source voltages of the reference device and the device of the output stage while the laser diode is turned on and emitting light; and

a differential amplifier configured to determine a difference between the drain-to-source voltage samples produced by the first and second samplers and output a signal indicative of the difference and that is used as the feedback signal while the laser diode is turned on and emitting light;

wherein the signal output by the differential amplifier, which is indicative of the difference between the drain-to-source voltage samples produced by the first and second samplers, is produced using a primary feedback loop of the laser diode driver and is used as the feedback signal while the laser diode is turned on and emitting light; and

wherein another signal, which is produced using a secondary feedback loop of the laser diode driver, is used as the feedback signal while the laser diode is turned off and not emitting light.