Electrode arrangement with improved electron transfer rates for redox of molecules
First Claim
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1. A coated electrode comprising:
- (a) an electrode;
(b) a coating configured to immobilize biomolecules; and
(c) a coating configured to improve electron transfer rate;
wherein one or both of the following;
(1) the coated electrode further comprises (d) a quinone that the electrode is configured to trigger to regulate or sense a pH level in a region local to the coated electrode; and
(2) the coating configured to immobilize biomolecules comprises poly(ethylene glycol) carboxymethyl succinimidyl ester (PEG-NHS) polymers.
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Abstract
A coated electrode includes an electrode, a coating configured to immobilize biomolecules, and a coating configured to improve electron transfer rate. Methods of making the coated electrode are also provided. A biosensor comprises a plurality of electrodes, each electrode including the coated electrode.
12 Citations
43 Claims
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1. A coated electrode comprising:
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(a) an electrode; (b) a coating configured to immobilize biomolecules; and (c) a coating configured to improve electron transfer rate; wherein one or both of the following; (1) the coated electrode further comprises (d) a quinone that the electrode is configured to trigger to regulate or sense a pH level in a region local to the coated electrode; and (2) the coating configured to immobilize biomolecules comprises poly(ethylene glycol) carboxymethyl succinimidyl ester (PEG-NHS) polymers. - View Dependent Claims (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17)
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18. A biosensor comprising a plurality of electrodes, wherein:
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each of the plurality of electrodes comprises a coated electrode that includes; (a) an electrode; (b) a coating configured to immobilize biomolecules; and (c) a coating configured to improve electron transfer rate; and one or both of the following; (1) the coated electrode further comprises (d) a quinone that the electrode is configured to trigger to regulate or sense a pH level in a region local to the coated electrode; and (2) the coating configured to immobilize biomolecules comprises poly(ethylene glycol) carboxymethyl succinimidyl ester (PEG-NHS) polymers.
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19. A method of modifying an electrode, the method comprising:
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(a) providing an electrode with a coating configured to immobilize biomolecules via one or more chemical groups; and (b) applying to the electrode a coating configured to improve electron transfer rate; wherein one or both of the following; (1) the method further comprises (c) applying to the electrode a quinone that the electrode is configured to trigger to regulate or sense a pH level in a region local to the electrode; and (2) the coating configured to immobilize biomolecules comprises poly(ethylene glycol) carboxymethyl succinimidyl ester (PEG-NHS) polymers. - View Dependent Claims (20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33)
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34. A method of modifying an electrode, the method comprising:
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(a) providing an electrode; (b) applying to the electrode a coating configured to improve electron transfer rate; (c) incorporating one or more chemical handles onto the coating configured to improve electron transfer rate; and (d) applying to the electrode a coating configured to immobilize biomolecules via one or more chemical groups, wherein the one or more chemical handles are configured to bind the coating configured to immobilize biomolecules to the coating configured to improve electron transfer rate; wherein one or both of the following; (1) the method further comprises (c) applying to the electrode a quinone that the electrode is configured to trigger to regulate or sense a pH level in a region local to the electrode; and (2) the coating configured to immobilize biomolecules comprises poly(ethylene glycol) carboxymethyl succinimidyl ester (PEG-NHS) polymers. - View Dependent Claims (35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42)
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43. A method comprising:
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contacting a coated electrode with a solution that includes a quinone, wherein the coated electrode includes (a) an electrode, (b) a coating configured to immobilize biomolecules, and (c) a coating configured to improve electron transfer rate; measuring a pH level of a region local to the coated electrode; and adjusting the pH level; wherein the measuring and adjusting of the pH level includes applying a charge to the coated electrode to activate the quinone.
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Specification