High power laser flow assurance systems, tools and methods

• US 10,301,912 B2
• Filed: 03/14/2014
• Issued: 05/28/2019
• Est. Priority Date: 08/20/2008
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Foro Energy, Inc.
• Original Assignee: Foro Energy, Inc.
• Inventors: De Witt, Ronald A, Nehlsen, James P., Moxley, Joel F., Zediker, Mark S., Rinzler, Charles C., Faircloth, Brian O., Grubb, Daryl L., Deutch, Paul D.
• Primary Examiner(s): Buck, Matthew R
• Assistant Examiner(s): Toledo-Duran, Edwin J
• Application Number:
  US14/214,304
• Publication Number:
  US 20160251940A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,901 Days
• Field of Search: 166344, 166345, 166302, 166 57
• CPC Class Codes: B08B 7/0042 by laser
• CPC Class Codes: B08B 9/043 moved by externally powered mechanical linkage, e.g. pushed or drawn through the pipes
• CPC Class Codes: B23K 2103/10 Aluminium or alloys thereof
• CPC Class Codes: B23K 26/064 by means of optical elements, e.g. lenses, mirrors or prisms
• CPC Class Codes: B23K 26/0652 comprising prisms
• CPC Class Codes: B23K 26/106 inside the workpiece
• CPC Class Codes: B23K 26/1224 in vacuum
• CPC Class Codes: B23K 26/127 in an enclosure
• CPC Class Codes: B23K 26/146 the fluid stream containing a liquid
• CPC Class Codes: B23K 26/1464 Supply to, or discharge from, nozzles of media, e.g. gas, powder, wire
• CPC Class Codes: B23K 26/38 by boring or cutting
• CPC Class Codes: B23K 26/40 taking account of the properties of the material involved
• CPC Class Codes: E21B 10/60 characterised by conduits or nozzles for drilling fluids for roller bits E21B10/18; for percussion drill bits E21B10/38
• CPC Class Codes: E21B 29/02 by explosives or by thermal or chemical means freeing stuck objects by explosives E21B31/002
• CPC Class Codes: E21B 36/04 using electrical heaters
• CPC Class Codes: E21B 37/00 Methods or apparatus for cleaning boreholes or wells E21B21/00 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: E21B 37/08 cleaning in situ of down-hole filters, screens, e.g. casing perforations, or gravel packs E21B37/06 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: E21B 43/00 Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells applicable only to water E03B
• CPC Class Codes: E21B 43/01 specially adapted for obtaining from underwater installations
• CPC Class Codes: E21B 7/14 Drilling by use of heat, e.g. flame drilling
• CPC Class Codes: G02F 2201/58 : Arrangements comprising a monitoring photodetector
• CPC Class Codes: G21C 17/017 : Inspection or maintenance of pipe-lines or tubes in nuclear installations

Abstract

A high power laser system for providing laser beams in various laser beam patterns along a laser beam path that is positioned to provide for the in situ laser processing of materials in tubulars, such as pipes in a hydrocarbon producing well. Laser treating for providing flow assurance by direct and indirect laser processing of materials interfering with flow.

Claims

1. A high power laser system for performing laser operation on a material in a borehole in the earth, the system comprising:

a. a high power laser having the capability of providing a laser beam having at least about 20 kW of power;

b. a long distance high power transmission cable for providing the high power laser energy deep within a borehole hole; and

,

c. a down hole high power laser tool having an outer structure capable of withstanding down hole conditions and having a high power laser optic assembly to provide an annular laser beam pattern to the interior of a borehole surface;

the optic assembly comprising a collimator to provide a collimated circular laser beam, which follows ray trace lines to enter an axicon, wherein the laser beam travels through the axicon and whereby the laser beam exits the axicon in a beam pattern that initially is characterized as a Bessel pattern and then expands and becomes an annular ring pattern on the inner borehole surface;

whereby the laser beam removes a material on the inner borehole surface.

2. A high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of a material in a borehole in the earth, the system comprising:

a. a laser capability of providing a laser beam having at least about 20 kW of power;

b. a long distance high power transmission cable for transmitting the high power laser;

c. a high power in situ processing laser tool optically associated with the transmission cable and the laser;

d. the laser tool positioned in the borehole adjacent an area of likely flow impediment; and

,

e. the high power laser tool comprising;

(i) a high power laser optic to provide the laser beam in a laser beam pattern and along a laser beam path;

(ii) a laser flow passage, contained within the high power laser tool, the flow passage configured to operationally influence a flowing hydrocarbons in the borehole;

f. wherein the laser beam path, at least in part, travels through the laser flow passage, wherein flowing hydrocarbons are capable of being processed by the laser beam delivered along the laser beam path in the laser beam pattern, whereby the hydrocarbons are process within the laser flow passage.

3. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of flowing material in a borehole of claim 2, wherein the laser tool is located at least about 1,000 feet from a surface of the borehole.

4. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of flowing material in a borehole of claim 2, wherein the laser tool is located at least about 2,000 feet from a surface of the borehole.

5. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of flowing material in a borehole of claim 2, wherein the laser tool is located at least about 3,000 feet from a surface of the borehole.

6. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of flowing material in a borehole of claim 2, wherein the laser tool is located at least about 1,000 feet from a surface of the borehole and the system comprises a second high power laser tool comprising a high power laser optic to provide the laser beam in a laser beam pattern and along a laser beam path, a laser flow passage, the flow passage configured to, at least in part, operationally influence the flowing hydrocarbons in the borehole.

7. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of flowing material in a borehole of claim 2, wherein the laser tool is located at least about 1,000 feet from a surface of the borehole and the system comprises a polished stinger sub and a sealing member.

8. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of flowing material in a borehole of claim 2, wherein the laser tool is located at least about 10,000 feet from a surface of the borehole and the system comprises a polished stinger sub, a sealing member, and a second high power laser tool comprising a high power laser optic to provide the laser beam in a laser beam pattern and along a laser beam path, a laser flow passage, the flow passage configured to, at least in part, operationally influence the flowing hydrocarbons in the borehole and a third high power laser tool comprising a high power laser optic to provide the laser beam in a laser beam pattern and along a laser beam path, a laser flow passage, the flow passage configured to, at least in part, operationally influence the flowing hydrocarbons in the borehole.

9. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of flowing material in a borehole of claim 2, wherein hydrocarbons are flowing in the borehole and the flowing hydrocarbon has at least about 0.4 wt % asphaltene.

10. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of flowing material in a borehole of claim 2, wherein hydrocarbons are flowing in the borehole and wherein the flowing hydrocarbon has at least about 1 wt % asphaltene.

11. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of flowing material in a borehole of claim 2, wherein hydrocarbons are flowing in the borehole and the flowing hydrocarbon has at least about 1.2 wt % asphaltene.

12. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of flowing material in a borehole of claim 2, wherein hydrocarbons are flowing in the borehole and the flowing hydrocarbon has at least about 4 wt % asphaltene.

13. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of flowing material in a borehole of claim 2, wherein hydrocarbons are flowing in the borehole and the flowing hydrocarbon has at least about 6 wt % asphaltene.

14. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of flowing material in a borehole of claim 2, wherein hydrocarbons are flowing in the borehole and the flowing hydrocarbon has at least about 10 wt % asphaltene.

15. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of flowing material in a borehole of claim 2, wherein the system is capable of increasing the S-value of the flowing hydrocarbon by at about 0.05.

16. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of flowing material in a borehole of claim 2, wherein the system is capable of increasing the S-value of the flowing hydrocarbon by at about 0.01.

17. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of flowing material in a borehole of claim 2, wherein the system is capable of increasing the S-value of the flowing hydrocarbon by at about 0.02.

18. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of flowing material in a borehole of claim 2, wherein the system is capable of increasing the S-value of the flowing hydrocarbon by at about 1.

19. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of flowing material in a borehole of claim 2, wherein the system is capable of increasing the S-value of the flowing hydrocarbon by at about 2.

20. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of flowing material in a borehole of claim 3, wherein hydrocarbons are flowing in the borehole and the flowing hydrocarbon has at least about 0.4 wt % asphaltene.

21. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of flowing material in a borehole of claim 4, wherein hydrocarbons are flowing in the borehole and wherein the flowing hydrocarbon has at least about 1 wt % asphaltene.

22. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of flowing material in a borehole of claim 6, wherein hydrocarbons are flowing in the borehole and the flowing hydrocarbon has at least about 1.2 wt % asphaltene.

23. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of flowing material in a borehole of claim 6, wherein hydrocarbons are flowing in the borehole and the flowing hydrocarbon has at least about 4 wt % asphaltene.

24. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of flowing material in a borehole of claim 3, wherein the system is capable of increasing the S-value of the flowing hydrocarbon by at about 0.05.

25. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of flowing material in a borehole of claim 6, wherein the system is capable of increasing the S-value of the flowing hydrocarbon by at about 0.01.

26. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of flowing material in a borehole of claim 6, wherein the system is capable of increasing the S-value of the flowing hydrocarbon by at about 0.02.

27. The high power laser system of claim 2, wherein the laser beam pattern is scanned.

28. A high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of flowing material in a borehole in the earth, the system comprising:

a. a high power laser capable of delivering a high power laser beam;

b. a high power in situ processing laser tool optically associated with the transmission cable and positioned in the borehole; and

,

c. the high power laser tool comprising a high power laser optic to provide the laser beam in a laser beam pattern and along a laser beam path, a laser flow passage contained within the laser tool, the flow passage configured to channel a flowing hydrocarbons in the borehole;

d. wherein the laser beam path, at least in part, travels through the flow passage, whereby the flowing hydrocarbons are capable of being processed by the laser beam delivered along the laser beam path in the laser beam pattern within the laser flow passage.

29. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of flowing material in a borehole of claim 28, wherein the laser tool is located at least about 5,000 feet from a surface of the borehole.

30. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of flowing material in a borehole of claim 28, wherein hydrocarbons are flowing in the borehole and the flowing hydrocarbon has at least about 0.4 wt % asphaltene.

31. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of flowing material in a borehole of claim 28, wherein hydrocarbons are flowing in the borehole and the flowing hydrocarbon has at least about 1.2 wt % asphaltene.

32. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of flowing material in a borehole of claim 28, wherein hydrocarbons are flowing in the borehole and the flowing hydrocarbon has at least about 4 wt % asphaltene.

33. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of flowing material in a borehole of claim 28, wherein the system is capable of increasing the S-value of the flowing hydrocarbon by at about 0.05.

34. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of flowing material in a borehole of claim 28, wherein the system is capable of increasing the S-value of the flowing hydrocarbon by at about 0.02.

35. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of flowing material in a borehole of claim 28, wherein the system is capable of increasing the S-value of the flowing hydrocarbon by at about 1.

36. A high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of a material in a borehole in the earth, the system comprising:

a. a high power laser system associated with a borehole, the borehole producing flowing hydrocarbons;

the high power laser system having the capability of providing a laser beam having at least about 10 kW of power;

b. the high power laser system having a long distance high power transmission cable for transmitting the high power laser;

c. a down hole high power in situ processing laser tool having an outer structure capable of withstanding down hole conditions and optically associated with the transmission cable and positioned in the borehole adjacent an area of the borehole having a flow impediment material; and

,

d. the high power laser tool comprising a high power laser optic assembly to provide the laser beam in a laser beam pattern and along a laser beam path, the laser beam path intersecting a borehole sidewall;

the optic assembly comprising a collimator to provide a collimated circular laser beam, which follows ray trace lines to enter an axicon, wherein the laser beam travels through the axicon and whereby the laser beam exits the axicon in a beam pattern that initially is characterized as a Bessel pattern and then expands and becomes an annular ring pattern on an inner of the borehole surface;

e. wherein the laser beam path, at least in part, travels through a flow impediment material, whereby the flow impediment material is removed without damaging the sidewall of the borehole.

37. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of a material in a borehole of claim 36, wherein the flow impediment material comprises a precipitate.

38. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of a material in a borehole of claim 36, wherein the the flow impediment material comprises an asphaltene.

39. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of a material in a borehole of claim 36, wherein the flow impediment material comprises Barium Sulfate.

40. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of a material in a borehole of claim 36, wherein the the flow impediment material comprises a metal organic compound.

41. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of a material in a borehole of claim 36, wherein the the flow impediment material comprises a gas hydrate.

42. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of a material in a borehole of claim 36, wherein the flow impediment material comprises a clathrate hydrate.

43. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of a material in a borehole of claim 36, wherein the flow impediment material comprises a wax.

44. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of a material in a borehole of claim 36, wherein the flow impediment material comprises a solid.

45. The high power laser system of claim 43, wherein the laser beam pattern is scanned.

46. The high power laser system of claim 43, comprising a plurality of laser beam patterns.

47. A high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of a material in a borehole in the earth, the system comprising:

a. a long distance high power transmission cable for transmitting the high power laser;

b. a high power in situ processing laser tool optically associated with the transmission cable and positioned in the borehole; and

,

c. the high power laser tool comprising a high power laser optic assembly to provide the laser beam in a laser beam pattern and along a laser beam path, the laser beam path intersecting a borehole sidewall;

the optic assembly comprising a collimator to provide a collimated circular laser beam, which follows ray trace lines to enter an axicon, wherein the laser beam travels through the axicon and whereby the laser beam exits the axicon in a beam pattern that initially is characterized as a Bessel pattern and then expands and becomes an annular ring pattern on the borehole sidewall;

d. wherein the laser beam path, at least in part, travels through a flow impediment material, whereby the flow impediment material is removed without damaging the sidewall of the borehole.

48. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of a material in a borehole of claim 47, wherein the flow impediment material comprises at least about a 10% blockage of a passage in the borehole.

49. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of a material in a borehole of claim 47, wherein the flow impediment material comprises at least about a 20% blockage of a passage in the borehole.

50. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of a material in a borehole of claim 47, wherein the flow impediment material comprises at least about a 50% blockage of a passage in the borehole.

51. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser 20 processing of a material in a borehole of claim 47, wherein the flow impediment material comprises at least about a 90% blockage of a passage in the borehole.

52. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of a material in a borehole of claim 47, wherein the flow impediment material comprises at least about a 10% blockage of a passage in the borehole and the flow impediment material comprises a material selected from the group consisting of a precipitate, a solid, a paraffins, a wax, an asphaltene, a gas hydrate, a scale, Barium Sulfate, and calcium carbonate.

53. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of a material in a borehole of claim 47, wherein the flow impediment material comprises at least about a 20% blockage of a passage in the borehole and the flow impediment material comprises a material selected from the group consisting of a precipitate, a solid, a paraffins, a wax, an asphaltene, a gas hydrate, a scale, Barium Sulfate, and calcium carbonate.

54. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of a material in a borehole of claim 47, wherein the flow impediment material comprises at least about a 50% blockage of a passage in the borehole and the flow impediment material comprises a material selected from the group consisting of a precipitate, a solid, a paraffins, a wax, an asphaltene, a gas hydrate, a scale, Barium Sulfate, and calcium carbonate.

55. The high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of a material in a borehole of claim 47, wherein the flow impediment material comprises at least about a 75% blockage of a passage in the borehole and the flow impediment material comprises a material selected from the group consisting of a precipitate, a solid, a paraffins, a wax, an asphaltene, a gas hydrate, a scale, Barium Sulfate, and calcium carbonate.

56. The high power laser system of claim 47, comprising a plurality of laser beam patterns.

57. A method of in situ high power laser processing of flowing material in a borehole in the earth, the method comprising:

associating a high power laser system with a borehole, the borehole producing flowing hydrocarbons;

the high power laser system having the capability of providing a laser beam having at least about 10 kW of power;

the high power laser system having a long distance high power transmission cable for transmitting the high power laser;

a high power in situ processing laser tool optically associated with the transmission cable and positioned in the borehole adjacent an area of likely flow impediment; and

, the high power laser tool comprising a high power laser optic to provide the laser beam in a laser beam pattern and along a laser beam path, a laser flow passage contained within the tool, the flow passage configured to-operationally influence the flowing hydrocarbons in the borehole;

delivering the high power laser beam along the laser beam path wherein the laser beam path, at least in part, travels through the flow passage, whereby the flowing hydrocarbons are processed by the laser, within the laser flow passage.

58. A method of in situ high power laser processing of a material in a borehole in the earth, the system comprising:

associating a high power laser system with a borehole, the borehole producing flowing hydrocarbons;

the high power laser system having the capability of providing a laser beam having at least about 10 kW of power;

the high power laser system having a long distance high power transmission cable for transmitting the high power laser;

a high power in situ processing laser tool optically associated with the transmission cable and positioned in the borehole adjacent an area of the borehole having a flow impediment material; and

, the high power laser tool comprising a high power laser optic assembly to provide the laser beam in a laser beam pattern and along a laser beam path, the optic assembly comprising a collimator to provide a collimated circular laser beam, which follows ray trace lines to enter an axicon, wherein the laser beam travels through the axicon and whereby the laser beam exits the axicon in a beam pattern that initially is characterized as a Bessel pattern and then expands and becomes an annular ring pattern on an inner surface of the borehole, the laser beam path intersecting a borehole side wall;

delivering the laser beam along the laser beam path wherein the laser beam, at least in part, strikes the flow impediment material, whereby the flow impediment material is lessened.

59. A high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of flowing material in a tubular, the system comprising:

a. a high power laser system associated with a tubular, the tubular having a flowing material;

the high power laser system having the capability of providing a laser beam having at least about 5 kW of power;

b. the high power laser system having a long distance high power transmission cable for transmitting the high power laser;

c. a high power in situ processing laser tool optically associated with the transmission cable and positioned in the tubular adjacent an area of likely flow impediment; and

,

d. the high power laser tool comprising a high power laser optic to provide the laser beam in a laser beam pattern and along a laser beam path, a laser flow passage contained within the laser tool, the flow passage configured to operationally influence the flowing material in the tubular;

e. wherein the laser beam path, at least in part, travels through the flow passage, whereby the flowing material is processed by the laser beam within the laser flow passage.

60. The system of claim 59, wherein the tubular is associated with a boiler.

61. The system of claim 59, wherein the tubular is associated with a desalinization system.

62. The system of claim 59, wherein the tubular is a pipeline.

63. The system of claim 59, wherein the tubular is associated with a chemical processing plant.

64. The system of claim 59, wherein the tubular is associated with a nuclear power plant.

65. A high power laser system for performing in situ high power laser processing of a material in a tubular, wherein the tubular is located on a sea floor, in the earth or on the earth, the system comprising:

a. a high power laser system associated with a tubular, the tubular having a flowing material;

the high power laser system having the capability of providing a laser beam having at least about 10 kW of power;

b. the high power laser system having a long distance high power transmission cable for transmitting the high power laser;

c. a high power in situ processing laser tool optically associated with the transmission cable and positioned in the tubular adjacent an area of the tubular having a flow impediment material; and

,

d. the high power laser tool comprising a high power laser optic assembly to provide the laser beam in a laser beam pattern and along a laser beam path, the laser beam path intersecting tubular side wall;

the optic assembly comprising a collimator to provide a collimated circular laser beam, which follows ray trace lines to enter an axicon, wherein the laser beam travels through the axicon and whereby the laser beam exits the axicon in a beam pattern that initially is characterized as a Bessel pattern and then expands and becomes an annular ring pattern on an inter surface of the borehole;

e. delivering a laser beam along the laser beam path, wherein the laser beam path, at least in part, strikes the flow impediment material, whereby the flow impediment material is lessened.

66. The system of claim 65, wherein the tubular is associated with a boiler.

67. The system of claim 65, wherein the tubular is associated with a desalinization system.

68. The system of claim 65, wherein the tubular is a pipeline.

69. The system of claim 65, wherein the tubular is associated with a chemic processing plant.

70. The system of claim 65, wherein the tubular is associated with a nuclear power plant.

71. A method of in situ high power laser processing of a material in a tubular, wherein the tubular is located on a sea floor, in the earth or on the earth, the system comprising:

associating a high power laser system with a tubular;

the high power laser system having the capability of providing a laser beam having at least about 10 kW of power;

the high power laser system having a long distance high power transmission cable for transmitting the high power laser;

a high power in situ processing laser tool optically associated with the transmission cable and positioned in the tubular adjacent an area of the borehole having a flow impediment material; and

, the high power laser tool comprising a high power laser optic assembly to provide the laser beam in a laser beam pattern and along a laser beam path, the optic assembly comprising a collimator to provide a collimated circular laser beam, which follows ray trace lines to enter an axicon, wherein the laser beam travels through the axicon and whereby the laser beam exits the axicon in a beam pattern that initially is characterized as a Bessel pattern and then expands and becomes an annular ring pattern on an interior surface of the borehole, the laser beam path intersecting a tubular side wall;

delivering the laser beam along the laser beam path wherein the laser beam, at least in part, strikes the flow impediment material, whereby the flow impediment material is lessened.

72. A method of addressing hydrate formation in subsea structures, the method comprising:

submerging a submersible assembly under the surface of a body of water, whereby the submersible assembly is in and is wetted by the water; and

positioning the submersible assembly adjacent to an exterior of a subsea structure;

the submersible assembly comprising a laser tool in optical communication with a high power laser;

the laser tool delivering a high power laser beam to the exterior of the subsea structure, wherein the high power laser beam directly heats the subsea structure and thereby mitigates hydrate formation.

73. The method of claim 72, wherein the subsea structure is comprises a component of a deep water offshore hydrocarbon production system.

74. The method of claim 72, wherein the submersible assembly is an ROV.

75. The method of claim 72, wherein the subsea structure is selected from the group consisting of a line, a flow line, a line along the sea floor, a tree, a manifold, a BOP, a riser, devices and equipment.

76. The method of claim 72, wherein the wavelength of the laser is from about 455 nm to about 2100 nm.

77. The method of claim 72, wherein the wavelength is from about 400 nm to about 800 nm.

78. The method of claim 72, wherein the laser beam is delivered through a laser fluid jet.

79. The method of claim 72, wherein the hydrate comprises methane.

80. A method of mitigating hydrate formation in subsea flow lines, equipment, structures or devices in subsea oil fields, the method comprising:

a. submerging a submersible ROV in a body of water, and further positioning the ROV below a surface of the body of water near a subsea structure in a subsea oil field, the ROV comprising a high power laser tool, wherein the laser tool is exterior to the subsea structure; and

,

b. directly heating an area of the subsea structure with a laser beam delivered from the high power laser tool;

c. whereby the heating mitigates hydrate formation.

81. The method of claim 80, wherein the subsea structure is heated above a temperature for hydrate formation in the structure.

82. The method of claim 80, wherein the heating maintains the subsea structure at a predetermined temperature.

83. The method of claim 80, wherein the predetermined temperature is above a temperature for hydrate formation in the structure.

84. The method of claim 80, wherein the wavelength of the laser is from about 455 nm to about 2100 nm.

85. The method of claim 80, wherein the wavelength is from about 400 nm to about 800 nm.

86. The method of claim 80, wherein the laser beam is delivered through a laser fluid jet.

87. The method of claim 80, wherein the hydrate comprises methane.