Method of producing product gas from multiple carbonaceous feedstock streams mixed with a reduced-pressure mixing gas

• US 10,364,398 B2
• Filed: 08/30/2016
• Issued: 07/30/2019
• Est. Priority Date: 08/30/2016
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Thermochem Recovery International, Inc.
• Original Assignee: Thermochem Recovery International, Inc.
• Inventors: Chandran, Ravi, Burciaga, Daniel A., Leo, Daniel Michael, Freitas, Shawn Robert, Newport, Dave G., Miller, Justin Kevin, Harrington, Kaitlin Emily, Attwood, Brian Christopher, Schultheis, Emily Jane, Kishton, Kelly Ann
• Primary Examiner(s): Chandler, Kaity V
• Application Number:
  US15/251,494
• Publication Number:
  US 20180057760A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,064 Days
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 2203/0405 Purification by membrane separation
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 2203/0475 the impurity being carbon dioxide
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 2203/061 Methanol production
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 2203/062 Hydrocarbon production, e.g. Fischer-Tropsch process
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 2203/146 At least two purification steps in series
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 3/02 Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
• CPC Class Codes: C10G 1/045 Separation of insoluble materials
• CPC Class Codes: C10G 2/32 with the use of catalysts
• CPC Class Codes: C10G 2300/1003 Waste materials
• CPC Class Codes: C10G 2300/205 Metal content
• CPC Class Codes: C10G 2400/04 Diesel oil
• CPC Class Codes: C10G 2400/08 Jet fuel
• CPC Class Codes: C10G 5/06 by cooling or compressing
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 2200/09 Mechanical details of gasifiers not otherwise provided for, e.g. sealing means
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 2200/15 Details of feeding means
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 2200/154 Pushing devices, e.g. pistons
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 2200/36 Moving parts inside the gasification reactor not otherwise provided for devices for distributing fuel evenly over a fixed bed C10J3/32
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 2300/0903 Feed preparation
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 2300/094 Char
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 2300/0946 Waste, e.g. MSW, tires, glass, tar sand, peat, paper, lignite, oil shale
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 2300/0956 : Air or oxygen enriched air
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 2300/0959 : Oxygen
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 2300/0969 : Carbon dioxide
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 2300/0976 : as steam
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 2300/0993 : Inert particles, e.g. as heat exchange medium in a fluidized or moving bed, heat carriers, sand
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 2300/1246 : by external or indirect heating
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 2300/1606 : Combustion processes
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 2300/1637 : Char combustion
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 2300/165 : integrated with a gas turbine or gas motor gas turbine plants provided with a gas producer F02C3/28; engines using solid fuels F02B43/08
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 2300/1656 : Conversion of synthesis gas to chemicals
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 2300/1659 : to liquid hydrocarbons Fischer-Tropsch process C10G2/00
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 2300/1846 : Partial oxidation, i.e. injection of air or oxygen only
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 2300/1853 : Steam reforming, i.e. injection of steam only
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 3/10 : using external heating
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 3/12 : using solid heat-carriers
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 3/24 : to permit flow of gases or vapours other than upwardly through the fuel bed
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 3/32 : Devices for distributing fuel evenly over the bed or for stirring up the fuel bed
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 3/721 : Multistage gasification, e.g. plural parallel or serial gasification stages
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 3/723 : Controlling or regulating the gasification process
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 3/845 : Quench rings
• CPC Class Codes: C10L 1/04 : essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons
• CPC Class Codes: C10L 2270/026 : for diesel engines, e.g. automobiles, stationary, marine
• CPC Class Codes: C10L 2270/04 : for turbines, planes, power generation
• CPC Class Codes: C10L 2290/02 : Combustion or pyrolysis
• CPC Class Codes: C10L 2290/04 : Gasification
• CPC Class Codes: C10L 2290/06 : Heat exchange, direct or indirect
• CPC Class Codes: C10L 2290/08 : Drying or removing water
• CPC Class Codes: C10L 2290/145 : of air
• CPC Class Codes: C10L 2290/148 : of steam
• CPC Class Codes: C10L 2290/24 : Mixing, stirring of fuel components
• CPC Class Codes: C10L 2290/42 : Fischer-Tropsch steps
• CPC Class Codes: C10L 2290/54 : Specific separation steps for separating fractions, components or impurities during preparation or upgrading of a fuel
• CPC Class Codes: C10L 2290/58 : Control or regulation of the fuel preparation of upgrading process
• CPC Class Codes: C10L 5/46 : on sewage, house, or town refuse C10L5/403, C10L5/406 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: F02B 43/08 : Plants characterised by the engines using gaseous fuel generated in the plant from solid fuel, e.g. wood
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 20/16 : Combined cycle power plant [CCPP], or combined cycle gas turbine [CCGT]
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 50/10 : Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 50/30 : Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel
• CPC Class Codes: Y02P 30/00 : Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 10/30 : Use of alternative fuels, e.g. biofuels

Abstract

A feedstock delivery system transfers a carbonaceous material, such as municipal solid waste, into a product gas generation system. The feedstock delivery system includes a splitter for splitting bulk carbonaceous material into a plurality of carbonaceous material streams. Each stream is processed using a weighing system for gauging the quantity of carbonaceous material, a densification system for forming plugs of carbonaceous material, a de-densification system for breaking up the plugs of carbonaceous material, and a gas and carbonaceous material mixing system for forming a carbonaceous material and gas mixture. A pressure of the mixing gas is reduced prior to mixing with the carbonaceous material, and the carbonaceous material to gas weight ratio is monitored. A transport assembly conveys the carbonaceous material and gas mixture to a first reactor where at least the carbonaceous material within the mixture is subject to thermochemical reactions to form the product gas.

Claims

1. A method for producing product gas from a carbonaceous material, the method comprising:

(a) splitting a source of bulk carbonaceous material into a plurality of carbonaceous material streams;

(b) providing a supply of pressurized mixing gas;

(c) reducing a pressure of the pressurized mixing gas by between 5 psig to 750 psig to form a reduced-pressure mixing gas;

(d) mixing the reduced-pressure mixing gas with each of the plurality of carbonaceous material streams to form a plurality of gas-laden carbonaceous material streams, each having a carbonaceous material to gas weight ratio that is less than about 50;

1;

(e) transferring said plurality of gas-laden carbonaceous material streams to a first reactor via a plurality of inlets that are circumferentially spaced apart from one another; and

,

(f) endothermically reacting the transferred carbonaceous material with steam in a first reactor to produce a first reactor product gas containing char.

2. The method according to claim 1, comprising, in step (f), endothermically reacting a portion of the carbonaceous material in the first reactor with a portion of the gas mixed in step (d).

3. The method according to claim 1, where the mixing gas is carbon dioxide.

4. The method according to claim 1, where the mixing gas is an oxygen-containing gas.

5. The method according to claim 4, where the mixing gas is air equal to or less than 21 mole % O2.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first reactor has a steam to carbonaceous material weight ratio in the range of about 0.125:

1 to about 3;

1.

7. The method according to claim 1, comprising, in step (f), operating the first reactor at a temperature between 320°

C. and 569.99°

C. to endothermically react the carbonaceous material in the presence of steam to produce the first reactor product gas.

8. The method according to claim 1, comprising, in step (f), operating the first reactor at a temperature between 570°

C. and 900°

C. to endothermically react the carbonaceous material in the presence of steam to produce the first reactor product gas.

9. The method according to claim 1, comprising, in step (f), operating the first reactor at a temperature between 600°

C. and 1000°

C. to endothermically react the carbonaceous material in the presence of carbon dioxide to produce the first reactor product gas.

10. The method according to claim 9, further comprising:

introducing carbon dioxide gas to the first reactor such that the first reactor has a carbon dioxide gas to carbonaceous material weight ratio in the range of about 0;

1 to about 1;

1.

11. The method according to claim 1, comprising, in step (f), operating the first reactor at a temperature between 500°

C. and 1400°

C. to exothermically react the carbonaceous material in the presence of an oxygen-containing gas to produce the first reactor product gas.

12. The method according to claim 11, further comprising:

introducing an oxygen-containing gas to the first reactor such that the first reactor has an oxygen-containing gas to carbonaceous material weight ratio in the range of about 0;

1 to about 0.5;

1.

13. The method according to claim 1, further comprising weighing each of the carbonaceous material streams after step (a) and prior to step (d).

14. The method according to claim 13, further comprising densifying each of the carbonaceous material streams to form a plurality of densified carbonaceous material streams after step (a) and prior to step (d).

15. The method according to claim 14, comprising densifying each of the carbonaceous material streams by compressing with a force of at least 235 tons to form a plurality of plugs of densified carbonaceous material.

16. The method according to claim 15, comprising, for each carbonaceous material stream, creating at least three plugs of carbonaceous material to form a seal against the first reactor.

17. The method according to claim 15, wherein each plug of carbonaceous material has a length to diameter ratio of less than 1.5.

18. The method according to claim 15, wherein each of the carbonaceous material streams is compressed into plugs at a rate of about 4 plugs per minute.

19. The method according to claim 14 further comprising de-densifying each of the densified carbonaceous material streams, prior to step (d).

20. The method according to claim 1, comprising providing particulate heat transfer material in the first reactor to promote the reaction between the carbonaceous material and steam.

21. The method according to claim 20, further comprising, in step (e), injecting said plurality of gas-laden carbonaceous material streams into the first reactor, below a bed level of particulate heat transfer material within the first reactor.

22. The method according to claim 21, wherein:

the particulate heat transfer material is comprised of Geldart Group A solids; and

the Geldart Group A solids comprise one or more from the group consisting of inert material, catalyst, sorbent, and engineered particles.

23. The method according to claim 22, wherein the engineered particles comprise one or more from the group consisting of alumina, zirconia, sand, olivine sand, limestone, dolomite, catalytic materials, microballoons, and microspheres.

24. The method according to claim 20, wherein:

the particulate heat transfer material comprises Geldart Group B solids, the Geldart Group B solids being one or more from the group consisting of inert material, catalyst, sorbent, and engineered particles.

25. The method according to claim 24, wherein:

the engineered particles are one or more from the group consisting of alumina, zirconia, sand, olivine sand, limestone, dolomite, catalytic materials, microballoons, microspheres, and combinations thereof.

26. The method according to claim 24, wherein:

the particulate heat transfer material comprises both Geldart Group A and B solids, the Geldart Group A and B solids together being one or more from the group consisting of inert material, catalyst, sorbent, and engineered particles.

27. The method according to claim 26, wherein:

the engineered particles are one or more from the group consisting of alumina, zirconia, sand, olivine sand, limestone, dolomite, catalytic materials, microballoons, and microspheres.

28. The method according to claim 1, further comprising:

combusting a fuel source in a first reactor heat exchanger to form a combustion stream, said combustion stream indirectly heating particulate heat transfer material present in the first reactor.

29. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first reactor operates at a superficial fluidization velocity range between 0.6 ft/s to about 1.2 ft/s.

30. The method according to claim 29, wherein the first reactor operates at a superficial fluidization velocity range between 0.8 ft/s to about 1.0 ft/s.

31. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first reactor product gas of step (f) further comprises H2, CO, CO2, semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC), and volatile organic compounds (VOC).

32. The method according to claim 1, wherein the char in the first reactor product gas has a carbon content of about 10% carbon to about 90% carbon on a weight basis.

33. The method according to claim 1, wherein the char in the first reactor product gas has an ash content range from about 90% ash to about 10% ash on a weight basis.

34. The method according to claim 1, wherein the carbon conversion rate in the first reactor is in the range from about 50% to about 99%.

35. The method according to claim 1, comprising feeding the first reactor with about 500 dry tons of carbonaceous material, per day.

36. The method according to claim 35, comprising:

splitting said source of bulk carbonaceous material into six separate carbonaceous material streams, each separate carbonaceous material stream being about 83 dry tons of carbonaceous material, per day.

37. The method according to claim 1, further comprising:

removing heat from a portion of the product gas.

38. The method according to claim 37, comprising:

removing heat from a portion of the first reactor product gas in a primary gas clean up heat exchanger comprising a plurality of heat exchanged tubes and operating with a product gas velocity in each of the tubes from about 25 to about 125 ft/s.

39. The method according to claim 38, further comprising:

removing water, SVOC, and VOC from a portion of the product gas.

40. The method according to claim 39, comprising:

removing said water, SVOC, and VOC with a scrubber that operates from about 50% flooding to 80% flooding.

41. The method according to claim 39, comprising:

removing said water, SVOC, and VOC with a scrubber that operates with a pressure drop from about 0.15 to about 0.55 inches of water per foot of packing.

42. The method according to claim 37, further comprising:

combusting a portion of the product gas to turn a shaft of an engine.

43. The method according to claim 42, further comprising:

outputting power from the turning motion of the shaft.

44. The method according to claim 42, further comprising:

combusting product gas having a syngas caloric value ranging from 120 BTU/scf to 450 BTU/scf.

45. The method according to claim 42, comprising:

combusting said product gas in an engine having an actual or useful horsepower within the range of about 225 to 750 kWb.

46. The method according to claim 42, comprising:

combusting said portion of the product gas in an engine having a compression ratio from about 9;

1 to about 12;

1.

47. The method according to claim 42, further comprising:

combusting a portion of the product gas in a turbocharged, four-stroke, Otto-cycle type engine having a cylinder provided with a gas inlet, a gas outlet, a spark plug and at least one piston positioned in the cylinder.

48. The method according to claim 47, comprising:

(a) in a first mode of operation of the Otto-cycle type engine, drawing a mass of product gas into the engine at a constant scrubber pressure between about 15 psig to about 50 psig;

(b) in a second mode of operation of the Otto-cycle type engine, adiabatically compressing the product gas by moving the piston from a bottom dead center position within the cylinder to a top dead center position within the cylinder;

(c) in a third mode of operation of the Otto-cycle type engine, providing a spark via the spark plug to effect a constant-volume heat transfer to the compressed product gas, when the piston is at the top dead center position;

(d) in a fourth mode of operation of the Otto-cycle type engine, igniting and adiabatically expanding the compressed product gas, thereby causing the shaft of the engine to drive a generator for power output;

(e) in a fifth mode of operation of the Otto-cycle type engine, in a constant-volume process, rejecting heat from a generated combustion stream of CO2 and H2O while the piston is at the bottom dead center position; and

(f) in a sixth mode of operation of the Otto-cycle type engine, releasing the combustion stream including CO2 and H2O via the engine'"'"'s gas outlet.

49. The method according to claim 1, further comprising:

(i) providing a second reactor;

(ii) introducing at least a portion of the char generated in step (f) into the second reactor; and

(iii) reacting the char introduced into the second reactor, with an oxygen-containing gas in the second reactor to produce a second reactor product gas; and

(iv) combining the first reactor product gas with the second reactor product gas to form a combined product gas.

50. The method according to claim 49, comprising:

operating the first reactor and the second reactor at a superficial fluidization velocity range between 0.5 ft/s to about 25.0 ft/s.

51. The method according to claim 49, further comprising:

(v) transferring heat from the second reactor to a heat transfer medium via a second reactor heat exchanger in thermal contact with an interior of the second reactor, the heat transfer medium comprising steam; and

(vi) introducing at least a first portion of the steam that has been heated by the second reactor, into the first reactor, to react with the carbonaceous material.

52. The method according to claim 51, comprising:

superheating the steam, when it is in the second reactor heat exchanger.

53. The method according to claim 52, comprising:

introducing superheated steam which has been superheated in the second reactor heat exchanger, into the second reactor as a reactant to help generate the second reactor product gas.

54. The method according to claim 49, wherein the second reactor converts 50% to 99% of the carbon contained within char transferred from the first reactor to the second reactor into said second reactor product gas.

55. The method according to claim 49, wherein:

the first reactor product gas has a first H2 to CO ratio;

the second reactor product gas has a second H2 to CO ratio; and

,

the first H2 to CO ratio is greater than the second H2 to CO ratio.

56. The method according to claim 49, wherein:

the first reactor product gas has a first CO to CO2 ratio;

the second reactor product gas has a second CO to CO2 ratio; and

the second CO to CO2 ratio is greater than the first CO to CO2 ratio.

57. The method according to claim 49, comprising:

transferring particulate heat transfer material from the second reactor to the first reactor.

58. The method according to claim 49, comprising:

in step (iii), operating the second reactor at a temperature between 500°

C. and 1,400°

C. to exothermically react the char in the presence of an oxygen-containing gas to produce the second reactor product gas.

59. The method according to claim 49, comprising:

in step (iii), operating the second reactor at a temperature between 570°

C. and 900°

C. to endothermically react the char in the presence of steam to produce the second reactor product gas.

60. The method according to claim 49, comprising:

in step (iii), operating the second reactor at a temperature between 600°

C. and 1000°

C. to endothermically react the char in the presence of carbon dioxide to produce the second reactor product gas.

61. The method according to claim 49, comprising:

operating the first reactor at a first pressure; and

operating the second reactor at a second pressure which is lower than the first pressure.

62. The method according to claim 49, wherein the second reactor has a steam to char-carbon weight ratio in the range of about 0:

1 to about 2.5;

1.

63. The method according to claim 49, wherein the second reactor has an oxygen-containing gas to char-carbon weight ratio in the range of about 0:

1 to about 2;

1.

64. The method according to claim 49, further comprising introducing carbon dioxide to the second reactor (200) and wherein the second reactor (200) has a carbon dioxide to char-carbon weight ratio in the range of about 0:

1 to about 2.5;

1.

65. The method according to claim 49, wherein the second reactor operates at a superficial fluidization velocity range between 0.2 ft/s to about 0.8 ft/s.

66. The method according to claim 65, wherein the second reactor operates at a superficial fluidization velocity range between 0.3 ft/s to about 0.5 ft/s.

67. The method according to claim 49, further comprising:

removing heat from a portion of the product gas;

removing water, SVOC, and VOC from a portion of the product gas;

receiving said water, SVOC, and VOC into a decanter; and

transferring a portion of the SVOC, and VOC received into the decanter, to the second reactor.

68. The method according to claim 49, further comprising:

(vii) providing a third reactor;

(viii) transferring the combined product gas to the third reactor; and

(ix) reacting the combined product gas with an oxygen-containing gas in the third reactor to generate a third reactor product gas and heat.

69. The method according to claim 68, further comprising:

(x) transferring heat generated in step (ii) to a heat transfer medium contained within a third reactor heat exchanger in thermal contact with the interior of the third reactor;

(xi) transferring at least some of the heat transfer medium which has passed through the third reactor heat exchanger, to a second reactor heat exchanger in thermal contact with the interior of the second reactor;

(xii) introducing a first portion of the heat transfer medium which has passed through the second reactor heat exchanger, into the first reactor as the steam reactant of step (f) in claim 1.

70. The method according to claim 68, wherein:

the first reactor product gas includes SVOC, VOC and char, and

said SVOC, VOC and char react with said oxygen-containing gas in the third reactor to generate said third reactor product gas and heat.

71. The method according to claim 68 wherein:

the third reactor product gas comprises H2, CO, and CO2.

72. The method according to claim 68 wherein the oxygen-containing gas is superstoichiometric.

73. The method according to claim 72, comprising:

combusting the superstoichiometric oxygen-containing gas with a first hydrocarbon stream (322) to produce a first portion of the CO2 in the third reactor product gas.

74. The method according to claim 73, wherein the first hydrocarbon stream is natural gas.

75. The method according to claim 72, comprising:

combusting the superstoichiometric oxygen-containing gas with a second hydrocarbon stream (326) to produce a second portion of the CO2 in the third reactor product gas.

76. The method according to claim 75, wherein the second hydrocarbon stream comprises naphtha transferred from a downstream upgrading system.

77. The method according to claim 74, comprising:

combusting the superstoichiometric oxygen-containing gas with a third hydrocarbon stream (330) to produce a third portion of the CO2 in the third reactor product gas.

78. The method according to claim 77, wherein the third hydrocarbon stream is an off-gas transferred from a downstream upgrading system.

79. The method according to claim 68, comprising:

combining and combusting together one or more hydrocarbon streams (322, 326, 330) and an oxygen-containing gas stream in an annulus type burner connected to the third reactor and expelling a combustion stream into the third reactor, the combustion stream including uncombusted oxygen-containing gas;

wherein

all the oxygen-containing gas used in the reaction of step (ix) with the combined product gas comprises uncombusted oxygen-containing gas from the combustion stream.

80. The method according to claim 79 wherein:

the annulus type burner comprises an annular port and a central port;

the hydrocarbon stream is injected into the annular port, and

the oxygen-containing gas stream is injected to the central port.

81. The method according to claim 80, wherein:

the annular burner has a burner nozzle; and

the combustion stream exits the burner nozzle at a velocity of between 200 feet per minute (ft/m) and the speed of sound.

82. The method according to claim 80, wherein:

the combustion stream exits the burner nozzle at a velocity of about 50 feet per second (ft/s) to about 300 feet per second (ft/s).

83. The method according to claim 79, wherein the burner operates as a helmholtz pulse combustion resonator.

84. The method according to claim 83, wherein the combustion stream exits the burner nozzle at an average flow velocity greater than 300 ft/s.

85. The method according to claim 83, wherein a sound intensity in the burner is within the range of about 110 dB to about 190 dB.

86. The method according to claim 79, wherein a portion of the combustion stream exits the burner to contact a portion of the combined product gas.

87. The method according to claim 86, wherein the combustion stream reacts with the combined product gas at an average reaction time ranging from about 0.0001 seconds to about 5.0 seconds.

88. The method according to claim 68, wherein:

the first reactor product gas has a first H2 to CO ratio;

the second reactor product gas has a second H2 to CO ratio;

the third reactor product gas has a third H2 to CO ratio;

the first H2 to CO ratio is greater than the second H2 to CO ratio; and

the second H2 to CO ratio is greater than the third H2 to CO ratio.

89. The method according to claim 68, wherein:

the first reactor product gas has a first CO to CO2 ratio;

the second reactor product gas has a second CO to CO2 ratio;

the third reactor product gas has a third CO to CO2 ratio;

the third CO to CO2 ratio is greater than the second CO to CO2 ratio; and

the second CO to CO2 ratio is greater than the first CO to CO2 ratio.

90. The method according to claim 68, comprising:

operating the first reactor at a first pressure;

operating the second reactor at a second pressure which is lower than the first pressure; and

,

operating the third reactor at a third pressure which is lower than the second pressure.

91. The method according to claim 68, comprising:

operating the third reactor at a temperature between 1,100°

C. and 1,600°

C. to exothermically react a portion of the first reactor product gas in the presence of an oxygen-containing gas to produce the third reactor product gas.

92. The method according to claim 68, comprising providing at least two first reactors in fluid communication with one common third reactor, each first reactor producing first reactor product gas.

93. The method according to claim 68, comprising providing at least two second reactors in fluid communication with one common third reactor, each second reactor producing second reactor product gas.

94. The method according to claim 68, further comprising:

equipping at least one of the second reactors with a particulate classification chamber; and

removing agglomerates or inert feedstock contaminants via the particulate classification chamber.

95. The method according to claim 68 further comprising, transferring naphtha produced by a downstream upgrading system to the third reactor.

96. The method according to claim 49, wherein the second reactor product gas further comprises H2, CO, CO2, and solids.

97. The method according to claim 96, wherein the solids contained within second reactor product gas comprises about 0% to about 90% carbon on a weight basis.

98. The method according to claim 97, wherein the solids contained within second reactor product gas comprises about 5% to about 30% carbon on a weight basis.

99. The method according to claim 97 wherein the solids contained within second reactor product gas comprises about 10% to about 100% ash on a weight basis.

100. The method according to claim 99, wherein the solids contained within second reactor product gas comprises about 70% to about 95% ash on a weight basis.

101. The method according to claim 100, wherein the carbon conversion rate in the first reactor is in the range from about 75% to about 95%.

102. A method for converting municipal solid waste (MSW) into at least one liquid fuel, the method comprising:

(a) producing a first reactor product gas, in accordance with the method of claim 1;

(b) compressing at least a portion of the first reactor product gas to thereby form a compressed product gas;

(c) removing carbon dioxide from the compressed product gas, and supplying a first portion of the removed carbon dioxide as said pressurized mixing gas in step (b) of claim 1;

(d) reacting the compressed product gas with a catalyst after removing carbon dioxide; and

(e) upgrading at least one liquid fuel from the compressed product gas, after reacting the compressed product gas with a catalyst.

103. The method according to claim 102, further comprising:

reducing a temperature of the removed carbon dioxide before supplying a first portion of the removed carbon dioxide as said pressurized mixing gas.

104. The method according to claim 102, further comprising:

removing water or moisture from the removed carbon dioxide before supplying a first portion of the removed carbon dioxide for mixing with each of the carbonaceous material streams.

105. The method according to claim 102, wherein the liquid fuel comprises Fischer-Tropsch products.

106. The method according to claim 102, further comprising:

upgrading the liquid fuel into chemical compounds selected from the group consisting of diesel, jet fuel, and naphtha and combinations thereof.

107. A method for converting municipal solid waste (MSW) containing Geldart Group D inert feedstock contaminants, into a first reactor product gas, the method comprising:

(a) producing a first reactor product gas, in accordance with the method of claim 1;

(b) removing a mixture of bed material and unreacted Geldart Group D inert feedstock contaminants from the first reactor;

(c) separating the bed material from the unreacted Geldart Group D inert feedstock contaminants by entraining the bed material with a portion of the first reactor product gas;

(d) returning the entrained bed material to the interior of the first reactor, and not returning the unreacted Geldart Group D inert feedstock contaminants to said interior;

wherein;

the Geldart Group D inert feedstock contaminants comprise whole units and/or fragments of one or more from the group consisting of allen wrenches, ball bearings, batteries, bolts, bottle caps, broaches, bushings, buttons, cable, cement, chains, clips, coins, computer hard drive shreds, door hinges, door knobs, drill bits, drill bushings, drywall anchors, electrical components, electrical plugs, eye bolts, fabric snaps, fasteners, fish hooks, flash drives, fuses, gears, glass, gravel, grommets, hose clamps, hose fittings, jewelry, key chains, key stock, lathe blades, light bulb bases, magnets, metal audio-visual components, metal brackets, metal shards, metal surgical supplies, mirror shreds, nails, needles, nuts, pins, pipe fittings, pushpins, razor blades, reamers, retaining rings, rivets, rocks, rods, router bits, saw blades, screws, sockets, springs, sprockets, staples, studs, syringes, USB connectors, washers, wire, wire connectors, and zippers.

108. A method for producing product gas from a carbonaceous material, the method comprising:

(a) providing a carbonaceous material stream;

(b) providing a supply of pressurized mixing gas;

(c) reducing a pressure of the pressurized mixing gas by between 5 psig to 750 psig to form a reduced-pressure mixing gas;

(d) mixing the reduced-pressure mixing gas with the carbonaceous material stream to form a gas-laden carbonaceous material stream having a carbonaceous material to gas weight ratio that is less than about 50;

1;

(e) transferring said gas-laden carbonaceous material stream to a first reactor via an inlet; and

(f) endothermically reacting the transferred carbonaceous material with steam in the first reactor to produce a first reactor product gas containing char.