Systems and methods for using time of flight measurements for imaging target objects

• US 10,371,813 B2
• Filed: 08/13/2014
• Issued: 08/06/2019
• Est. Priority Date: 08/13/2013
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Duke University
• Original Assignee: Duke University
• Inventors: Furxhi, Orges, Zhu, Ruoyu, Brady, David J., Marks, Daniel
• Primary Examiner(s): Windrich, Marcus E
• Application Number:
  US14/896,375
• Publication Number:
  US 20160154102A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,819 Days
• Field of Search: 342 59
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 13/003 Bistatic radar systems; Multistatic radar systems
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 13/34 using transmission of continuous, frequency-modulated waves while heterodyning the received signal, or a signal derived therefrom, with a locally-generated signal related to the contemporaneously transmitted signal
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 13/87 Combinations of radar systems, e.g. primary radar and secondary radar
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 13/89 for mapping or imaging
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 7/352 Receivers

Abstract

An imaging system as disclosed can include multiple bistatic radar sensors configured to transmit electromagnetic waves towards a surface of a target object and configured to measure the electromagnetic waves reflected from the surface of the target object. The imaging system includes a computing device that determines time of flight estimates based on the measured waves. The computing device can draw, within an image model for the target object, multiple candidate surface portions of the surface of the target object based on the TOF estimates and predetermined positions of the bistatic radar sensors. Further, the computing device can assign weights to the candidate surface portions. The computing device can determine points where the candidate surface portions meet with a predetermined probability based on the weights. The computing device is configured to define an estimated surface of the target object in the image model based on the determined points.

Claims

1. An imaging system comprising:

a plurality of bistatic radar sensors configured to transmit electromagnetic waves towards a surface of a target object and to measure the electromagnetic waves reflected from the surface of the target object; and

a computing device comprising at least one processor and memory configured to;

determine time of flight (TOF) estimates based on the measured electromagnetic waves;

draw, within an image model for the target object, a plurality of candidate surface portions of the surface of the target object based on the TOF estimates and predetermined positions of the bistatic radar sensors;

assign weights to each of the candidate surface portions;

determine points in the image model where the candidate surface portions meet with a predetermined probability based on the weights; and

define an estimated surface of the target object in the image model based on the determined points,

wherein the computing device, for assigning the weights to each of the candidate surface portions, is configured to;

place a plurality of test ellipses in the image model, each test ellipse being tangent to a different portion of the candidate surface portions;

calculate TOFs from predetermined positions of the bistatic radar sensors; and

determine distances between the calculated TOFs and the determined TOF estimates,

wherein the weights are assigned based on the determined distances, higher weights being assigned to closer distances.

2. The imaging system of claim 1, wherein the computing device is configured to use the estimated surface to display an image of the target object.

3. The imaging system of claim 1, wherein the bistatic sensors are positioned in a predetermined orientation and distance with respect to each other.

4. The imaging system of claim 1, wherein the bistatic sensors are positioned one of with regular spacing, with Golomb ruler spacing, with random spacing, on a plane facing the target object, and around the target object.

5. The imaging system of claim 1, wherein the bistatic radar sensors are configured to operate in a Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) mode to sweep the electromagnetic wave across a predetermined bandwidth.

6. The imaging system of claim 1, wherein the candidate surface portions are one of a portion of an ellipse and a portion of an ellipsoid.

7. The imaging system of claim 1, wherein the computing device is configured to smooth the determined points for defining the estimate surface of the target object.

8. The imaging system of claim 1, wherein the image model is one of a two-dimensional image model and a three-dimensional image model.

9. The imaging system of claim 1, wherein the computing device is configured to determine a reflectivity of the surface of the target object based on the estimated surface and the measured electromagnetic waves.

10. The imaging system of claim 1, wherein the test ellipse is a circle.

11. The imaging system of claim 1, further comprising a display configured to display a representation of the estimated surface of the target object.

12. A method comprising:

transmitting electromagnetic waves towards a surface of a target object;

measuring the electromagnetic waves reflected from the surface of the target object;

determining time of flight (TOF) estimates based on the measured electromagnetic waves;

drawing, within an image model for the target object, a plurality of candidate surface portions of the surface of the target object based on the TOF estimates and predetermined positions of the bistatic radar sensors;

assigning weights to each of the candidate surface portions;

determining points in the image model where the candidate surface portions meet with a predetermined probability based on the weights; and

defining an estimated surface of the target object in the image model based on the determined points;

placing a plurality of test ellipses in the image model, each test ellipse being tangent to a different portion of the candidate surface portions;

calculating TOFs from predetermined positions of bistatic radar sensors; and

determining distances between the calculated TOFs and the determined TOF estimates,

wherein the weights are assigned based on the determined distances, higher weights being assigned to closer distances.

13. The method of claim 12, further comprising using the estimated surface to display an image of the target object.

14. The method of claim 12, wherein transmitting electromagnetic waves and measuring the electromagnetic waves comprises using a plurality of bistatic sensors positioned in a predetermined orientation and distance with respect to each other.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the bistatic sensors are positioned one of with regular spacing, with Golomb ruler spacing, with random spacing, on a plane facing the target object, and around the target object.

16. The method of claim 14, wherein the bistatic radar sensors are configured to operate in a Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) mode to sweep the electromagnetic wave across a predetermined bandwidth.

17. The method of claim 12, wherein the candidate surface portions are one of a portion of an ellipse and a portion of an ellipsoid.

18. The method of claim 12, further comprising smoothing the determined points for defining the estimate surface of the target object.

19. The method of claim 12, wherein the image model is one of a two-dimensional image model and a three-dimensional image model.

20. The method of claim 12, wherein transmitting electromagnetic waves and measuring the electromagnetic waves comprises using a plurality of bistatic sensors, and

wherein the method further comprises determining a reflectivity of the surface of the target object based on the estimated surface and the measured electromagnetic waves.

21. The method of claim 12, wherein transmitting electromagnetic waves and measuring the electromagnetic waves comprises using a plurality of bistatic sensors, and

wherein the plurality of bistatic radar sensors comprise a plurality of transmitter and receiver pairs,

wherein the method comprises, for each transmitter and receiver pair:

determining a TOF estimate;

drawing, within the image model, a candidate ellipse for the surface of the target object based on the TOF estimate and the predetermined position of the transmitter and receiver pair; and

assigning weights to the candidate ellipse; and

wherein the computing device is configured to;

determining points in the image model where the candidate ellipses meet with a predetermined probability based on the weights; and

defining an estimated surface of the target object in the image model based on the determined points where the candidate ellipses meet with the predetermined probability.

22. The method of claim 12, wherein the test ellipse is a circle.

23. The method of claim 12, further comprising displaying a representation of the estimated surface of the target object.