Tracking fading battery capacity in a plugged-in portable electronic device

• US 10,401,435 B2
• Filed: 10/27/2016
• Issued: 09/03/2019
• Est. Priority Date: 03/08/2013
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Apple Inc.
• Original Assignee: Apple Inc.
• Inventors: Mattisson, Nils E., Ungar, P. Jeffrey, Greening, Thomas C., Koller, Jeffrey G.
• Primary Examiner(s): Betsch, Regis J
• Application Number:
  US15/336,398
• Publication Number:
  US 20170146605A1
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 31/367 Software therefor, e.g. for battery testing using modelling or look-up tables
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 31/3828 using current integration
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 31/3842 combining voltage and current measurements
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 10/48 Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte constructional details of current conducting connections for detecting conditions inside cells or batteries, e.g. details of voltage sensing terminals, H01M50/569
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 2220/30 Batteries in portable systems, e.g. mobile phone, laptop
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/10 Energy storage using batteries

Abstract

A system for tracking the capacity of a battery in a portable electronic device is described. While the portable electronic device remains plugged in to a power adapter, the system estimates the capacity of the battery by performing the following operations. The system measures a first open-circuit voltage for the battery while the battery rests at a first state of charge. Next, the system causes the battery to transition to a second state of charge. While the battery transitions to the second state of charge, the system integrates a current through the battery to determine a net change in charge for the battery. Next, the system measures a second open-circuit voltage for the battery while the battery rests at the second state of charge. Finally, the system estimates a capacity for the battery based on the first open-circuit voltage, the second open-circuit voltage and the net change in charge. This capacity measurement is repeated and the multiple results are fit to a line. The slope of fitted line is then used to estimate how the true battery capacity has faded since last measured using traditional methods that require the battery to be rested at a low state of charge.

Claims

1. A method for estimating a capacity change of a battery in a portable electronic device powered by an external power source, the method comprising:

performing a first open circuit voltage measurement on the battery while the battery rests at a first state of charge;

while the portable electronic device remains electrically coupled to the power source;

charging or discharging the battery to a second state of charge;

monitoring a current through the battery while charging or discharging the battery to the second state of charge; and

deriving a net change in charge of the battery from the monitored current;

performing a second open circuit voltage measurement on the battery while the battery rests at the second state of charge; and

estimating a capacity change of the battery based on the first open circuit voltage measurement, the second open circuit voltage measurement, and the net change in charge of the battery.

2. The method of claim 1 further comprising:

repeating a process of estimating the capacity change of the battery at multiple times to generate multiple estimates for the capacity of the battery; and

using the multiple estimates to produce a more accurate estimate for the capacity of the battery.

3. The method of claim 2 wherein the multiple estimates are all obtained while discharging the battery.

4. The method of claim 2 wherein using the multiple estimates to produce a more accurate estimate for the capacity of the battery comprises:

using the multiple estimates to determine a capacity change trend for the battery; and

applying the capacity change trend to a reference measurement for the capacity of the battery.

5. The method of claim 4 wherein the reference measurement for the capacity of the battery is derived in part from a third open circuit voltage measurement made while the battery rests at a third state of charge that is significantly different from the first and second states of charge.

6. The method of claim 5 wherein the third open circuit voltage measurement is made while the portable electronic device is not powered by the external power source.

7. The method of claim 4 wherein determining the capacity change trend comprises fitting the multiple estimates generated at multiple times to a linear function.

8. The method of claim 7 wherein determining the capacity change trend further comprises fitting the multiple estimates generated at multiple times to a second order function.

9. The method of claim 8 wherein if the fit of the second order function is used to determine whether the fit of the linear function is sufficiently accurate.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the first state of charge and the second state of charge are within 5% of each other.

11. The method of claim 10 wherein one of the first and second states of charge is a fully charged state.

12. A portable electronic device having a battery and adapted to be selectively coupled to an external power source, the portable electronic device comprising a controller configured to:

perform a first open circuit voltage measurement on the battery while the battery rests at a first state of charge;

while the portable electronic device remains electrically coupled to the external power source;

charge or discharge the battery to a second state of charge;

monitor a current through the battery during the charge or discharge; and

derive from the monitored current a net change in charge of the battery;

perform a second open circuit voltage measurement on the battery while the battery rests at the second state of charge,

estimate a capacity change of the battery based on the first open circuit voltage measurement, the second open circuit voltage measurement, and the net change in charge of the battery.

13. The portable electronic device of claim 12 wherein the controller is further configured to:

repeat the estimate multiple times to generate multiple estimates for the capacity change of the battery; and

use the multiple estimates to produce a more accurate estimate for the capacity of the battery.

14. The portable electronic device of claim 13 wherein the multiple estimates are all obtained while discharging the battery.

15. The portable electronic device of claim 13 wherein the controller is further configured to:

use the multiple estimates to determine a capacity change trend for the battery; and

apply the capacity change trend to a reference measurement for the capacity of the battery to produce the more accurate estimate for the capacity of the battery.

16. The portable electronic device of claim 15 wherein the reference measurement for the capacity of the battery is derived in part from a third open circuit voltage measurement made while the battery rests at a third state of charge that is significantly different from the first and second states of charge.

17. The portable electronic device of claim 12 wherein the first and second states of charge are within 5% of each other and one of the first and second states of charge is a fully charged state.

18. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium having embodied thereon instructions to cause a processor in a portable electronic device to perform a method, the method comprising:

perform a first open circuit voltage measurement on a battery of the portable electronic device while the battery rests at a first state of charge;

while the portable electronic device remains electrically coupled to an external power source;

charge or discharge the battery to a second state of charge that is within 5% of the first state of charge;

monitor a current through the battery during the charge or discharge of the battery to the second state of charge; and

derive from the monitored current a net change in charge for the battery;

perform a second open circuit voltage measurement on the battery while the battery rests at the second state of charge; and

estimate the capacity change of the battery based on the first open circuit voltage measurement, the second open circuit voltage measurement and the net change in charge for the battery.

19. The computer readable medium of claim 18 wherein the method further comprises:

repeat the estimate operation multiple times to generate multiple estimates for the capacity change of the battery; and

use the multiple estimates to produce a more accurate estimate for the capacity of the battery.

20. The computer readable medium of claim 19, wherein the controller is further configured to:

use the multiple estimates to determine a capacity change trend for the battery; and

apply the capacity change trend to a reference measurement for the capacity of the battery to produce the more accurate estimate for the capacity of the battery, wherein the reference measurement for the capacity of the battery is derived in part from a third open circuit voltage measurement made while the battery rests at a third state of charge that is significantly different from the first and second states of charge.