Apparatus and method for controlling a pressure gain combustor

• US 10,451,275 B2
• Filed: 04/27/2012
• Issued: 10/22/2019
• Est. Priority Date: 04/29/2011
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Exponential Technologies Inc.
• Original Assignee: Exponential Technologies Inc.
• Inventors: Farshchian, Soheil
• Primary Examiner(s): Chau, Alain
• Application Number:
  US14/114,697
• Publication Number:
  US 20140260294A1
• Time in Patent Office: 2,734 Days
• CPC Class Codes: F02C 5/10 the working fluid forming a resonating or oscillating gas column, i.e. the combustion chambers having no positively actuated valves, e.g. using Helmholtz effect
• CPC Class Codes: F02C 5/11 using valveless combustion chambers
• CPC Class Codes: F02C 7/22 Fuel supply systems
• CPC Class Codes: F02C 9/26 Control of fuel supply F02C9/48 takes precedence; fuel valves F02C7/232
• CPC Class Codes: F02K 7/02 the jet being intermittent, i.e. pulse-jet
• CPC Class Codes: F23C 2205/10 with pulsating fuel supply
• CPC Class Codes: F23N 2005/181 using detectors sensitive to rate of flow of air
• CPC Class Codes: F23N 2005/185 using detectors sensitive to rate of flow of fuel
• CPC Class Codes: F23N 5/00 Systems for controlling combustion regulating fuel supply F23N1/00, regulating air supply or draught F23N3/00
• CPC Class Codes: F23N 5/20 with a time programme acting through electrical means, e.g. using time-delay relays
• CPC Class Codes: F23R 7/00 Intermittent or explosive combustion chambers
• CPC Class Codes: G05D 7/0617 specially adapted for fluid materials
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 50/60 Efficient propulsion technologies, e.g. for aircraft

Abstract

A method of controlling operation of a pressure gain combustor comprises: determining a fuel injector duty cycle and a combustion frequency that meets a target load set point and a target fill fraction of the combustor; determining a fuel supply pressure setting, a fuel injector timing setting and an ignition timing setting that achieves the determined fuel injector duty cycle and combustion frequency; and sending a fuel supply pressure control signal with the fuel supply pressure setting to a fuel pressurizing means of the combustor, a fuel injector control signal with the fuel injector timing setting to a fuel injector of the combustor, and an ignition timing control signal with the ignition timing setting to an ignition assembly of the combustor.

Claims

1. A method of controlling operation of a pressure gain combustor having a fuel pressurizing means, a fuel injector, and an ignition assembly, the method comprising:

(a) determining a fuel injector duty cycle and a combustion frequency that meets a target load set point and a target fill fraction of the combustor, comprising directly measuring an air flow rate through the combustor with an air flow sensor, determining a fuel flow rate that is proportional to the air flow rate and which meets the target load set point, determining a maximum fuel injection duration (“

MID”

) in the combustor that is a function of the target fill fraction, determining a required fuel injection duration per detonation cycle (IDDC) being the fuel injector duty cycle divided by the combustion frequency, and selecting the combustion frequency such that the IDDC is less than or equal to the MID;

(b) determining a fuel supply pressure setting, a fuel injector timing setting and an ignition timing setting that achieves the determined fuel injector duty cycle and combustion frequency; and

(c) sending a fuel supply pressure control signal with the fuel supply pressure setting to the fuel pressurizing means and operating the fuel pressurizing means at the fuel supply pressure setting, sending a fuel injector control signal with the fuel injector timing setting to the fuel injector and operating the fuel injector at the fuel injector timing setting, and sending an ignition timing control signal with the ignition timing setting to the ignition assembly and operating the ignition assembly at the ignition timing setting.

2. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the determining a fuel flow rate that is proportional to the air flow rate and which meets the target load set point comprises determining a stoichiometric oxidant/fuel ratio.

3. The method as claimed in claim 1 further comprising selecting at least one equivalence ratio, and determining a fuel flow rate that meets the target load set point and the selected equivalence ratio.

4. The method as claimed in claim 1 further comprising measuring a pressure inside an oxidant/fuel mixing chamber of the combustor and wherein the fuel pressurizing means operating at the fuel pressure setting provides a pressure sufficient to deliver fuel into the mixing chamber to achieve the determined fuel flow rate.

5. The method as claimed in claim 1 further comprising determining an ignition phase lag for the combustor and wherein the ignition timing control signal further includes the determining ignition phase lag.

6. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the target fill fraction is a value between 0.8 and 1.1.

7. A controller for a pressure gain combustor having a fuel pressurizing means, a fuel injector, and an ignition assembly, the controller comprising a processor and a memory programmed with steps and instructions executable by the processor to:

(a) determine a fuel injector duty cycle and a combustion frequency that meets a target load set point and a target fill fraction of the combustor, comprising receiving a measurement of an air flow rate through the combustor taken directly by an air flow sensor, determining a fuel flow rate that is proportional to the air flow rate and which meets the target load set point, determining a maximum fuel injection duration (“

MID”

) in the combustor, determining a required fuel injection duration per detonation cycle (IDDC) being the fuel injector duty cycle divided by the combustion frequency, and selecting the combustion frequency such that the IDDC is less than or equal to the MID;

(b) determine a fuel supply pressure setting, a fuel injector timing setting and an ignition timing setting that achieves the determined fuel injector duty cycle and combustion frequency; and

(c) send a fuel supply pressure control signal with the fuel supply pressure setting to the fuel pressurizing means such that the fuel pressurizing means operates at the fuel supply pressure setting, send a fuel injector control signal with the fuel injector timing setting to the fuel injector such that the fuel injector operates at the fuel injector timing setting, and send an ignition timing control signal with the ignition timing setting to the ignition assembly such that the ignition assembly operates at the ignition timing setting.

8. The controller as claimed in claim 7 wherein the determining a fuel flow rate that is proportional to the air flow rate and which meets the target load set point comprises determining a stoichiometric oxidant/fuel ratio.

9. The controller as claimed in claim 8 further programmed with the step of selecting at least one equivalence ratio, and determining a fuel flow rate that meets the target load set point and the selected equivalence ratio.

10. The controller as claimed in claim 7 further programmed with the step of measuring a pressure inside an oxidant/fuel mixing chamber of the combustor and wherein the fuel supply pressure setting provides a fuel supply pressure sufficient to deliver fuel into the mixing chamber to achieve the determined fuel flow rate.

11. The controller as claimed in claim 7 further programmed with the step of determining an ignition phase lag for the combustor and wherein the ignition timing control signal further includes the determining ignition phase lag.

12. The controller as claimed in claim 7 wherein the target fill fraction is a value between 0.8 and 1.1.

13. The controller as claimed in claim 7, wherein the pressure gain combustor is fluidly coupled to a compressor and turbine system to generate mechanical power.

14. A pressure gain combustor comprising:

(a) a fuel pressurizing means,

(b) a fuel injector fluidly coupled to the fuel pressurizing means;

(c) a mixing chamber fluidly coupled to the fuel injector and to an oxidant supply;

(d) a combustion chamber in fluid communication with the mixing chamber;

(e) an ignition assembly in fluid communication with the combustion chamber;

(f) an air flow sensor; and

(g) a controller comprising a processor and a memory programmed with steps and instructions executable by the processor to;

(i) determine a fuel injector duty cycle and a combustion frequency that meets a target load set point and a target fill fraction of the combustor, which comprises receiving a measurement of an air flow rate through the combustor taken directly by the air flow sensor, determining a fuel flow rate that is proportional to the air flow rate and which meets the target load set point, determining a maximum fuel injection duration (“

MID”

) in the combustor, determining a required fuel injection duration per detonation cycle (IDDC) being the fuel injector duty cycle divided by the combustion frequency, and selecting the combustion frequency such that the IDDC is less than or equal to the MID;

(ii) determine a fuel pump pressure setting, a fuel injector timing setting and an ignition timing setting that achieves the determined fuel injector duty cycle and combustion frequency; and

(iii) send a fuel pump control signal with the fuel pump pressure setting to the fuel pump, a fuel injector control signal with the fuel injector timing setting to the fuel injector, and an ignition timing control signal with the ignition timing setting to the ignition assembly.

15. The pressure gain combustor as claimed in claim 14, wherein an exhaust outlet of the combustor is fluidly coupled to a compressor and turbine system to generate mechanical power.

16. The pressure gain combustor as claimed in claim 15 wherein an input load for the target load set point is the rotational speed of a turbine shaft of the turbine system.