Electrochemical energy storage devices

• US 10,481,456 B2
• Filed: 12/22/2017
• Issued: 11/19/2019
• Est. Priority Date: 05/27/2014
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Gentex Corporation
• Original Assignee: Gentex Corporation
• Inventors: Theiste, David A., Kloeppner, Leroy J., Franz, Sue F., Giri, Punam, Lin, Rongguang
• Primary Examiner(s): Eoff, Anca
• Application Number:
  US15/853,420
• Publication Number:
  US 20180157139A1
• Time in Patent Office: 697 Days
• CPC Class Codes: C07D 241/48 with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by nitrogen atoms, directly attached to the ring nitrogen atoms
• CPC Class Codes: C07D 279/28 with other substituents attached to the ring system
• CPC Class Codes: G02F 1/1503 caused by oxidation-reduction reactions in organic liquid solutions, e.g. viologen solutions
• CPC Class Codes: G02F 1/1506 caused by electrodeposition, e.g. electrolytic deposition of an inorganic material on or close to an electrode
• CPC Class Codes: G02F 1/15165 Polymers
• CPC Class Codes: G02F 1/1525 characterised by a particular ion transporting layer, e.g. electrolyte
• CPC Class Codes: G02F 2001/15145 the electrochromic layer comprises a mixture of anodic and cathodic compounds
• CPC Class Codes: G02F 2001/1518 Ferrocene compounds
• CPC Class Codes: H01G 11/04 Hybrid capacitors
• CPC Class Codes: H01G 11/48 Conductive polymers
• CPC Class Codes: H01G 11/52 Separators
• CPC Class Codes: H01G 11/62 characterised by the solute, e.g. salts, anions or cations therein
• CPC Class Codes: H01G 9/02 Diaphragms; Separators
• CPC Class Codes: H01G 9/035 Liquid electrolytes, e.g. impregnating materials H01G11/54 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H01G 9/0425 specially adapted for cathode
• CPC Class Codes: H01G 9/145 Liquid electrolytic capacitors H01G11/00 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 10/05 Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte H01M10/39 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 10/0567 characterised by the additives
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 10/0568 characterised by the solutes
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 10/0569 characterised by the solvents
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 2004/027 : Negative electrodes
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 2004/028 : Positive electrodes
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/137 : Electrodes based on electro-active polymers
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/366 : as layered products
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/606 : containing aromatic main chain polymers
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/608 : containing heterocyclic rings
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/66 : Selection of materials
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 6/18 : with solid electrolyte
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/10 : Energy storage using batteries
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/13 : Energy storage using capacitors

Abstract

An energy storage device includes a cathodic material in an activated state; and an anodic material in an activated state; wherein: the cathodic material is a viologen covalently attached to, or confined within, a first polymer matrix, the first polymer matrix is configured to prevent or minimize substantial diffusion of the cathodic material in the activated state; and the anodic material is a phenazine, a phenothiazine, a triphenodithiazine, a carbazole, a indolocarbazole, a biscarbazole, or a ferrocene covalently attached to, or confined within, a second polymer matrix, the second polymer matrix is configured to prevent or minimize substantial diffusion of the anodic material in the activated state.

Claims

1. A energy storage device comprising:

a cathodic material in an activated state; and

an anodic material in an activated state;

wherein;

the cathodic material is a viologen covalently attached to, or confined within, a first polymer matrix, the first polymer matrix configured to prevent or minimize substantial diffusion of the cathodic material in the activated state;

the anodic material is a phenazine, a phenothiazine, a triphenodithiazine, a carbazole, a indolocarbazole, a biscarbazole, or a ferrocene covalently attached to, or confined within, a second polymer matrix, the second polymer matrix configured to prevent or minimize substantial diffusion of the anodic material in the activated state; and

the energy storage device exhibits an open circuit voltage of about 0.2 V to about 1.2 V.

2. The energy storage device of claim 1 that exhibits an open circuit voltage of 0.6 V to 0.8 V.

3. The energy storage device of claim 1 further comprising an electrolyte.

4. The energy storage device of claim 3, wherein the electrolyte comprises a solvent and a metal salt or an ammonium salt.

5. A energy storage device comprising:

a first cell comprising an anodic material in an activated state;

a second cell comprising a cathodic material in an activated state;

a porous separator isolating the first cell from the second cell; and

wherein;

the anodic material is a phenazine, a phenothiazine, a triphenodithiazine, a carbazole, a indolocarbazole, a biscarbazole, or a ferrocene;

the cathodic material is a viologen; and

the energy storage device exhibits an open circuit voltage of about 0.2 V to about 1.2 V.

6. The energy storage device of claim 5 further comprising an electrolyte comprising a solvent and a metal salt or an ammonium salt.

7. The energy storage device of claim 5, wherein the separator comprises an ion exchange membrane or a size-exclusion membrane.

8. The energy storage device of claim 5 which is a battery.

9. The energy storage device of claim 5 which is a capacitor, or a supercapacitor.

10. The energy storage device of claim 5, wherein the anodic compound in an activated state is an anion of a compound is represented by:

11. The energy storage device of claim 10, wherein E is NR¹⁰ and R²-R⁹ are H or OR¹¹.

12. The energy storage device of claim 10, wherein the anodic compound in an activated state is an anion of a compound is represented by:

13. The energy storage device of claim 12, wherein R¹ and R¹⁴ are represented by:

14. The energy storage device of claim 13, wherein n is 4, x is 2, and n′

is 11.