Efficiency maximization for device-to-device wireless charging

• US 10,498,160 B2
• Filed: 07/29/2016
• Issued: 12/03/2019
• Est. Priority Date: 08/03/2015
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• Original Assignee: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• Inventors: Desai, Nachiket V., Chandrakasan, Anantha P.
• Primary Examiner(s): Pacheco, Alexis B
• Application Number:
  US15/223,378
• Publication Number:
  US 20170040831A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,222 Days
• Field of Search: 320103, 320107, 320108, 320109, 320132, 320134, 320135, 320136, 320162, 320104
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 53/00 Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 53/12 Inductive energy transfer
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 53/122 Circuits or methods for driving the primary coil, e.g. supplying electric power to the coil
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 53/20 characterised by converters located in the vehicle
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 50/12 of the resonant type
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 7/342 The other DC source being a battery actively interacting with the first one, i.e. battery to battery charging with circuits for polarity protection H02J7/0034
• CPC Class Codes: Y02B 40/00 Technologies aiming at improving the efficiency of home appliances, e.g. induction cooking or efficient technologies for refrigerators, freezers or dish washers

Abstract

Described is a receiver for improving end-to-end efficiency in a device-to-device wireless charging system using resonant energy transfer through an inductive link. The receiver includes an efficiency controller which dynamically tracks a maximum efficiency point and controls an impedance between an inductive coupling of the receiver and a receiver rectifier circuit such that an impedance seen by the inductive coupling is an impedance which maximizes (or nearly maximizes) efficiency of the inductively coupled wireless power transfer operation.

Claims

1. A receiver for use in a device-to-device wireless charging system utilizing inductive coupling through an inductive element to charge a load, the receiver comprising:

a tuning capacitor having a capacitance value selected to tune out the inductance of the inductive element;

a rectifier circuit having a pair of input terminals configured to be coupled to the inductive element through said tuning capacitor and a pair of output terminals;

a converter circuit having a pair of input terminals coupled to the output terminals of said rectifier circuit and having a pair of output terminals configured to be coupled to the load; and

an efficiency processor coupled to dynamically determine input voltage and current signals of said rectifier and to use the determined input voltage and current signals to generate an efficiency value used to control said converter such that an impedance looking into the rectifier input terminals over a given time period corresponds to an impedance which substantially maximizes efficiency of power transfer to the receiver and wherein said efficiency processor generates the efficiency value utilizing only dynamically determined values which are fully measurable in the receiver.

2. The receiver of claim 1 wherein said efficiency processor computes the efficiency value-according to:

η

∝

k×

(V_L/(R₂+R_L))

in which;

k is a coupling coefficient of the inductive coupling;

V_L is a voltage across the said rectifier circuit;

R₂ is a resistance of the inductive element; and

R_L is an impedance at the input terminals of said rectifier circuit.

3. The receiver of claim 2 wherein said efficiency processor computes the impedance at the input terminals of said rectifier circuit R_L according to:

R_L=V_L/I_L

in which;

V_L corresponds to an instantaneous ac voltage across the input terminals of said rectifier circuit; and

I_L corresponds to an instantaneous ac current into said rectifier circuit.

4. The receiver of claim 3 wherein said efficiency processor dynamically computes an efficiency value.

5. The receiver of claim 3 wherein said rectifier is provided as one of:

a class-ϕ

₂ rectifier circuit; and

a bridge rectifier circuit.

6. The receiver of claim 1 wherein said efficiency processor controls the input impedance of said rectifier by controlling a duty cycle of said converter.

7. The receiver of claim 1 further comprising a duty cycle controller coupled between said efficiency processor and said converter and wherein said efficiency processor provides signals to said duty cycle controller and in response thereto, said duty cycle controller controls a duty cycle of said converter.

8. The receiver of claim 7 wherein a duty cycle of said converter controls the impedance looking into the rectifier input terminals.

9. The receiver of claim 5 wherein said converter circuit is provided as a boost converter.

10. A receiver for use in a device-to-device wireless charging system utilizing inductive coupling through an inductive element to charge a load, the receiver comprising:

a class-ϕ

₂ rectifier circuit having a pair of input terminals configured to be coupled to the inductive element and a pair of output terminals;

a boost converter circuit having a pair of input terminals coupled to the output terminals of said class-ϕ

₂ rectifier circuit and having a pair of output terminals configured to be coupled to the load; and

an efficiency processor comprising a maximum efficiency point tracker (MEPT), said efficiency processor coupled to dynamically determine input voltage and current signals of said class-ϕ

₂ rectifier and to use the determined input voltage and current signals to generate an efficiency value used to control said boost converter such that an impedance looking into the class-ϕ

₂ rectifier input terminals corresponds to an impedance which substantially maximizes efficiency of power transfer to the receiver and wherein said MEPT generates the efficiency value utilizing only dynamically determined values which are fully measurable in the receiver.

11. The receiver of claim 10 wherein said MEPT generates an efficiency value by computing an efficiency value according to:

η

∝

k×

(V_L/(R₂+R_L))

in which;

k is a coupling coefficient of the inductive coupling;

V_L is a voltage across the said class-ϕ

₂ rectifier circuit;

R₂ is a resistance of the inductive element; and

R_L is an impedance at the input terminals of said class-ϕ

₂ rectifier circuit.

12. The receiver of claim 10 wherein said MEPT computes the impedance at the input terminals of said class-ϕ

₂ rectifier circuit R_L according to;

R_L=V_L/I_L

in which;

V_L corresponds to an instantaneous ac voltage across the input terminals of said class-ϕ

₂ rectifier circuit; and

I_L corresponds to an instantaneous ac current into said class-ϕ

₂ rectifier circuit.

13. The receiver of claim 10 wherein said MEPT controls the input impedance of said class-ϕ

₂ rectifier by controlling a duty cycle of said boost converter.

14. The receiver of claim 10 further comprising a duty cycle controller and wherein said MEPT provided signals to said duty cycle controller and wherein said duty cycle controller controls the input impedance of said class-ϕ

₂ rectifier by controlling a duty cycle of said boost converter.

15. A receiver for use in a device-to-device wireless charging system utilizing inductive coupling, the receiver comprising:

a resonant-tuned coil;

a tuning capacitor having a capacitance value selected to tune out the inductance of the resonant-tuned coil;

a rectifier circuit having a pair of input terminals configured to be coupled to said resonant-tuned coil through said tuning capacitor and a pair of output terminals;

a converter circuit having a pair of input terminals coupled to the output terminals of said rectifier circuit and having a pair of output terminals configured to be coupled to the load; and

an efficiency processor coupled to dynamically determine input voltage and current signals of said rectifier and to use the determined input voltage and current signals to generate an efficiency value used to control said converter such that an impedance looking into the rectifier input terminals corresponds to an impedance which substantially maximizes efficiency of power transfer through inductive coupling to the receiver and wherein said efficiency value is generated utilizing only dynamically determined values which are fully measurable in the receiver.

16. The receiver of claim 15 wherein said efficiency processor generates said efficiency value according to:

η

∝

k×

(V_L/(R₂+R_L))

in which;

k is a coupling coefficient of the inductive coupling;

V_L is a voltage across the said rectifier circuit;

R₂ is a pre-measured resistance value of the resonant-tuned coil; and

R_L is an impedance at the input terminals of said rectifier circuit.

17. The receiver of claim 16 wherein said efficiency processor computes the impedance at the input terminals of said rectifier circuit R_L according to:

R_L=V_L/I_L

in which;

V_L corresponds to an instantaneous ac voltage across the input terminals of said rectifier circuit; and

I_L corresponds to an instantaneous ac current into said rectifier circuit.

18. The receiver of claim 17 wherein said efficiency value is dynamically computed.

19. The receiver of claim 18 wherein said efficiency processor controls the input impedance of said rectifier by controlling a duty cycle of said converter.

20. The receiver of claim 19 further comprising a duty cycle controller coupled between said efficiency processor and said converter and wherein said efficiency processor provides signals to said duty cycle controller and in response thereto, said duty cycle controller controls a duty cycle of said converter and wherein a duty cycle of said converter controls the impedance looking into the rectifier input terminals.