Methods and apparatuses for signaling with geometric constellations

• US 10,530,629 B2
• Filed: 11/29/2017
• Issued: 01/07/2020
• Est. Priority Date: 06/05/2007
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Constellation Designs, LLC (SoftBank Group Corp.)
• Original Assignee: Constellation Designs, LLC (SoftBank Group Corp.)
• Inventors: Barsoum, Maged F., Jones, Christopher R.
• Primary Examiner(s): Bocure, Tesfaldet
• Application Number:
  US15/826,579
• Publication Number:
  US 20180191548A1
• Time in Patent Office: 769 Days
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 2017/00703 correcting for movement of heart, e.g. ECG-triggered
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 2034/2051 Electromagnetic tracking systems
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 2090/376 using X-rays, e.g. fluoroscopy
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 2090/3983 Reference marker arrangements for use with image guided surgery
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 34/20 Surgical navigation systems; Devices for tracking or guiding surgical instruments, e.g. for frameless stereotaxis
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 6/12 Arrangements for detecting or locating foreign bodies
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 6/503 for diagnosis of the heart
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 6/5235 combining images from the same or different ionising radiation imaging techniques, e.g. PET and CT
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 6/5264 due to motion
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 6/527 using data from a motion artifact sensor
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2207/10121 Fluoroscopy
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2207/30021 Catheter; Guide wire
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2207/30048 Heart; Cardiac
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 7/33 using feature-based methods
• CPC Class Codes: H04B 14/023 using pulse amplitude modulation
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 1/0003 by switching between different modulation schemes
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 1/0009 by adapting the channel coding H04L1/1812 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 27/3405 Modifications of the signal space to increase the efficiency of transmission, e.g. reduction of the bit error rate, bandwidth, or average power

Abstract

Communication systems are described that use signal constellations, which have unequally spaced (i.e. ‘geometrically’ shaped) points. In many embodiments, the communication systems use specific geometric constellations that are capacity optimized at a specific SNR. In addition, ranges within which the constellation points of a capacity optimized constellation can be perturbed and are still likely to achieve a given percentage of the optimal capacity increase compared to a constellation that maximizes d_min, are also described. Capacity measures that are used in the selection of the location of constellation points include, but are not limited to, parallel decode (PD) capacity and joint capacity.

Claims

1. A digital communication system, comprising:

a transmitter configured to transmit signals to a receiver via a communication channel;

wherein the transmitter comprises;

a coder configured to receive user bits and output encoded bits at an expanded output encoded bit rate;

a mapper configured to map encoded bits to symbols in a non-uniform quadrature amplitude modulation 1024-point symbol constellation (NU-QAM

     1024); and

a modulator configured to generate a signal for transmission via the communication channel using symbols generated by the mapper;

wherein the receiver comprises;

a demodulator configured to demodulate a signal received via the communication channel;

a demapper configured to estimate likelihoods from a demodulated signal based upon the NU-QAM 1024; and

a decoder configured to estimate decoded bits from likelihoods generated by the demapper and output a sequence of received bits;

wherein the NU-QAM 1024 comprises an in-phase component and a quadrature component, where each component comprises 32 levels of amplitude such that the amplitudes scaled by a scaling factor are within 1.18 from the following set of amplitudes;

−

39.866, −

32.361, −

24.251, −

26.129, −

15.266, −

15.266, −

19.035, −

18.407, 39,865, 32.360, 24.250, 26.128, −

9.954, −

9.954, −

8.580, −

8.596, 9.954, 9.954, 8.581, 8.596, 2.735, 2.735, 3.234, 3.232, 15.266, 15.266, 19.034, 18.406, −

2.735, −

2.735, −

3.233, and −

3.232.

2. The digital communication system of claim 1, where each component comprises 32 levels of amplitude such that the amplitudes scaled by a scaling factor are within 1.06 from the following set of amplitudes:

−

39.866, −

32.361, −

24.251, −

26.129, −

15.266, −

15.266, −

19.035, −

18.407, 39,865, 32.360, 24.250, 26.128, −

9.954, −

9.954, −

8.580, −

8.596, 9.954, 9.954, 8.581, 8.596, 2.735, 2.735, 3.234, 3.232, 15.266, 15.266, 19.034, 18.406, −

2.735, −

2.735, −

3.233, and −

3.232.

3. The digital communication system of claim 1, where each component comprises 32 levels of amplitude such that the amplitudes scaled by a scaling factor are within 0.7 from the following set of amplitudes:

−

39.866, −

32.361, −

24.251, −

26.129, −

15.266, −

15.266, −

19.035, −

18.407, 39,865, 32.360, 24.250, 26.128, −

9.954, −

9.954, −

8.580, −

8.596, 9.954, 9.954, 8.581, 8.596, 2.735, 2.735, 3.234, 3.232, 15.266, 15.266, 19.034, 18.406, −

2.735, −

2.735, −

3.233, and −

3.232.

4. The digital communication system of claim 1, where each component comprises 32 levels of amplitude such that the amplitudes scaled by a scaling factor are:

−

39.866, −

32.361, −

24.251, −

26.129, −

15.266, −

15.266, −

19.035, −

18.407, 39,865, 32.360, 24.250, 26.128, −

9.954, −

9.954, −

8.580, −

8.596, 9.954, 9.954, 8.581, 8.596, 2.735, 2.735, 3.234, 3.232, 15.266, 15.266, 19.034, 18.406, −

2.735, −

2.735, −

3.233, and −

3.232.

5. The digital communication system of claim 1, wherein the receiver is configured to select the NU-QAM 1024 constellation from a plurality of constellations including a plurality of different NU-QAM 1024 constellations.

6. The digital communication system of claim 5, wherein the receiver is configured to select a code rate and the NU-QAM 1024 constellation from a plurality of different combinations of code rates and NU-QAM 1024 constellations.

7. The digital communication system of claim 1, wherein:

the coder is configured to encode bits using a low-density parity check (LDPC) code; and

the decoder is configured to decode bits using the LDPC code.

8. The digital communication system of claim 1, wherein the symbols in the non-uniform quadrature amplitude modulation 1024-point symbol constellation (NU-QAM 1024) are labelled using gray labels.

9. The digital communication system of claim 1, wherein the symbols in the non-uniform quadrature amplitude modulation 1024-point symbol constellation (NU-QAM 1024) are labelled using binary reflective gray labels.

10. A digital communication system, comprising:

a transmitter capable of transmitting signals via a communication channel;

wherein the transmitter comprises;

a coder capable of receiving user bits and output encoded bits at an expanded output encoded bit rate;

a mapper capable of mapping encoded bits to symbols in a non-uniform quadrature amplitude modulation 1024-point symbol constellation (NU-QAM

     1024); and

a modulator capable of generating a signal for transmission via the communication channel using symbols generated by the mapper;

wherein the NU-QAM 1024 comprises an in-phase component and a quadrature component, where each component comprises 32 levels of amplitude such that the amplitudes scaled by a scaling factor are within 1.18 from the following set of amplitudes;

−

39.866, −

32.361, −

24.251, −

26.129, −

15.266, −

15.266, −

19.035, −

18.407, 39,865, 32.360, 24.250, 26.128, −

9.954, −

9.954, −

8.580, −

8.596, 9.954, 9.954, 8.581, 8.596, 2.735, 2.735, 3.234, 3.232, 15.266, 15.266, 19.034, 18.406, −

2.735, −

2.735, −

3.233, and −

3.232.

11. The digital communication system of claim 10, where each component comprises 32 levels of amplitude such that the amplitudes scaled by a scaling factor are within 1.06 from the following set of amplitudes:

−

39.866, −

32.361, −

24.251, −

26.129, −

15.266, −

15.266, −

19.035, −

18.407, 39,865, 32.360, 24.250, 26.128, −

9.954, −

9.954, −

8.580, −

8.596, 9.954, 9.954, 8.581, 8.596, 2.735, 2.735, 3.234, 3.232, 15.266, 15.266, 19.034, 18.406, −

2.735, −

2.735, −

3.233, and −

3.232.

12. The digital communication system of claim 10, where each component comprises 32 levels of amplitude such that the amplitudes scaled by a scaling factor are within 0.7 from the following set of amplitudes:

−

39.866, −

32.361, −

24.251, −

26.129, −

15.266, −

15.266, −

19.035, −

18.407, 39,865, 32.360, 24.250, 26.128, −

9.954, −

9.954, −

8.580, −

8.596, 9.954, 9.954, 8.581, 8.596, 2.735, 2.735, 3.234, 3.232, 15.266, 15.266, 19.034, 18.406, −

2.735, −

2.735, −

3.233, and −

3.232.

13. The digital communication system of claim 10, where each component comprises 32 levels of amplitude such that the amplitudes scaled by a scaling factor are:

−

39.866, −

32.361, −

24.251, −

26.129, −

15.266, −

15.266, −

19.035, −

18.407, 39,865, 32.360, 24.250, 26.128, −

9.954, −

9.954, −

8.580, −

8.596, 9.954, 9.954, 8.581, 8.596, 2.735, 2.735, 3.234, 3.232, 15.266, 15.266, 19.034, 18.406, −

2.735, −

2.735, −

3.233, and −

3.232.

14. The digital communication system of claim 10, wherein the transmitter is capable of selecting the NU-QAM 1024 constellation from a plurality of constellations including a plurality of different NU-QAM 1024 constellations.

15. The digital communication system of claim 14, wherein the transmitter is capable of selecting a code rate and the NU-QAM 1024 constellation from a plurality of different combinations of code rates and NU-QAM 1024 constellations.

16. The digital communication system of claim 10, wherein the coder is capable of encoding bits using a low-density parity check (LDPC) code.

17. The digital communication system of claim 10, wherein the symbols in the non-uniform quadrature amplitude modulation 1024-point symbol constellation (NU-QAM 1024) are labelled using gray labels.

18. The digital communication system of claim 10, wherein the symbols in the non-uniform quadrature amplitude modulation 1024-point symbol constellation (NU-QAM 1024) are labelled using binary reflective gray labels.

19. A digital communication system, comprising:

a receiver capable of receiving signals via a communication channel;

wherein the receiver comprises;

a demodulator capable of demodulating a signal received via the communication channel;

a demapper capable of estimating likelihoods from a demodulated signal based upon a non-uniform quadrature amplitude modulation 1024-point symbol constellation (NU-QAM

     1024); and

a decoder capable of estimating decoded bits from likelihoods generated by the demapper and outputing a sequence of received bits;

wherein the NU-QAM 1024 comprises an in-phase component and a quadrature component, where each component comprises 32 levels of amplitude such that the amplitudes scaled by a scaling factor are within 1.18 from the following set of amplitudes;

−

39.866, −

32.361, −

24.251, −

26.129, −

15.266, −

15.266, −

19.035, −

18.407, 39,865, 32.360, 24.250, 26.128, −

9.954, −

9.954, −

8.580, −

8.596, 9.954, 9.954, 8.581, 8.596, 2.735, 2.735, 3.234, 3.232, 15.266, 15.266, 19.034, 18.406, −

2.735, −

2.735, −

3.233, and −

3.232.

20. The digital communication system of claim 19, where each component comprises 32 levels of amplitude such that the amplitudes scaled by a scaling factor are within 1.06 from the following set of amplitudes:

−

39.866, −

32.361, −

24.251, −

26.129, −

15.266, −

15.266, −

19.035, −

18.407, 39,865, 32.360, 24.250, 26.128, −

9.954, −

9.954, −

8.580, −

8.596, 9.954, 9.954, 8.581, 8.596, 2.735, 2.735, 3.234, 3.232, 15.266, 15.266, 19.034, 18.406, −

2.735, −

2.735, −

3.233, and −

3.232.

21. The digital communication system of claim 19, where each component comprises 32 levels of amplitude such that the amplitudes scaled by a scaling factor are within 0.7 from the following set of amplitudes:

−

39.866, −

32.361, −

24.251, −

26.129, −

15.266, −

15.266, −

19.035, −

18.407, 39,865, 32.360, 24.250, 26.128, −

9.954, −

9.954, −

8.580, −

8.596, 9.954, 9.954, 8.581, 8.596, 2.735, 2.735, 3.234, 3.232, 15.266, 15.266, 19.034, 18.406, −

2.735, −

2.735, −

3.233, and −

3.232.

22. The digital communication system of claim 19, where each component comprises 32 levels of amplitude such that the amplitudes scaled by a scaling factor are from:

−

39.866, −

32.361, −

24.251, −

26.129, −

15.266, −

15.266, −

19.035, −

18.407, 39,865, 32.360, 24.250, 26.128, −

9.954, −

9.954, −

8.580, −

8.596, 9.954, 9.954, 8.581, 8.596, 2.735, 2.735, 3.234, 3.232, 15.266, 15.266, 19.034, 18.406, −

2.735, −

2.735, −

3.233, and −

3.232.

23. The digital communication system of claim 19, wherein the receiver is capable of selecting the NU-QAM 1024 constellation from a plurality of constellations including a plurality of different NU-QAM 1024 constellations.

24. The digital communication system of claim 23, wherein the receiver is capable of selecting a code rate and the NU-QAM 1024 constellation from a plurality of different combinations of code rates and NU-QAM 1024 constellations.

25. The digital communication system of claim 19, wherein the decoder is capable of decoding bits using a low-density parity check (LDPC) code.

26. The digital communication system of claim 19, wherein the symbols in the non-uniform quadrature amplitude modulation 1024-point symbol constellation (NU-QAM 1024) are labelled using gray labels.

27. The digital communication system of claim 19, wherein the symbols in the non-uniform quadrature amplitude modulation 1024-point symbol constellation (NU-QAM 1024) are labelled using binary reflective gray labels.