System and method for encoding and authenticating a digital image

• US 10,546,360 B2
• Filed: 06/01/2016
• Issued: 01/28/2020
• Est. Priority Date: 06/21/2013
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Signs & Wonders Unlimited, LLC
• Original Assignee: Signs & Wonders Unlimited, LLC
• Inventors: Powers, Nancy, Fortuna, Terrence M., Kocsis, Paul
• Primary Examiner(s): Sun, Jiangeng
• Application Number:
  US15/170,830
• Publication Number:
  US 20160275640A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,336 Days
• Field of Search: None
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 21/00 Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 21/64 Protecting data integrity, e.g. using checksums, certificates or signatures
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 1/0021 Image watermarking
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 1/0028 Adaptive watermarking, e.g. Human Visual System [HVS]-based watermarking
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 1/0042 Fragile watermarking, e.g. so as to detect tampering
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2201/005 Image watermarking
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2201/0051 Embedding of the watermark in the spatial domain

Abstract

An encoding apparatus partitions a digital image into multiple regions for subsequent encoding. A first encryption code is associated with a first region, a second encryption code is associated with a second region and the first code, and a third code is associated with the first code, the second code and a third region. An authentication apparatus authenticates the digital image in an inverse process.

Claims

1. A method for encoding a digital image, comprising:

capturing a digital image comprising a plurality of pixels;

partitioning the digital image into two or more working areas, the two or more working areas including a first working area having a first set of one or more pixels and a second working area having a second set of one or more pixels;

generating a first code from the first set of one or more pixels;

overlaying the second set of one or more pixels with an image representing the first code; and

encoding the first code into the second set of one or more pixels, wherein the digital image is overlaid with identifying information and embedded with metadata, and wherein encoding the first code into the second set of one or more pixels comprises;

collecting the metadata in a character string;

selecting a first character of the metadata for encoding;

selecting a first randomly-ordered character set from an ordered plurality of randomly ordered-character sets based on an index for the first randomly-ordered character set, wherein each character in the first randomly ordered character set is assigned a position code;

matching the first character of the metadata to a corresponding character in the first randomly-ordered character set;

converting the position code of the corresponding character in the first randomly-ordered character set into a three-digit base-n number; and

encoding a first pixel in the second set of one or more pixels with an RGB color code comprising the three-digit base-n number.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the two or more working areas further include a third working area having a third set of one or more pixels.

3. The method of claim 2, further comprising:

generating a second code from the third set of one or more pixels;

generating a third code based on the first code and the second code; and

encoding the first code, the second code, and the third code into the second set of one or more pixels.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein generating the first code comprises:

extracting first pixel data from the first set of one or more pixels; and

hashing the first pixel data using a first hashing function to generate a first hash code.

5. The method of claim 4, further comprising:

selecting a first character of the first hash code;

randomly selecting the first randomly-ordered character set from the ordered plurality of randomly ordered-character sets, wherein each character in the first randomly-ordered character set is assigned the position code;

matching the first character of the first hash code to a corresponding character in the first randomly ordered character set; and

replacing the first character of the first hash code with a character from a reference character set at the position code of the corresponding character in the first randomly-ordered character set.

6. The method of claim 5, further comprising:

(a) selecting a next character of the first hash code;

(b) matching the next character of the first hash code to a corresponding character in a next randomly ordered character set;

(c) replacing the next character of the first hash code with a character from the reference character set at the position code of the corresponding character in the next randomly ordered character set; and

(d) repeating operations (a) through (c) until the first hash code is exhausted, wherein the first code is generated.

7. The method of claim 5, wherein randomly selecting the first randomly-ordered character set comprises randomly selecting R position codes, wherein a summation of the R position codes modulo m provides an index to the first randomly-ordered character set, wherein m is the number of randomly-ordered character sets.

8. The method of claim 4, wherein the digital image is overlaid with identifying information before extracting the pixel data from the first set of one or more pixels, wherein the identifying information comprises one or more of a date and time stamp, a user name, GPS coordinates, a street address, a device name, an operating system name and version, and a watermark.

9. The method of claim 6, wherein overlaying the second set of one or more pixels with an image representing the first code comprises:

initializing each pixel in the second set of one or more pixels;

partitioning the second set of one or more pixels into a first subset of pixel rows and a second subset of pixel rows; and

mapping an image of the first code to the first subset of pixels.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the metadata comprises one or more of GPS coordinates, a GPS accuracy, a date and time, a date and time source name, a device ID, a device operating system and version, a user ID, an organization ID, an assigned group name, and a reverse geocoded address;

the method further comprising;

encoding the metadata into the second subset of pixel rows.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein encoding the metadata into the second subset of pixel rows comprises:

encoding a first pixel in the second subset of pixel rows with the RGB color code comprising the three-digit base-n number.

12. The method of claim 11, further comprising:

(a) selecting a next character of the metadata for encoding;

(b) selecting a next randomly-ordered character set from the ordered plurality of randomly ordered-character sets;

(c) matching the next character of the metadata to a corresponding character in the next randomly-ordered character set;

(d) converting the position code of the corresponding character in the next randomly-ordered character set into a next three-digit base-n number;

(e) encoding a next pixel in the second subset of pixel rows with an RGB color code comprising the next three-digit base-n number;

(f) repeating steps (a) through (e) until the metadata is exhausted; and

(g) encoding an end-of-data character.

13. The method of claim 12, further comprising encoding any remaining pixels in the second subset of pixel rows with random RGB color codes based on random three-digit base-n numbers.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein generating the second code from the second set of one or more pixels comprises:

extracting second pixel data from the second set of one or more pixels; and

hashing the second pixel data using a second hashing function to generate the second code.

15. The method of claim 14, further comprising:

encoding each pixel of the remaining row of pixels with RGB color codes based on random 3-didgit base-n numbers;

reserving a first subset of pixels of the remaining row of pixels for the third code;

encoding the first code, the second code and the position codes as 3-digit base-n RGB color codes into predetermined pixel locations in the remaining row of pixels;

excluding the first subset of pixels in the remaining row, hashing the pixel data of the remaining line using a third hashing function to generate the third code; and

encoding the third code into the first subset of pixels as 3-digit base-n RGB color codes.

16. The method of claim 4, further comprising salting the first pixel data with a first salt before hashing the first pixel data.

17. The method of claim 4, further comprising translating and transposing characters of the first code after hashing the first pixel data.

18. The method of claim 14, further comprising salting the second pixel data with a second salt before hashing the second pixel data.

19. The method of claim 14, further comprising translating and transposing characters of the second code after hashing the second pixel data.

20. The method of claim 15, further comprising translating and transposing characters of the third code before encoding the third code into the first subset of pixels.

21. An apparatus for encoding a digital image, comprising:

a processor; and

a memory comprising processor executable code that, when executed by the processor, configures the apparatus to;

capture a digital image comprising a plurality of pixels;

partition the digital image into two or more working areas, the two or more working areas including a first working area having a first set of one or more pixels and a second working area having a second set of one or more pixels;

generate a first code from the first set of one or more pixels;

overlay the second set of one or more pixels with an image representing the first code; and

encode the first code into the second set of one or more pixels, wherein the digital image is overlaid with identifying information and embedded with metadata, and wherein encoding the first code into the second set of one or more pixels comprises;

collecting the metadata in a character string;

selecting a first character of the metadata for encoding;

selecting a first randomly-ordered character set from an ordered plurality of randomly ordered-character sets based on an index for the first randomly-ordered character set, wherein each character in the first randomly ordered character set is assigned a position code;

matching the first character of the metadata to a corresponding character in the first randomly-ordered character set;

converting the position code of the corresponding character in the first randomly-ordered character set into a three-digit base-n number; and

encoding a first pixel in the second set of one or more pixels with an RGB color code comprising the three-digit base-n number.

22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the two or more working areas further include a third working area having a third set of one or more pixels.

23. The apparatus of claim 21, the apparatus is further configured to:

generate a second code from the third set of one or more pixels;

generate a third code based on the first code and the second code; and

encode the first code, the second code, and the third code into the second set of one or more pixels.

24. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein to generate the first code, the apparatus is further configured to:

extract first pixel data from the first set of one or more pixels; and

hash the first pixel data using a first hashing function to generate a first hash code.

25. The apparatus of claim 24, further configured to:

select a first character of the first hash code;

randomly select the first randomly-ordered character set from the ordered plurality of randomly ordered-character sets, wherein each character in the first randomly-ordered character set is assigned the position code;

match the first character of the first hash code to a corresponding character in a next randomly ordered character set; and

replace the first character of the first hash code with a character from a reference character set at the position code of the corresponding character in the first randomly-ordered character set.

26. The apparatus of claim 25, further configured to:

(a) select a next character of the first hash code;

(b) match the next character of the first hash code to a corresponding character in a next randomly ordered character set;

(c) replace the next character of the first hash code with a character from the reference character set at the position code of the corresponding character in the next randomly ordered character set; and

(d) repeat operations (a) through (c) until the first hash code is exhausted, wherein the first code is generated.

27. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein to randomly select the first randomly-ordered character set, the apparatus is further configured to randomly select R position codes, wherein a summation of the R position codes modulo m provides an index to the first randomly-ordered character set, wherein m is the number of randomly-ordered character sets.

28. The apparatus of claim 24, further configured to overlay the digital image with identifying information before extracting the pixel data from the first set of one or more pixels, wherein the identifying information comprises one or more of a date and time stamp, a user name, GPS coordinates, a street address, a device name, an operating system name and version, and a watermark.

29. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein to overlay the second set of one or more pixels with an image representing the first code, the apparatus is further configured to:

initialize each pixel in the second set of one or more pixels;

partition the second set of one or more pixels into a first subset of pixel rows and a second subset of pixel rows; and

map an image of the first code to the first subset of pixels.

30. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the metadata comprises one or more of GPS coordinates, a GPS accuracy, a date and time, a date and time source name, a device ID, a device operating system and version, a user ID, an organization ID, an assigned group name, and a reverse geocoded address;

and the apparatus is further configured to;

encode the metadata into the second subset of pixel rows.

31. The apparatus of claim 30, wherein to encode the metadata into the second subset of pixel rows, the apparatus is further configured to:

encode a first pixel in the second subset of pixel rows with the RGB color code comprising the three-digit base-n number.

32. The apparatus of claim 31, further configured to:

(a) select a next character of the metadata for encoding;

(b) select a next randomly-ordered character set from the ordered plurality of randomly ordered-character sets;

(c) match the next character of the metadata to a corresponding character in the next randomly-ordered character set;

(d) convert the position code of the corresponding character in the next randomly-ordered character set into a next three-digit base-n number;

(e) encode a next pixel in the second subset of pixel rows with an RGB color code comprising the three-digit base-n number;

(f) repeat steps (a) through (e) until the metadata is exhausted; and

(g) encode an end-of-data character.

33. The apparatus of claim 32, further configured to encode any remaining pixels in the second subset of pixel rows with random RGB color codes based on random three-digit base-n numbers.

34. The apparatus of claim 33, wherein to generate the second code from the second set of one or more pixels the apparatus is further configured to:

extract second pixel data from the second set of one or more pixels; and

hash the second pixel data using a second hashing function to generate the second code.

35. The apparatus of claim 34, further configured to:

encode each pixel of the remaining row of pixels with RGB color codes based on random 3-didgit base-n numbers;

reserve a first subset of pixels of the remaining row of pixels for the third code;

encode the first code, the second code and the position codes as 3-digit base-n RGB color codes into predetermined pixel locations in the remaining row of pixels;

exclude the first subset of pixels, and hash the pixel data of the remaining line using a third hashing function to generate the third code; and

encode the third code into the first subset of pixels as 3-digit base-n RGB color codes.

36. The apparatus of claim 24, further configured to salt the first pixel data with a first salt before hashing the first pixel data.

37. The apparatus of claim 24, further configured to translate and transpose characters of the first code after hashing the first pixel data.

38. The apparatus of claim 34, further configured to salt the second pixel data with a second salt before hashing the second pixel data.

39. The apparatus of claim 34, further configured to translate and transpose characters of the second code after hashing the second pixel data.

40. The apparatus of claim 35, further configured to translate and transpose characters of the third code before encoding the third code into the first subset of pixels.

41. An article of manufacture, comprising a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium containing instructions that, when executed by a machine configures the machine to perform operations, comprising:

capturing a digital image comprising a plurality of pixels;

partitioning the digital image into two or more working areas, the two or more working areas including a first working area having a first set of one or more pixels and a second working area having a second set of one or more pixels;

generating a first code from the first set of one or more pixels;

overlaying the second set of one or more pixels with an image representing the first code; and

encoding the first code into the second set of one or more pixels, wherein the digital image is overlaid with identifying information and embedded with metadata, and wherein encoding the first code into the second set of one or more pixels comprises;

collecting the metadata in a character string;

selecting a first character of the metadata for encoding;

selecting a first randomly-ordered character set from an ordered plurality of randomly ordered-character sets based on an index for the first randomly-ordered character set, wherein each character in the first randomly ordered character set is assigned a position code;

matching the first character of the metadata to a corresponding character in the first randomly-ordered character set;

converting the position code of the corresponding character in the first randomly-ordered character set into a three-digit base-n number; and

encoding a first pixel in the second set of one or more pixels with an RGB color code comprising the three-digit base-n number.

42. The article of manufacture of claim 41, wherein the two or more working areas further include a third working area having a third set of one or more pixels.

43. The article of manufacture of claim 42, wherein the machine is further configured to perform operations comprising:

generating a second code from the third set of one or more pixels;

generating a third code based on the first code and the second code; and

encoding the first code, the second code, and the third code into the second set of one or more pixels.

44. The article of manufacture of claim 41, wherein generating the first code comprises:

extracting first pixel data from the first set of one or more pixels; and

hashing the first pixel data using a first hashing function to generate a first hash code.

45. The article of manufacture of claim 44, wherein the machine is further configured to perform operations comprising:

selecting a first character of the first hash code;

randomly selecting the first randomly-ordered character set from the ordered plurality of randomly ordered-character sets, wherein each character in the first randomly-ordered character set is assigned the position code;

matching the first character of the first hash code to a corresponding character in the first randomly ordered character set; and

replacing the first character of the first hash code with a character from a reference character set at the position code of the corresponding character in the first randomly-ordered character set.

46. The article of manufacture of claim 45, wherein the machine is further configured to perform operations comprising:

(a) selecting a next character of the first hash code;

(b) matching the next character of the first hash code to a corresponding character in a next randomly ordered character set;

(c) replacing the next character of the first hash code with a character from the reference character set at the position code of the corresponding character in the next randomly ordered character set; and

(d) repeating operations (a) through (c) until the first hash code is exhausted, wherein the first code is generated.

47. The article of manufacture of claim 45, wherein randomly selecting the first randomly-ordered character set comprises randomly selecting R position codes, wherein a summation of the R position codes modulo m provides an index to the first randomly-ordered character set, wherein m is the number of randomly-ordered character sets.

48. The article of manufacture of claim 44, wherein the digital image is overlaid with identifying information before extracting the pixel data from the first set of one or more pixels, wherein the identifying information comprises one or more of a date and time stamp, a user name, GPS coordinates, a street address, a device name, an operating system name and version, and a watermark.

49. The article of manufacture of claim 46, wherein overlaying the second set of one or more pixels with an image representing the first code comprises:

initializing each pixel in the second set of one or more pixels;

partitioning the second set of one or more pixels into a first subset of pixel rows and a second subset of pixel rows; and

mapping an image of the first code to the first subset of pixels.

50. The article of manufacture of claim 49, wherein the metadata comprises one or more of GPS coordinates, a GPS accuracy, a date and time, a date and time source name, a device ID, a device operating system and version, a user ID, an organization ID, an assigned group name, and a reverse geocoded address;

and wherein the machine is further configured to perform operations comprising;

encoding the metadata into the second subset of pixel rows.

51. The article of manufacture of claim 50, wherein encoding the metadata into the second subset of pixel rows comprises:

encoding a first pixel in the second subset of pixel rows with the RGB color code comprising the three-digit base-n number.

52. The article of manufacture of claim 51, wherein the machine is further configured to perform operations comprising:

(a) selecting a next character of the metadata for encoding;

(b) selecting a next randomly-ordered character set from the ordered plurality of randomly ordered-character sets;

(c) matching the next character of the metadata to a corresponding character in the next randomly-ordered character set;

(d) converting the position-based code of the corresponding character in the next randomly-ordered character set into a next three-digit base-n number;

(e) encoding a next pixel in the second subset of pixel rows with an RGB color code comprising the three-digit base-n number; and

(f) repeating steps (a) through (e) until the metadata is exhausted; and

(g) encoding an end-of-data character.

53. The article of manufacture of claim 52, wherein the machine is further configured to perform operations comprising encoding any remaining pixels in the second subset of pixel rows with random RGB color codes based on random three-digit base-n numbers.

54. The article of manufacture of claim 51, wherein generating the second code from the second set of one or more pixels comprises:

extracting second pixel data from the second set of one or more pixels; and

hashing the second pixel data using a second hashing function to generate the second code.

55. The article of manufacture of claim 54, wherein the machine is further configured to perform operations comprising:

encoding each pixel of the remaining row of pixels with RGB color codes based on random 3-didgit base-n numbers;

reserving a first subset of pixels of the remaining row of pixels for the third code;

encoding the first code, the second code and the position codes as 3-digit base-n RGB color codes into predetermined pixel locations in the remaining row of pixels;

excluding the first subset of pixels, hashing the pixel data of the remaining line using a third hashing function to generate the third code; and

encode the third code into the first subset of pixels as 3-digit base-n RGB color codes.

56. The article of manufacture of claim 44, wherein the machine is further configured to perform operations comprising salting the first pixel data with a first salt before hashing the first pixel data.

57. The article of manufacture of claim 44, wherein the machine is further configured to perform operations comprising translating and transposing characters of the first code after hashing the first pixel data.

58. The article of manufacture of claim 54, wherein the machine is further configured to perform operations comprising salting the second pixel data with a second salt before hashing the second pixel data.

59. The article of manufacture of claim 54, wherein the machine is further configured to perform operations comprising translating and transposing characters of the second code after hashing the second pixel data.

60. The article of manufacture of claim 55, wherein the machine is further configured to perform operations comprising translating and transposing characters of the third code before encoding the third code into the first subset of pixels.

61. A method for encoding a digital image for subsequent authentication, comprising:

encoding information derived from the digital image into the digital image itself, wherein encoding the information derived from the digital image into the digital image itself comprises;

collecting metadata associated with the digital image in a character string;

selecting a first character of the metadata for encoding;

selecting a first randomly-ordered character set from an ordered plurality of randomly ordered-character sets based on an index for the first randomly-ordered character set, wherein each character in the first randomly ordered character set is assigned a position code;

matching the first character of the metadata to a corresponding character in the first randomly-ordered character set;

converting the position code of the corresponding character in the first randomly-ordered character set into a three-digit base-n number; and

encoding a first pixel in the digital image with an RGB color code comprising the three-digit base-n number;

wherein the digital image is authenticated based only on the encoded information such that no information external to the digital image is required for the authentication.

62. The method of claim 61, wherein encoding the information derived from the digital image itself comprises storing the information in a location other an in pixels of the digital image.

63. A method for encoding a digital image, comprising:

(1) capturing a digital image comprising a plurality of pixels;

(2) partitioning the digital image into two or more working areas, the two or more working areas including a first working area having a first set of one or more pixels and a second working area having a second set of one or more pixels;

(3) generating a first code from the first set of one or more pixels by;

(a) extracting first pixel data from the first set of one or more pixels and hashing the first pixel data using a first hashing function to generate a first hash code;

(b) selecting a first character of the first hash code;

(c) randomly selecting a first randomly-ordered character set from an ordered plurality of randomly ordered-character sets, wherein each character in the first randomly-ordered character set is assigned a position code;

(d) matching the first character of the first hash code to a corresponding character in the first randomly ordered character set;

(e) replacing the first character of the first hash code with a character from a reference character set at the position code of the corresponding character in the first randomly-ordered character set;

(f) selecting a next character of the first hash code;

(g) matching the next character of the first hash code to a corresponding character in a next randomly ordered character set;

(h) replacing the next character of the first hash code with a character from the reference character set at the position code of the corresponding character in the next randomly ordered character set; and

(i) repeating operations (f) through (h) until the first hash code is exhausted, such that the first code is generated;

(4) overlaying the second set of one or more pixels with an image representing the first code, the overlaying comprising;

(a) initializing each pixel in the second set of one or more pixels;

(b) partitioning the second set of one or more pixels into a first subset of pixel rows and a second subset of pixel rows;

(c) mapping an image of the first code to the first subset of pixels;

(d) collecting metadata in a character string, wherein the metadata comprises one or more of GPS coordinates, a GPS accuracy, a date and time, a date and time source

name, a device ID, a device operating system and version, a user ID, an organization ID, an assigned group name, and a reverse geocoded address; and

(e) encoding the metadata into the second subset of pixel rows, the encoding the metadata into the second subset of pixel rows comprising;

(i) selecting a first character of the metadata for encoding;

(ii) selecting a second randomly-ordered character set from the ordered plurality of randomly ordered-character sets, wherein each character in the second randomly ordered character set is assigned a position code;

(iii) matching the first character of the metadata to a corresponding character in the second randomly-ordered character set;

(iv) converting the position code of the corresponding character in the second randomly-ordered character set into a three-digit base-n number; and

(v) encoding a first pixel in the second subset of pixel rows with an RGB color code comprising the three-digit base-n number; and

(5) encoding the first code into the second set of one or more pixels, wherein the digital image is overlaid with identifying information and/or embedded with metadata.

64. A method for encoding a digital image, comprising:

(1) capturing a digital image comprising a plurality of pixels;

(2) partitioning the digital image into two or more working areas, the two or more working areas including a first working area having a first set of one or more pixels and a second working area having a second set of one or more pixels;

(3) generating a first code from the first set of one or more pixels;

(4) overlaying the second set of one or more pixels with an image representing the first code, the overlaying comprising;

(a) initializing each pixel in the second set of one or more pixels;

(b) partitioning the second set of one or more pixels into a first subset of pixel rows and a second subset of pixel rows;

(c) mapping an image of the first code to the first subset of pixels;

(d) collecting metadata in a character string; and

(e) encoding the metadata into the second subset of pixel rows, the encoding the metadata into the second subset of pixel rows comprising;

(i) selecting a first character of the metadata for encoding;

(ii) selecting a first randomly-ordered character set from an ordered plurality of randomly ordered-character sets, wherein each character in the first randomly ordered character set is assigned a position code;

(iii) matching the first character of the metadata to a corresponding character in the first randomly-ordered character set;

(iv) converting the position code of the corresponding character in the first randomly-ordered character set into a three-digit base-n number; and

(v) encoding a first pixel in the second subset of pixel rows with an RGB color code comprising the three-digit base-n number; and

(5) encoding the first code into the second set of one or more pixels, wherein the digital image is overlaid with identifying information and/or embedded with metadata.