Apparatuses, systems, and methods for communicating using MIMO and spread spectrum coding in backscatter of ambient signals

• US 10,587,445 B2
• Filed: 12/07/2018
• Issued: 03/10/2020
• Est. Priority Date: 02/11/2014
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: University of Washington
• Original Assignee: University of Washington
• Inventors: Gollakota, Shyamnath, Smith, Joshua R., Parks, Aaron N., Liu, Angli
• Primary Examiner(s): Guarino, Rahel
• Application Number:
  US16/213,913
• Publication Number:
  US 20190116078A1
• Time in Patent Office: 459 Days
• CPC Class Codes: H04B 1/40 Circuits
• CPC Class Codes: H04B 7/0413 MIMO systems
• CPC Class Codes: H04K 2203/20 for contactless carriers, e.g. RFID carriers record carriers with integrated circuit chips including means for preventing undesired reading or writing from or to record carriers by hindering electromagnetic reading or writing G06K19/07318; arrangements for sensing record carriers including arrangements for protecting the interrogation against piracy attacks G06K7/10257
• CPC Class Codes: H04K 3/25 based on characteristics of target signal or of transmission as countermeasure against surveillance H04K3/827, e.g. using direct sequence spread spectrum or fast frequency hopping spread spectrum techniques H04B1/69

Abstract

Apparatuses, systems, ambient RF backscatter transceivers, and methods for communicating using MIMO and spread spectrum coding of backscattered ambient RF signals are described. An example system may include an ambient RF backscatter transceiver that include an antenna configured to receive a backscattered ambient radio frequency (RF) signal, and a receiver coupled to the antenna. The receiver may be configured to demodulate the backscattered ambient RF signal using one of multiple input, multiple output multiplexing demodulation or spread spectrum code demodulation to retrieve the first data. The backscattered ambient RF signal may be generated by backscattering an ambient RF signal at a first frequency. The ambient RF signal may be configured to provide other data at a second frequency.

Claims

1. A method, comprising:

receiving a backscattered radio frequency (RF) signal at a first antenna, the backscattered ambient RF signal encoded with first data at a first frequency, the RF signal modulated to provide second data at a second frequency;

demodulating the backscattered ambient RF signal using spread spectrum code demodulation based on a chip duration; and

retrieving the first data based on the demodulated backscattered ambient RF signal, wherein, while demodulating the backscattered RF signal using spread spectrum code demodulation, demodulating the ambient backscattered RF signal based on an in-phase and quadrature-phase correlation, wherein the backscattered RF signal is modulated at a chip rate and the chip duration.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein a chip of the backscattered RF signal having a first value is alternative ones and zeroes, and a chip of the backscattered ambient RF signal having a second value is all zeroes.

3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

multiplying the backscattered ambient RF signal at a zero degree reference;

accumulating the multiplied signal at the zero degree reference to generate an in-phase component; and

extracting a magnitude of the in-phase component.

4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

multiplying the backscattered ambient RF signal at a ninety degree reference;

accumulating the multiplied signal at the ninety degree reference to generate a quadrature-phase component; and

extracting a magnitude of the quadrature -phase component.

5. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

generating an in phase component based on multiplying the backscattered ambient RF signal with a first reference signal; and

generating a quadrature phase component based on multiplying the backscattered ambient RF signal with a second reference signal.

6. The method of claim 5, further comprising adding a magnitude of the in-phase component and a magnitude of the quadrature-phase component to produce a sum signal.

7. An apparatus comprising:

a first antenna configured to receive a first version of a backscattered radio frequency (RF) signal, wherein the first version of the backscattered RF signal includes a first phase;

a second antenna configured to receive a second version of the backscattered RF signal, wherein the second version of the backscattered RF signal includes a second phase different than the first phase;

a receiver coupled to the first antenna and the second antenna, wherein the receiver comprises;

a code circuit configured to compute an average of I and Q values over a chip duration;

wherein the receiver is configured to utilize analog circuitry to perform demodulation of the backscattered RF signal to provide output bits using at least one of;

(1) multiple input, multiple output (MIMO) multiplexing demodulation, or

(2) spread spectrum code demodulation, wherein the spread spectrum code demodulation is based on demodulating the backscattered RF signal into a pseudorandom string of bits; and

power harvest circuitry configured to harvest power from the RF signal to power the demodulation.

8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the code circuit is further configured to provide a threshold value based on an average of I and Q values of an envelope signal, the envelope signal based on the first version of the backscattered RF signal.

9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the receiver further comprises:

a threshold circuit configured to provide an output based on a comparison of the threshold value to a rolling average of threshold values provided by the code circuit.

10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the code circuit is further configured to demodulate the backscattered RF signal based on an in-phase and quadrature-phase correlation to generate the respective I and Q values.

11. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the code circuit further comprises a summation circuit configured to add a magnitude of an in-phase component and a magnitude of a quadrature-phase component to generate a sum signal utilized in the average of the I and Q values.

12. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the receiver further comprises:

a first envelope detector circuit configured to filter out transitions of the first version of the backscattered RF signal received at the first antenna to provide a first signal envelope; and

a second envelope detector circuit configured to filter out transitions of the second version of the backscattered RF signal received at the second antenna to provide a second signal envelope.

13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the receiver further comprises:

a first switch configured to toggle, at a rate associated with the chip duration, between the first signal envelope and a first reference signal; and

a second switch configured to toggle, at the rate associated with the chip duration, between the second signal envelope and a second reference signal.

14. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the power harvest circuitry is further configured to provide the power that was harvested to the code circuit.

15. A method comprising:

receiving a backscattered radio frequency (RF) signal encoded with first data at a first frequency, the RE signal modulated to provide second data at a second frequency, and wherein the backscattered RF signal was modulated at a chip rate and a chip duration;

computing, over the chip duration, an average of I and Q values of an envelope signal, the envelope signal based on the backscattered RF signal;

demodulating the backscattered ambient RF signal based partly on the average of the I and Q values of the envelope signal; and

retrieving the first data based on the demodulated backscattered ambient RF signal.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein a chip of the backscattered RF signal having a first value is alternative ones and zeroes, and a chip of the backscattered ambient RF signal having a second value is all zeroes.

17. The method of claim 15, further comprising:

filtering transitions of a first version of the backscattered RF signal received at a first antenna to provide a first signal envelope, the first version of the backscattered RE signal including a first phase; and

filtering transitions of a second version of the backscattered RF signal received at a second antenna to provide a second signal envelope, the second version of the backscattered RF signal including a second phase different than the first phase.

18. The method of claim 17, further comprising:

toggling a first switch, at a rate associated with the chip duration, between the first signal envelope and a first reference signal; and

toggling, at the rate associated with the chip duration, between the second signal envelope and a second reference signal.

19. The method of claim 18, further comprising:

generating an in phase component based on toggling between the first signal envelope and the first reference signal; and

generating a quadrature phase component based on toggling between the second signal envelope and the second reference signal.

20. The method of claim 19, further comprising:

adding a magnitude of the in-phase component and a magnitude of the quadrature-phase component to generate a sum signal; and

comparing the sum signal with a threshold value to generate bits of the demodulated backscattered ambient RF signal.