COMPUTER GAMING SYSTEM

• US 20020019253A1
• Filed: 07/01/1998
• Published: 02/14/2002
• Est. Priority Date: 05/05/1997
• Status: Abandoned Application

• Current Assignee: Gamecraft, Inc.
• Original Assignee: Gamecraft, Inc.
• Inventors: HUNDAL, HEIN, REITZEN, ROBERT
• Application Number:
  US09/110,090
• Publication Number:
  US 20020019253A1
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• US Class Current: 463/16
• CPC Class Codes: A63F 2001/008 adapted for being playable on a screen
• CPC Class Codes: G07F 17/32 for games, toys, sports, or amusements
• CPC Class Codes: G07F 17/3227 Configuring a gaming machine, e.g. downloading personal settings, selecting working parameters
• CPC Class Codes: G07F 17/3276 wherein the players compete, e.g. tournament
• CPC Class Codes: G07F 17/3293 Card games, e.g. poker, canasta, black jack

Abstract

The present invention comprises an intelligent gaming system that includes a game engine, simulation engine, and, in certain embodiments, a static evaluator. Embodiments of the invention include an intelligent, poker playing slot machine that allows a user to play poker for money against one or more intelligent, simulated opponents. In one embodiment, the invention generates card playing strategies by analyzing the expected return to players of a game. In one embodiment, a multi-dimensional model is used to represent possible strategies that may be used by each player participating in a card game. Each axis (dimension) of the model represents a distribution of a player'"'"'s possible hands. Points along a player'"'"'s distribution axis divide each axis into a number of segments. Each segment has associated with it an action sequence to be undertaken by the player with hands that fall within the segment. The dividing points delineate dividing points between different action sequences. The model is divided into separate portions each corresponding to an outcome determined by the action sequences and hand strengths for each player applicable to the portion. An expected return expression is generated by multiplying the outcome for each portion by the size of the portion, and adding together the resulting products. The location of the dividing points that result in the maximum expected return is determined by taking partial derivatives of the expected return function with respect to each variable, and setting them equal to zero. The result is a set of simultaneous equations that are solved to obtain values for each dividing point. The values for the optimized dividing points define optimized card playing strategies.

Claims

1. In a computer gaming system, a method for generating card playing strategies for a game of cards comprising at least one round of betting comprising the steps of:

determining possible action sequences for a round of said game for each player of said game;

determining possible outcomes for said round of said game resulting from said action sequences;

assigning variables representing dividing points between intervals of a card hand strength hierarchy for each player, each of said intervals corresponding to a subset of hands from said player'"'"'s card hand strength hierarchy with which said player undertakes a particular action sequence;

constructing an expression for an expected return to a player for said game using said variables;

deriving expressions for said variables that maximize said expected return;

evaluating said expressions to obtain values for said variables;

identifying endpoints of said intervals of said card hand strength hierarchies of said players using said values.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein said step of deriving expressions for said variables comprises the step of:

generating a plurality of simultaneous equations by taking a partial derivative of said expected return expression with respect to each of said variables and setting said expected return expression equal to zero.

3. The method of claim 2 wherein said step of evaluating said expressions to obtain values for said variables comprises the step of:

solving said simultaneous equations to obtain values for said variables.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein said step of constructing said expected return expression comprises the steps of:

constructing a multidimensional model comprising an axis corresponding to each of said player'"'"'s hand strength hierarchy;

dividing said model into portions representing said possible outcomes for said round of said game;

determining sizes of said portions in terms of said variables;

constructing said expected return expression from a sum of products of said outcomes and said sizes for said portions.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein said step of assigning variables comprises the steps of:

assigning a first variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a raise-fold action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a fold action sequence;

assigning a second variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a bet-fold action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a bet-reraise action sequence;

assigning a third variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a bet-reraise action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a pass-fold action sequence;

assigning a fourth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a bet action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a pass action sequence;

assigning a fifth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a fold action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a call action sequence;

assigning a sixth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a pass-fold action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a pass-call action sequence;

assigning a seventh variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a pass action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a bet action sequence;

assigning an eighth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a pass-call action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a bet-fold action sequence;

assigning a ninth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a bet-fold action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a bet-call action sequence;

assigning a tenth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a call action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a raise-fold action sequence;

assigning an eleventh variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a raise-fold action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a raise-call action sequence;

assigning a twelfth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a bet-call action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a bet-reraise action sequence.

6. The method of claim 5 wherein said variables are assigned a relative order such that:

said first variable is less than said second variable;

said second variable is less than said third variable;

said third variable is less than said fourth variable;

said fourth variable is less than said fifth variable;

said fifth variable is less than or equal to said sixth variable;

said sixth variable is less than said seventh variable;

said seventh variable is less than said eighth variable;

said eighth variable is less than said ninth variable;

said ninth variable is less than said tenth variable;

said tenth variable is less than said eleventh variable;

said eleventh variable is less than said twelfth variable.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein step of assigning variables comprises the steps of:

assigning a first variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a raise-fold action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a fold action sequence;

assigning a second variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a bet-fold action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a bet-reraise action sequence;

assigning a third variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a bet-reraise action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a pass-raise-fold action sequence;

assigning a fourth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a pass-raise-fold action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a pass-fold action sequence;

assigning a fifth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a bet-fold action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a bet-reraise action sequence;

assigning a sixth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a bet-reraise action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a pass action sequence;

assigning a seventh variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a pass-fold action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a pass-call action sequence;

assigning an eighth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a fold action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a call action sequence;

assigning a ninth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a pass action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a bet-fold action sequence;

assigning a tenth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a bet-fold action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a bet-call action sequence;

assigning an eleventh variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a pass-call action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a bet-fold action sequence;

assigning a twelfth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a bet-fold action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a bet-call action sequence;

assigning a thirteenth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a call action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a raise-fold action sequence;

assigning a fourteenth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a raise-fold action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a raise-call action sequence;

assigning a fifteenth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a bet-call action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a pass-raise-fold action sequence;

assigning a sixteenth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a pass-raise-fold action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a pass-raise-call action sequence;

assigning a seventeenth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a bet-call action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a bet-reraise action sequence;

assigning an eighteenth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a pass-raise-call action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a bet-reraise action sequence.

8. The method of claim 7 wherein said variables are assigned a relative order such that:

said first variable is less than said second variable;

said second variable is less than said third variable;

said third variable is less than said fourth variable;

said fourth variable is less than said fifth variable;

said fifth variable is less than said sixth variable;

said sixth variable is less than said seventh variable;

said seventh variable is less than or equal to said eighth variable;

said eighth variable is less than said ninth variable;

said ninth variable is less than said tenth variable;

said tenth variable is less than said eleventh variable;

said eleventh variable is less than said twelfth variable;

said twelfth variable is less than said thirteenth variable;

said thirteenth variable is less than said fourteenth variable;

said fourteenth variable is less than said fifteenth variable;

said fifteenth variable is less than said sixteenth variable;

said seventeenth variable is less than said eighteenth variable.

9. A method for generating card playing strategies for a game of cards comprising at least one round of betting comprising the steps of:

determining possible action sequences for a round of said game for each player of said game;

determining possible outcomes for said round of said game resulting from said action sequences;

assigning variables representing dividing points between intervals of a card hand strength hierarchy for each player, each of said intervals corresponding to a subset of hands from said player'"'"'s card hand strength hierarchy with which said player undertakes a particular action sequence;

constructing an expression for an expected return to a player for said game using said variables;

generating a plurality of simultaneous equations by taking a partial derivative of said expected return expression with respect to each of said variables and setting said expected return expression equal to zero;

solving said simultaneous equations to obtain values for said variables;

identifying endpoints of said intervals of said card hand strength hierarchies of said players using said values.

10. The method of claim 9 wherein said step of constructing said expected return expression comprises the steps of:

constructing a multidimensional model comprising an axis corresponding to each of said player'"'"'s hand strength hierarchy;

dividing said model into portions representing said possible outcomes for said round of said game;

determining sizes of said portions in terms of said variables;

constructing said expected return expression from a sum of products of said outcomes and said sizes for said portions.

11. The method of claim 9 wherein said step of assigning variables comprises the steps of:

assigning a first variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a raise-fold action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a fold action sequence;

assigning a second variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a bet-fold action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a bet-reraise action sequence;

assigning a third variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a bet-reraise action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a pass-fold action sequence;

assigning a fourth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a bet action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a pass action sequence;

assigning a fifth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a fold action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a call action sequence;

assigning a sixth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a pass-fold action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a pass-call action sequence;

assigning a seventh variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a pass action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a bet action sequence;

assigning an eighth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a pass-call action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a bet-fold action sequence;

assigning a ninth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a bet-fold action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a bet-call action sequence;

assigning a tenth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a call action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a raise-fold action sequence;

assigning an eleventh variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a raise-fold action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a raise-call action sequence;

assigning a twelfth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a bet-call action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a bet-reraise action sequence.

12. The method of claim 11 wherein said variables are assigned a relative order such that:

said first variable is less than said second variable;

said second variable is less than said third variable;

said third variable is less than said fourth variable;

said fourth variable is less than said fifth variable;

said fifth variable is less than or equal to said sixth variable;

said sixth variable is less than said seventh variable;

said seventh variable is less than said eighth variable;

said eighth variable is less than said ninth variable;

said ninth variable is less than said tenth variable;

said tenth variable is less than said eleventh variable;

said eleventh variable is less than said twelfth variable.

13. The method of claim 9 wherein said step of assigning variables comprises the steps of:

assigning a first variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a raise-fold action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a fold action sequence;

assigning a second variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a bet-fold action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a bet-reraise action sequence;

assigning a third variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a bet-reraise action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a pass-raise-fold action sequence;

assigning a fourth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a pass-raise-fold action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a pass-fold action sequence;

assigning a fifth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a bet-fold action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a bet-reraise action sequence;

assigning a sixth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a bet-reraise action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a pass action sequence;

assigning a seventh variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a pass-fold action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a pass-call action sequence;

assigning an eighth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a fold action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a call action sequence;

assigning a ninth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a pass action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a bet-fold action sequence;

assigning a tenth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a bet-fold action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a bet-call action sequence;

assigning an eleventh variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a pass-call action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a bet-fold action sequence;

assigning a twelfth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a bet-fold action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a bet-call action sequence;

assigning a thirteenth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a call action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a raise-fold action sequence;

assigning a fourteenth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a raise-fold action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a raise-call action sequence;

assigning a fifteenth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a bet-call action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a pass-raise-fold action sequence;

assigning a sixteenth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a pass-raise-fold action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a pass-raise-call action sequence;

assigning a seventeenth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a bet-call action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a bet-reraise action sequence;

assigning an eighteenth variable to a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a pass-raise-call action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a bet-reraise action sequence.

14. The method of claim 13 wherein said variables are assigned a relative order such that:

said first variable is less than said second variable;

said second variable is less than said third variable;

said third variable is less than said fourth variable;

said fourth variable is less than said fifth variable;

said fifth variable is less than said sixth variable;

said sixth variable is less than said seventh variable;

said seventh variable is less than or equal to said eighth variable;

said eighth variable is less than said ninth variable;

said ninth variable is less than said tenth variable;

said tenth variable is less than said eleventh variable;

said eleventh variable is less than said twelfth variable;

said twelfth variable is less than said thirteenth variable;

said thirteenth variable is less than said fourteenth variable;

said fourteenth variable is less than said fifteenth variable;

said fifteenth variable is less than said sixteenth variable;

said seventeenth variable is less than said eighteenth variable.

17. The method of claim 16 further comprising the steps of:

determining a second ratio between (i) a difference between said hand strength of said second hand and said value of said variable and (ii) a difference between said hand strength of said second hand and said hand strength of said first hand;

undertaking said second action sequence with a fraction of said first hands equal to said second ratio.

19. The article of manufacture of claim 18 wherein said computer readable program code configured to cause said computer to derive expressions for said variables that maximize said expected return comprises computer readable program code configured to cause said computer to generate a plurality of simultaneous equations by taking a partial derivative of said expected return expression with respect to each of said variables and setting said expected return expression equal to zero.

20. The article of manufacture of claim 19 wherein said computer readable program code configured to cause said computer to derive expressions for said variables that maximize said expected return comprises computer readable program code configured to cause said computer to solve said simultaneous equations to obtain values for said variables.

21. The article of manufacture of claim 19 wherein said computer readable program code configured to cause said computer to construct an expression for said expected return comprises computer readable program code configured to cause said computer to determine products of an expected return for each of a plurality of outcomes of said round of said game and a probability of the occurrence of said outcome.

22. The article of manufacture of claim 18 wherein said plurality of variables comprise:

a first variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a raise-fold action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a fold action sequence;

a second variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a bet-fold action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a bet-reraise action sequence;

a third variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a bet-reraise action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a pass-fold action sequence;

a fourth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a bet action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a pass action sequence;

a fifth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a fold action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a call action sequence;

a sixth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a pass-fold action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a pass-call action sequence;

a seventh variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a pass action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a bet action sequence;

an eighth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a pass-call action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a bet-fold action sequence;

a ninth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a bet-fold action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a bet-call action sequence;

a tenth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a call action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a raise-fold action sequence;

an eleventh variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a raise-fold action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a raise-call action sequence;

a twelfth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a bet-call action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a bet-reraise action sequence.

23. The article of manufacture of claim 22 further comprising computer readable code configured to cause said computer to assign a relative order to said variables such that:

said first variable is less than said second variable;

said second variable is less than said third variable;

said third variable is less than said fourth variable;

said fourth variable is less than said fifth variable;

said fifth variable is less than or equal to said sixth variable;

said sixth variable is less than said seventh variable;

said seventh variable is less than said eighth variable;

said eighth variable is less than said ninth variable;

said ninth variable is less than said tenth variable;

said tenth variable is less than said eleventh variable;

said eleventh variable is less than said twelfth variable.

24. The article of manufacture of claim 18 wherein said plurality of variables comprise:

a first variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a raise-fold action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a fold action sequence;

a second variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a bet-fold action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a bet-reraise action sequence;

a third variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a bet-reraise action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a pass-raise-fold action sequence;

a fourth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a pass-raise-fold action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a pass-fold action sequence;

a fifth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a bet-fold action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a bet-reraise action sequence;

a sixth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a bet-reraise action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a pass action sequence;

a seventh variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a p ass-fold action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a pass-call action sequence;

an eighth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a fold action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a call action sequence;

a ninth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a pass action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a bet-fold action sequence;

a tenth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a bet-fold action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a bet-call action sequence;

an eleventh variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a pass-call action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a bet-fold action sequence;

a twelfth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a bet-fold action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a bet-call action sequence;

a thirteenth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a call action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a raise-fold action sequence;

a fourteenth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a raise-fold action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a raise-call action sequence;

a fifteenth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a bet-call action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a pass-raise-fold action sequence;

a sixteenth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a pass-raise-fold action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a pass-raise-call action sequence;

a seventeenth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a bet-call action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a bet-reraise action sequence;

an eighteenth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a pass-raise-call action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a bet-reraise action sequence.

25. The article of manufacture of claim 24 further comprising computer readable code configured to cause said computer to assign a relative order to said variables such that:

said first variable is less than said second variable;

said second variable is less than said third variable;

said third variable is less than said fourth variable;

said fourth variable is less than said fifth variable;

said fifth variable is less than said sixth variable;

said sixth variable is less than said seventh variable;

said seventh variable is less than or equal to said eighth variable;

said eighth variable is less than said ninth variable;

said ninth variable is less than said tenth variable;

said tenth variable is less than said eleventh variable;

said eleventh variable is less than said twelfth variable;

said twelfth variable is less than said thirteenth variable;

said thirteenth variable is less than said fourteenth variable;

said fourteenth variable is less than said fifteenth variable;

said fifteenth variable is less than said sixteenth variable;

said seventeenth variable is less than said eighteenth variable.

27. The article of manufacture of claim 26 wherein said plurality of variables comprise:

a first variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a raise-fold action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a fold action sequence;

a second variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a bet-fold action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a bet-reraise action sequence;

a third variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a bet-reraise action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a pass-fold action sequence;

a fourth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a bet action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a pass action sequence;

a fifth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a fold action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a call action sequence;

a sixth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a pass-fold action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a pass-call action sequence;

a seventh variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a pass action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a bet action sequence;

an eighth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a pass-call action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a bet-fold action sequence;

a ninth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a bet-fold action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a bet-call action sequence;

a tenth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a call action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a raise-fold action sequence;

an eleventh variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a raise-fold action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a raise-call action sequence;

a twelfth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a bet-call action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a bet-reraise action sequence.

28. The article of manufacture of claim 27 further comprising computer readable code configured to cause said computer to assign a relative order to said variables such that:

said first variable is less than said second variable;

said second variable is less than said third variable;

said third variable is less than said fourth variable;

said fourth variable is less than said fifth variable;

said fifth variable is less than or equal to said sixth variable;

said sixth variable is less than said seventh variable;

said seventh variable is less than said eighth variable;

said eighth variable is less than said ninth variable;

said ninth variable is less than said tenth variable;

said tenth variable is less than said eleventh variable;

said eleventh variable is less than said twelfth variable.

29. The article of manufacture of claim 26 wherein said plurality of variables comprise:

a first variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a raise-fold action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a fold action sequence;

a second variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a bet-fold action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a bet-reraise action sequence;

a third variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a bet-reraise action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a pass-raise-fold action sequence;

a fourth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a pass-raise-fold action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a pass-fold action sequence;

a fifth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a bet-fold action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a bet-reraise action sequence;

a sixth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a bet-reraise action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a pass action sequence;

a seventh variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a pass-fold action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a pass-call action sequence;

an eighth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a fold action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a call action sequence;

a ninth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a pass action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a bet-fold action sequence;

a tenth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a bet-fold action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a bet-call action sequence;

an eleventh variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a pass-call action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a bet-fold action sequence;

a twelfth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a bet-fold action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a bet-call action sequence;

a thirteenth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a call action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a raise-fold action sequence;

a fourteenth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a raise-fold action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a raise-call action sequence;

a fifteenth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a bet-call action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a pass-raise-fold action sequence;

a sixteenth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a pass-raise-fold action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a pass-raise-call action sequence;

a seventeenth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said second player follows a bet-call action sequence and an interval in which said second player follows a bet-reraise action sequence;

an eighteenth variable representing a dividing point between an interval in which said first player follows a pass-raise-call action sequence and an interval in which said first player follows a bet-reraise action sequence.

30. The article of manufacture of claim 29 further comprising computer readable code configured to cause said computer to assign a relative order to said variables such that:

said first variable is less than said second variable;

said second variable is less than said third variable;

said third variable is less than said fourth variable;

said fourth variable is less than said fifth variable;

said fifth variable is less than said sixth variable;

said sixth variable is less than said seventh variable;

said seventh variable is less than or equal to said eighth variable;

said eighth variable is less than said ninth variable;

said ninth variable is less than said tenth variable;

said tenth variable is less than said eleventh variable;

said eleventh variable is less than said twelfth variable;

said twelfth variable is less than said thirteenth variable;

said thirteenth variable is less than said fourteenth variable;

said fourteenth variable is less than said fifteenth variable;

said fifteenth variable is less than said sixteenth variable;

said seventeenth variable is less than said eighteenth variable.

15. In a computer gaming system, a method for generating a virtual hand for a card game having a hand strength ranking corresponding to a value of a action sequence triggering variable representing a dividing point between first and second intervals of a card hand strength hierarchy for a player, said first interval corresponding to a subset of hands from said player'"'"'s card hand strength hierarchy with which said player undertakes a first action sequence, said second interval corresponding to a subset of hands from said player'"'"'s card hand strength hierarchy with which said player undertakes a second action sequence, wherein said hand strength hierarchy of said player comprises a first hand in said first interval having a hand strength immediately below said value of said variable and a second hand in said second interval having a hand strength immediately above said value of said variable, said method comprising the steps of:

determining a ratio between (i) a difference between said hand strength of said second hand and said value of said variable and (ii) a difference between said hand strength of said second hand and said hand strength of said first hand;

undertaking said second action sequence with a fraction of said first hands equal to said ratio.

16. In a computer gaming system, a method for generating a virtual hand for a card game having a hand strength ranking corresponding to a value of a action sequence triggering variable representing a dividing point between first and second intervals of a card hand strength hierarchy for a player, said first interval corresponding to a subset of hands from said player'"'"'s card hand strength hierarchy with which said player undertakes a first action sequence, said second interval corresponding to a subset of hands from said player'"'"'s card hand strength hierarchy with which said player undertakes a second action sequence, wherein said hand strength hierarchy of said player comprises a first hand in said first interval having a hand strength immediately below said value of said variable and a second hand in said second interval having a hand strength immediately above said value of said variable, said method comprising the steps of:

determining a first ratio between (i) a difference between said value of said variable and said hand strength of said first hand and (ii) a difference between said hand strength of said second hand and said hand strength of said first hand;

undertaking said first action sequence with a fraction of second hands equal to said first ratio.

18. An article of manufacture comprising:

a computer usable medium having computer readable program code embodied therein for generating card playing strategies for a game of cards, the computer readable program code in said article of manufacture comprising;

computer readable program code configured to cause said computer to manipulate a plurality of variables representing dividing points between intervals of a card hand strength hierarchy for each player of said game, each of said intervals corresponding to a subset of hands from said player'"'"'s card hand strength hierarchy with which said player undertakes a particular action sequence;

computer readable program code configured to cause said computer to construct an expression for an expected return to a player for a round of said game using said variables;

computer readable program code configured to cause said computer to derive expressions for said variables that maximize said expected return;

computer readable program code configured to cause said computer to evaluate said expressions to obtain values for said variables.

26. An article of manufacture comprising:

a computer usable medium having computer readable program code embodied therein for generating card playing strategies for a game of cards, the computer readable program code in said article of manufacture comprising;

computer readable program code configured to cause said computer to manipulate a plurality of variables representing dividing points between intervals of a card hand strength hierarchy for each player of said game, each of said intervals corresponding to a subset of hands from said player'"'"'s card hand strength hierarchy with which said player undertakes a particular action sequence;

computer readable program code configured to cause said computer to construct an expression for an expected return to a player for a round of said game using said variables comprising computer readable program code configured to cause said computer to determine products of an expected return for each of a plurality of outcomes of said round of said game and a probability of the occurrence of said outcome;

computer readable program code configured to cause said computer to derive expressions for said variables that maximize said expected return comprising computer readable program code configured to cause said computer to generate a plurality of simultaneous equations by taking a partial derivative of said expected return expression with respect to each of said variables and setting said expected return expression equal to zero;

computer readable program code configured to cause said computer to evaluate said expressions to obtain values for said variables comprising computer readable program code configured to cause said computer to solve said simultaneous equations to obtain values for said variables.

31. An article of manufacture comprising:

a computer usable medium having computer readable program code embodied therein for generating a virtual hand for a card game having a hand strength ranking corresponding to a value of a action sequence triggering variable representing a dividing point between first and second intervals of a card hand strength hierarchy for a player, said first interval corresponding to a subset of hands from said player'"'"'s card hand strength hierarchy with which said player undertakes a first action sequence, said second interval corresponding to a subset of hands from said player'"'"'s card hand strength hierarchy with which said player undertakes a second action sequence, wherein said hand strength hierarchy of said player comprises a first hand in said first interval having a hand strength immediately below said value of said variable and a second hand in said second interval having a hand strength immediately above said value of said variable, the computer readable program code in said article of manufacture comprising;

computer readable program code configured to cause said computer to determine a ratio between (i) a difference between said hand strength of said second hand and said value of said variable and (ii) a difference between said hand strength of said second hand and said hand strength of said first hand;

computer readable program code configured to cause said computer to output a value representing a fraction of said first hands equal to said ratio with which to undertake said second action sequence.

32. An article of manufacture comprising:

a computer usable medium having computer readable program code embodied therein for generating a virtual hand for a card game having a hand strength ranking corresponding to a value of a action sequence triggering variable representing a dividing point between first and second intervals of a card hand strength hierarchy for a player, said first interval corresponding to a subset of hands from said player'"'"'s card hand strength hierarchy with which said player undertakes a first action sequence, said second interval corresponding to a subset of hands from said player'"'"'s card hand strength hierarchy with which said player undertakes a second action sequence, wherein said hand strength hierarchy of said player comprises a first hand in said first interval having a hand strength immediately below said value of said variable and a second hand in said second interval having a hand strength immediately above said value of said variable, the computer readable program code in said article of manufacture comprising;

computer readable program code configured to cause said computer to determine a first ratio between (i) a difference between said value of said variable and said hand strength of said first hand and (ii) a difference between said hand strength of said second hand and said hand strength of said first hand;

computer readable program code configured to cause said computer to output a value representing a fraction of said second hands equal to said first ratio with which to undertake said first action sequence.

33. The article of manufacture of claim 32 further comprising:

computer readable program code configured to cause said computer to determine a second ratio between (i) a difference between said hand strength of said second hand and said value of said variable and (ii) a difference between said hand strength of said second hand and said hand strength of said first hand;

computer readable program code configured to cause said computer to output a value representing a fraction of said first hands equal to said second ratio with which to undertake said second action sequence.