Thermal management of fuel-cell-powered vehicles

• US 20020027027A1
• Filed: 08/13/2001
• Published: 03/07/2002
• Est. Priority Date: 02/16/2000
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: GM Global Technology Operations LLC (General Motors Company)
• Original Assignee: General Motors Corporation (Motors Liquidation Co. GUC Trust)
• Inventors: Skala, Glenn William
• Granted Patent: US 6,360,835 B1
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• US Class Current: 180/65.2
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 1/02 to electric heating circuits
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 58/33 by cooling
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 58/34 by heating
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 2250/20 Fuel cells in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04029 Heat exchange using liquids
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/0612 from carbon-containing material
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/50 Fuel cells
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 90/16 Information or communication technologies improving the operation of electric vehicles
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 90/40 Application of hydrogen technology to transportation, e.g. using fuel cells

Abstract

Thermal management of a fuel-cell-powered electric vehicle having at least one high temperature heat transfer circuit and one low temperature heat transfer circuit each using the same dielectric heat transfer medium as the other. The circuits are in flow communication with each other so that hot heat transfer medium can flow form the high temperature circuit into the low temperature circuit, and cooler heat transfer medium can flow from the low temperature circuit into the high temperature circuit under controlled conditions for heating the fuel cell when it is cold, cooling a fuel processor when it is hot, and otherwise meeting the thermal demands of the vehicle.

Claims

1. In a fuel-cell-powered vehicle having a fuel cell system for generating electricity from hydrogen and oxygen, a traction motor energized by said electricity for propelling said vehicle, power electronics for controlling said traction motor, a heat exchanger for controlling the environment in an occupant compartment of the vehicle, and a radiator for expelling excess heat from said vehicle, the improvement comprising:

a high temperature heat transfer circuit including a heat-generating fuel processor for converting a liquid hydrocarbon into hydrogen for fueling a PEM fuel cell, at least one endothermic device extracting heat from said high temperature circuit, and a first pump for circulating a dielectric liquid heat transfer medium through said high temperature circuit;

a low temperature heat transfer circuit including said fuel cell, said traction motor, said electronics, said radiator, and a second pump for circulating said heat transfer medium through said low temperature circuit;

a first valve communicating said high and low temperature circuits and adapted, when open, to direct a first quantity of said medium from one of said circuits to the other of said circuits;

a second valve communicating said high and low temperature circuits and adapted to direct a second quantity of said medium equal to said first quantity from said other circuit to said one circuit when said first valve is open; and

a controller responsive to the thermal requirements of said vehicle for controlling the opening and closing of said first valve to change the temperature of the medium in each circuit.

2. The vehicle according to claim 1 including a single motor for driving both said first and second pumps.

3. The vehicle according to claim 1 wherein said firsts valve is selected from the group consisting of pulse-width-modulating valves, proportioning valves and variable orifice valves.

4. The vehicle according to claim 1 wherein said second valve is a check valve.

5. The vehicle according to claim 1 wherein said fuel cell includes a first sensor for determining the temperature of said fuel cell and said controller is responsive to said first sensor.

6. The vehicle according to claim 1 wherein said fuel processor includes a second sensor for determining the temperature of said fuel processor and said controller is responsive to said second sensor.

7. The vehicle according to claim 1 wherein said medium comprises an oil which is liquid at 300°

C., pumpable at −

40°

C., and has a DC volume resistivity of at least about 250 ohm-cm.

8. The vehicle according to claim 7 wherein said oil is a paraffmic hydrocarbon.

9. The vehicle according to claim 1 wherein said endothermic device comprises a vaporizer for vaporizing said hydrocarbon and/or water for use in said fuel cell system.

10. A method of operating a fuel-cell-powered vehicle having (a) a fuel cell for generating electricity from hydrogen and oxygen, (b) a traction motor energized by said electricity for propelling said vehicle, (c) power electronics for controlling said traction motor, (d) a heat exchanger for controlling the environment in an occupant compartment of the vehicle, (e) a radiator for expelling excess heat from said vehicle, (f) a heat-generating fuel processor for converting a liquid hydrocarbon into hydrogen for fueling said fuel cell, (g) at least one endothermic device, (h) a first pump for circulating a liquid heat transfer medium in a high temperature circuit between said fuel processor and said endothermic device, and (i) a second pump for circulating said heat transfer medium in a low temperature circuit through said fuel cell, said traction motor, said electronics, and said radiator, said method comprising the steps of:

determining the temperature of said fuel cell;

pumping a first quantity of said medium from said high temperature circuit into said low temperature circuit to elevate the temperature of the medium in said low temperature circuit and warm-up said fuel cell when it is too cold; and

displacing an equal quantity of said medium from said low temperature circuit into said high temperature circuit when said first quantity is being pumped into said low temperature circuit .

11. A method of operating a fuel-cell-powered vehicle having (a) a fuel cell for generating electricity from hydrogen and oxygen, (b) a traction motor energized by said electricity for propelling said vehicle, (c) power electronics for controlling said traction motor, (d) a heat exchanger for controlling the environment in an occupant compartment of the vehicle, (e) a radiator for expelling excess heat from said vehicle, (f) a heat-generating fuel processor for converting a liquid hydrocarbon into hydrogen for fueling said fuel cell, (g) at least one endothermic device, (h) a first pump for circulating a liquid heat transfer medium in a high temperature circuit between said fuel processor and said endothermic device, and (i) a second pump for circulating said heat transfer medium in a low temperature circuit through said fuel cell, said traction motor, said electronics, and said radiator, said method comprising the steps of:

determining the temperature of said fuel processor; and

pumping a first quantity of said medium from said high temperature circuit into said low temperature circuit and an equal quantity of said medium from said low temperature circuit into said high temperature circuit to cool the medium in the high temperature circuit and thereby cool the fuel processor when it is too hot.