NMR polarization monitoring coils, hyperpolarizers with same, and methods for determining the polarization level of accumulated hyperpolarized noble gases during production

• US 20020029586A1
• Filed: 08/23/2001
• Published: 03/14/2002
• Est. Priority Date: 06/30/1999
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Polarean, Inc. (Polarean Imaging Plc)
• Original Assignee: Bastiaan Driehuys
• Inventors: Driehuys, Bastiaan
• Granted Patent: US 6,484,532 B2
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• US Class Current: 62/637
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 33/28 Details of apparatus provided for in groups G01R33/44 - G01R33/64
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 33/281 Means for the use of in vitro contrast agents G01R33/282 takes precedence; involving use of a contrast agent in MR imaging G01R33/5601; in vivo contrast agents A61K49/0002

Abstract

Hyperpolarizers which produce hyperpolarized noble gases include one or more on-board NMR monitoring coils configured to monitor the polarization level of the hyperpolarized gas at various production points in the polarized gas production cycle. A dual symmetry NMR coil is positioned adjacent the optical pumping cell and is in fluid communication with a secondary reservoir in fluid communication with the polarized gas dispensing or exit flow path. This can measure the post-thaw polarization of the gas “on-board” the polarizer. Alternately or additionally, a NMR monitoring coil is assembled to the exit port portion of tie optical pumping cell to give a more reliable indication of the polarization level of the gas as it flows out of the gas optical pumping cell. Another NMR monitoring coil can be positioned in a cryogenic bath adjacent a quantity of frozen polarized ¹²⁹Xe to determine the polarization level of the frozen gas.

Claims

1. A hyperpolarizer for producing polarized noble gases, comprising:

an optical pumping cell having a non-polarized gas inlet port and a polarized gas outlet port;

a magnetic field source operably associated with said optical pumping cell, said magnetic field source configured to provide a region of homogeneity;

a NMR coil having first and second opposing ends, said first end positioned adjacent said optical pumping cell within said region of homogeneity;

a cryogenic accumulator in fluid communication with said optical pumping cell outlet port;

a polarized gas dispensing outlet in fluid communication with said cryogenic accumulator;

a polarized gas exit flow line extending between said cryogenic accumulator and said polarized gas dispensing outlet; and

a secondary reservoir positioned adjacent said NMR coil second end in fluid communication with said polarized gas exit flow path,

wherein said NMR coil is configured such that during operation of said hyperpolarizer, said NMR coil excites a quantity of polarized gas positioned in one of said optical cell and said secondary reservoir.

2. A hyperpolarizer according to claim 1, wherein said magnetic field source defines a region of homogeneity which includes a portion of said optical pumping cell and a volume which extends a distance below said optical pumping cell, and wherein said NMR coil is positioned on a bottom portion of said optical pumping cell, and wherein said NMR coil and at least a portion of said secondary reservoir are positioned within said region of homogeneity.

3. A hyperpolarizer according to claim 1, wherein said secondary reservoir has a first open end and a closed opposing second end and is configured to capture a small representative volume of hyperpolarized gas therein, and wherein said closed second end is positioned in abutting contact with said NMR coil second end.

4. A hyperpolarizer according to claim 3, wherein said cryogenic accumulator is configured to accumulate polarized gas in a frozen phase and to release gas in a post thaw gaseous phase, and wherein said secondary reservoir is configured to receive a quantity of the post-thaw polarized gas from said gas exit flow path and position a sample of said post-thaw gas in said secondary reservoir adjacent said NMR coil second end.

5. A hyperpolarizer according to claim 3, wherein said secondary reservoir closed second end has a substantially planar thin wall face portion which contacts said NMR coil second end.

6. A hyperpolarizer according to claim 1, said hyperpolarizer further comprising a quantity of hyperpolarized gas, and wherein said polarized gas comprises hyperpolarized ¹²⁹Xe.

7. A hyperpolarizer according to claim 1, further comprising an NMR polarization detection circuit operably associated with said NMR coil, and wherein said NMR detection circuit is configured to detect the excitation corresponding to the polarized gas both in said optical cell and said secondary reservoir.

8. A hyperpolarizer according to claim 1, wherein said optical pumping cell has a center portion, and wherein said magnetic field source is configured such that said region of homogeneity is longitudinally offset a distance from said optical cell center portion.

9. A secondary reservoir for a hyperpolarizer unit configured to hold a quantity of hyperpolarized noble gas therein, comprising:

a body with opposing first and second end portions defining a gas flow path therebetween, said first end portion configured to capture a quantity of hyperpolarized gas therein, said second end portion having an opening formed therein, said second end configured to engage with a hyperpolarizer during operation thereof thereby allowing hyperpolarized gas to flow therein when engaged with a portion of a gas flow line in the hyperpolarizer.

10. A secondary reservoir according to claim 9, wherein said wherein said first end is configured with a thin wall portion.

11. A secondary reservoir according to claim 10, wherein said reservoir is sized to have an internal free space of less than about 5 cubic centimeters.

14. A hyperpolarizer for producing polarized gas according to claim 13, wherein said optical pumping cell includes a non-polarized gas inlet port separate from said outlet port, and said hyperpolarizer further comprising a polarized gas dispensing outlet and an exit flow path extending from said optical cell outlet port to said polarized gas dispensing outlet, and wherein said hyperpolarizer further comprises a magnetic field source operably associated with said optical pumping cell, said magnetic field source configured to provide a region of homogeneity.

15. A hyperpolarizer according to claim 14, further comprising a cryogenic accumulator positioned intermediate said optical cell outlet port and said dispensing outlet.

16. A hyperpolarizer according to claim 15, farther comprising a secondary reservoir in fluid communication with said exit flow path intermediate said cryogenic accumulator and said dispensing outlet.

17. A hyperpolarizer according to claim 14, wherein said magnetic field region of homogeneity has a center, and wherein said an optical pumping cell primary body has a center, and wherein said magnetic field center is longitudinally offset from said primary body.

18. A hyperpolarizer according to claim 16, further comprising a second NMR coil having opposing first and second sides, said second NMR coil positioned to contact said optical cell primary body on one side and said secondary reservoir on the other side.

19. A hyperpolarizer according to claim 16, wherein said cryogenic accumulator includes a closed collection end, a cryogenic liquid bath, and a set of permanent magnets positioned in said cryogenic bath, and wherein said hyperpolarizer farther comprises a third NMR coil positioned in said cryogenic bath proximate to said collection end.

12. A dual symmetry NMR coil for monitoring the level of polarization associated with polarized gas in two different regions, comprising:

a coil body having first and second opposing flanges and an intermediate coil receiving section positioned therebetween;

a wire coil configured with a plurality of turns positioned about said intermediate coil receiving section, wherein said first flange has a first thickness and said second flange has a second thickness, and said first and second thicknesses are substantially the same, and wherein said NMR coil is configured to monitor the level of polarization associated with a quantity of hyperpolarized noble gas.

13. A hyperpolarizer for producing polarized noble gases, comprising:

an optical pumping cell having a primary body and a longitudinally extending polarized gas outlet port with an outer surface; and

a first NMR coil having first and second opposing ends and defining a center aperture therethrough, said first NMR coil positioned on said outlet port such that a portion of said outlet port longitudinally extending port extends through said first NMR coil aperture, said NMR coil first end being positioned adjacent said primary body of said optical pumping cell,

wherein said first NMR coil is configured such that during operation of said hyperpolarizer said first NMR coil excites a quantity of polarized gas positioned proximate to said optical cell outlet port.

20. A hyperpolarizer for producing optically pumped polarized noble gases, comprising:

an optical pumping cell having an unpolarized gas inlet port and a polarized gas outlet port and a primary body;

a cryogenic accumulator in fluid communication with said optical pumping cell outlet port, comprising;

an elongated closed end tube defining a polarized gas collection chamber for holding a quantity of collected polarized gas therein, said gas collection chamber being operably associated with first and second sealable valves;

a cryogenic bath, wherein said collection chamber is immersed into said cryogenic bath;

a magnetic field source arranged to provide a magnetic field with a region of homogeneity adjacent said collection chamber in said cryogenic bath;

a first NMR coil positioned in said cryogenic bath adjacent said closed end of said tube in said magnetic field region of homogeneity;

a polarized gas-dispensing outlet in fluid communication with said cryogenic accumulator; and

a polarized gas exit flow path extending from said cryogenic accumulator to a polarized gas dispensing outlet,

wherein said first NMR coil is configured such that during operation of said hyperpolarizer, said first NMR coil monitors the level of polarization associated with the collected polarized gas held proximate to the closed end of said collection tube.

21. A hyperpolarizer according to claim 20, said hyperpolarizer further comprising a second NMR coil positioned adjacent said optical pumping cell primary body.

22. A hyperpolarizer according to claim 21, further comprising a secondary reservoir positioned adjacent said second NMR coil and in fluid communication with said polarized gas exit flow path, wherein said second NMR coil is configured such that during operation of said hyperpolarizer said second NMR coil excites a quantity of polarized gas positioned in said optical cell and a quantity of polarized gas positioned in said secondary reservoir corresponding to the location of the polarized gas in the hyperpolarizer during the production cycle.

23. A hyperpolarizer according to claim 20, wherein said first NMR coil is configured as a solenoid longitudinally extending around a portion of the exterior of said cryogenic accumulator.

24. A hyperpolarizer according to claim 20, said cryogenic bath comprising a container with an outer wall and a quantity of cryogenic liquid held therein, and wherein said magnetic field source is a set of permanent field magnets extending about the outer wall of said cryogenic bath container adjacent said collection chamber such that said permanent field magnets are unimmersed in the liquid in said cryogenic bath.

25. A hyperpolarizer according to claim 20, wherein said magnetic field source is an electromagnet.

27. A method according to claim 26, wherein the optical pumping chamber has a primary body portion and a polarized gas exit port defined by a longitudinally extending leg, and wherein the NMR excitation coil is positioned around the leg adjacent the primary body portion of the optical pumping chamber.

28. A method according to claim 26, further comprising the step of orienting the magnetic field region of homogeneity such that the center thereof is longitudinally offset from a center portion of the optical pumping chamber to extend closer to the bottom of the optical pumping chamber.

29. A method according to claim 26, wherein the method further comprises the steps of:

cryogenically accumulating the polarized gas in a cryogenic accumulator, wherein a portion of said polarized gas is frozen; and

subsequently thawing said frozen polarized gas prior to said dispensing step and after said thawing step.

30. A method according to claim 26, wherein during or after said thawing step, a minor portion of the quantity of thawed polarized gas is directed away from a major portion of the hyperpolarized gas into the gas flow path proximate to the NMR coil.

31. A method according to claim 26, wherein the noble gas is ¹²⁹Xe and wherein the exciting step excites the minor portion of thawed polarized gas to provide a representative polarization level of the hyperpolarized gas after said thawing step

32. A method according to claim 26, wherein the NMR coil is operably associated with an NMR detection circuit, and wherein the same NMR coil is used to determine the polarization of the hyperpolarized gas in the optical pumping cell and after said thawing step.

26. A method of monitoring the polarization level of hyperpolarized noble gas during production thereof, comprising the steps of:

polarizing a quantity of noble gas in an optical pumping chamber;

directing the polarized noble gas in the optical pumping chamber to a gas collection path;

providing a magnetic field having a region of homogeneity, the region of homogeneity including at least a volume of space associated with a portion of the optical pumping chamber and the gas collection path proximate to the optical pumping chamber;

positioning a first NMR coil adjacent the gas flow path in the magnetic field region of homogeneity;

exciting the polarized gas by transmitting an excitation signal to the first NMR coil; and

measuring the level of polarization associated with the hyperpolarized gas adjacent the NMR coil to thereby monitor the level of polarization associated with the polarized gas in a region of the polarizer adjacent the polarized gas flow path.

33. A hyperpolarized gas optical pumping cell having an integrated NMR coil, comprising:

an optical pumping cell having a primary body and at least one longitudinally extending leg portion; and

a NMR coil having opposing first and second ends and an aperture formed through the center thereof, said aperture being sized and configured to receive a portion of said longitudinally extending leg therethrough.

34. A hyperpolarized gas optical pumping cell according to claim 33, wherein said optical pumping cell includes two longitudinally extending leg portions, one associated with a gas inlet port and one associated with a gas exit port, and wherein said NMR coil is positioned around said leg portion associated with said exit port.

35. A hyperpolarized gas optical pumping cell according to claim 34, wherein said NMR coil is positioned adjacent said primary body.

36. A hyperpolarized gas optical pumping cell according to claim 35, further comprising a quantity of ¹²⁹Xe positioned in said optical pumping cell.

38. A method according to claim 37, wherein a major portion of said hyperpolarized gas transitions from a frozen solid sample directly into a liquid phase corresponding to the pressure in said cold finger during said thawing step, and wherein said releasing step is in response to the opening of a valve downstream of the cold finger in the hyperpolarizer.

39. A method according to claim 37, wherein said thawing and releasing steps are performed on-board said hyperpolarizer.

40. A method according to claim 37, wherein said hyperpolarized gas sample comprises hyperpolarized ¹²⁹Xe.

37. A method for releasing the post-thaw cryogenically accumulated hyperpolarized gas from a cold finger collection container operably associated with exit flow path plumbing, comprising the steps of:

cryogenically accumulating a quantity of hyperpolarized gas as a frozen sample in a cold finger;

monitoring a pressure associated with the cryogenically collected hyperpolarized gas sample held in the cold finger;

thawing at least a portion of the quantity of frozen hyperpolarized gas sample in the cold finger;

increasing the pressure in the cold finger facilitating the phase transition of the hyperpolarized gas from a substantially frozen sample into a thawed fluid sample; and

releasing the thawed fluid hyperpolarized sample as a gas from the cold finger responsive to a predetermined pressure associated with the cold finger during said monitoring step.