Devices and methods for protection of rechargeable elements

• US 20020079865A1
• Filed: 10/30/2001
• Published: 06/27/2002
• Est. Priority Date: 04/15/1998
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Littelfuse Incorporated
• Original Assignee: Tyco Electronics Corporation (TE Connectivity Limited)
• Inventors: Thomas, Brian, Luan, Jiyuan, Thornton, Neill, Toth, James, Cogan, Adrian, Beaufils, Jean-Marc, Dallemange, Bernard, Gozlan, Gilles
• Granted Patent: US 6,518,731 B2
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• US Class Current: 320/136
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2224/48091 Arched
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2224/48247 connecting the wire to a bond pad of the item
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 25/16 the devices being of types provided for in two or more different main groups of groups H01L27/00 - H01L33/00, or in a single subclass of H10K, H10N, e.g. forming hybrid circuits
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/00 Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/00014 the subject-matter covered by the group, the symbol of which is combined with the symbol of this group, being disclosed without further technical details
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/1301 Thyristor
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/13062 Junction field-effect transistor [JFET]
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/13091 Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor [MOSFET]
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/3011 Impedance
• CPC Class Codes: H02H 7/18 for batteries; for accumulators
• CPC Class Codes: H02H 9/042 comprising means to limit the absorbed power or indicate damaged over-voltage protection device
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 7/00302 Overcharge protection
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 7/00304 Overcurrent protection
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 7/00306 Overdischarge protection
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 7/00308 Overvoltage protection
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 7/00309 Overheat or overtemperature protection
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 7/0031 using battery or load disconnect circuits H02J9/002 takes precedence

Abstract

A protection circuit for use with a charger and a chargeable element, such as a rechargeable lithium ion battery, comprises a shunt regulator having a threshold ON voltage coupled in parallel across the chargeable element, and a temperature-dependent resistor, e.g., a positive temperature coefficient device, coupled in series between the charger and the chargeable element. The temperature dependent resistor is thermally and electrically coupled to the shunt regulator, wherein the first variable resistor limits current flowing through the shunt regulator if the current reaches a predetermined level less than that which would cause failure of the regulator, due to ohmic heating of the regulator.

Claims

1. A protection circuit for use with a charger and a chargeable element, comprising:

a shunt regulator having first and second terminals for coupling in parallel across the chargeable element, the shunt regulator having a threshold ON voltage; and

a first variable resistor thermally and electrically coupled to the shunt regulator, the first variable resistor having a first terminal for coupling to the charger in series and a second terminal for coupling to the chargeable element in series,

wherein the first variable resistor limits current flowing through the shunt regulator during an overvoltage or overcurrent condition before the current reaches a level sufficient to cause the shunt regulator to fail.

2. The protection circuit of claim 1, wherein the first variable resistor switches from a relatively low resistance to a relatively high resistance when heated to a certain transition temperature, and wherein current flowing through the shunt regulator at the predetermined level causes ohmic heat generation in the shunt regulator to cause the first variable resistor to substantially reach its transition temperature.

3. The protection circuit of claim 1, wherein the first variable resistor comprises a positive temperature coefficient device.

4. The protection circuit of claim 1, wherein the shunt regulator comprises a transistor switch.

5. The protection circuit of claim 4, wherein the shunt regulator further comprises control circuitry configured to activate the transistor switch if the voltage across the chargeable element reaches the threshold ON voltage.

6. The protection circuit of claim 5, wherein the control circuitry comprises first and second voltage detection circuits, the first voltage detection circuit being relatively low leakage and the second voltage detection circuit being relatively precise, wherein the first voltage detection circuit is configured to activate the second voltage detection circuit if the voltage across the chargeable element approaches the threshold ON voltage, and wherein the second voltage detection circuit is configured to activate the transistor switch if the voltage across the chargeable element reaches the threshold ON voltage.

7. The protection circuit of claim 5, wherein the control circuitry comprises an operational amplifier having an output coupled to an activation gate of the transistor switch, and further comprising a voltage clamping element coupled to the operational amplifier output, the clamping element thereby clamping the activation gate voltage.

8. The protection circuit of claim 7, wherein the clamping, element comprises a zener diode.

9. The protection circuit of claim 4, wherein the transistor switch is controlled to have a current-voltage relationship as shown in FIG. 14.

10. The protection circuit of claim 4, wherein the transistor switch is controlled to have a current-voltage relationship as shown in FIG. 15.

11. The protection circuit of claim 4, wherein the transistor switch is controlled to have a current-voltage relationship as shown in FIG. 16.

12. The protection circuit of claim 4, wherein the transistor switch has a thermally-compensated voltage characteristic.

13. The protection circuit of claim 12, wherein the transistor switch has a temperature-voltage relationship as shown in FIG. 17.

14. The protection circuit of claim 1, further comprising undervoltage protection circuit.

15. The protection circuit of claim 14, wherein the undervoltage protection circuit comprises a transistor switch having a threshold ON voltage, and having source and drain terminals configured for coupling in series between the charger and the chargeable element.

16. The protection circuit of claim 15, wherein the undervoltage protection circuit further comprises control circuitry configured to turn the transistor switch ON if the voltage across the chargeable element is at or greater than a selected minimum voltage, and to turn the transistor switch OFF if the voltage across the chargeable element falls below the selected minimum voltage.

17. The protection circuit of claim 1, wherein the shunt regulator comprises a MOSFET switch having a relatively high resistance, reverse-current body diode.

18. The protection circuit of claim 1, wherein the shunt regulator comprises a transistor switch having a channel through which current may flow in a forward direction if positive-biased, or a reverse direction if negative-biased, the switch being constructed such that current flowing in the forward direction encounters relatively low resistance, and current flowing in the reverse direction encounters relatively high resistance.

19. The protection circuit of claim 18, wherein the transistor switch has respective positive-bias and negative-bias voltage-current relationships as shown in FIG. 30.

20. The protection circuit of claim 1, further comprising a second variable resistor coupled in series with the shunt regulator.

21. In combination, a protection circuit and a chargeable element, comprising:

a voltage regulator coupled in parallel to the chargeable element, the voltage regulator having a threshold ON voltage; and

a variable resistor coupled in series to the chargeable element and electrically and thermally coupled to the voltage regulator,

wherein the variable resistor limits current flowing through the voltage regulator during an overvoltage or overcurrent condition before the current reaches a level sufficient to cause the voltage regulator to fail.

22. The combination of claim 21, wherein the variable resistor switches from a relatively low resistance to a relatively high resistance when heated to a certain transition temperature, and wherein current flowing though the voltage regulator at the predetermined level causes sufficient ohmic heat generation in the voltage regulator to heat the variable resistor substantially to its transition temperature.

23. The combination of claim 21, wherein the variable resistor comprises a positive temperature coefficient device, and wherein the voltage regulator comprises a transistor switch device.

25. The protection circuit of claim 24, wherein the current-limiting element is thermally coupled to the voltage regulator.

26. The protection circuit of claim 24, wherein the current-limiting element comprises at least one of a positive temperature coefficient device, a thermal fuse or a bimetallic breaker.

27. The protection circuit of claim 24, wherein the voltage regulator is one of a zener diode or a field effect transistor.

29. The protection system of claim 28,

wherein the detection means includes a transmitting element of an opto-coupler and a voltage dependent resistive element having a threshold voltage not greater than a maximum operating voltage of the rechargeable element;

wherein the shunting means includes a receiving element of said opto-coupler; and

wherein if, during a charging operation, a current flowing in the voltage dependent resistive element reaches a predetermined level that would cause overcharging of the rechargeable element to occur, the transmitting element is activated and causes the receiving element to shunt the rechargeable element, which in turn activates the protection means to limit current flowing in the rechargeable element.

30. The protection system of claim 29, wherein the protection means comprises a fuse and the voltage dependent resistive element comprises a zener diode.

31. The protection system of claim 29, wherein the protection means comprises a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) device and the voltage dependent resistive element comprises a zener diode.

32. The protection system of claim 28,

wherein the detection means includes overvoltage detection means for detecting an overvoltage condition;

wherein the shunting means includes a power MOSFET transistor activatable by the overvoltage detection means;

wherein when the overvoltage detection means detects that the voltage of the rechargeable element reaches a predetermined level, during a charging operation, the overvoltage detection means activates the power MOSFET transistor to shunt the rechargeable element, thereby activating the protection means, which limits current flowing in the rechargeable element.

33. The protection system of claim 28,

wherein the detection means includes overvoltage detection means for detecting an overvoltage condition;

wherein the shunting means includes a thyristor, which can be activated by the overvoltage detection means;

wherein the protection means includes a fuse connected between a charger and the rechargeable element;

wherein when the overvoltage detection means detects that the voltage of the rechargeable element reaches a predetermined level during a charging operation, the overvoltage detection means activates the thyristor to shunt the rechargeable element, thereby causing the fuse to blow to disconnect the charger from the rechargeable element.

34. The protection system of claim 33, wherein the protection means further includes a second fuse connected between the thyristor and the rechargeable element.

35. The protection system of claim 33, wherein each of the fuses has a predetermined delay upon shunting the rechargeable element before it blows.

24. A protection circuit for use with a chargeable element, comprising:

a smart circuit;

a variable current-limiting element coupled in series to the smart circuit; and

a voltage regulator having first and second terminals for coupling to the chargeable element, the voltage regulator having a selected threshold ON voltage.

28. A protection system for use with a chargeable element, comprising:

detection means for detecting an overcharging condition of the rechargeable element;

shunting means, responsive to said detection means, for shunting the rechargeable element when the overcharging condition occurs; and

protection means, responsive to the shunting means, for limiting current flowing in the rechargeable element when the shunting means shunts the rechargeable element.

36. A protection circuit for use with a charger and a chargeable element, comprising:

a shunt regulator having first and second terminals for coupling in parallel across the chargeable element, the shunt regulator comprising

a transistor switch having a threshold ON voltage, and

control circuitry configured to activate the transistor switch if the voltage across the chargeable element reaches the threshold ON voltage, the control circuitry including first and second voltage detection circuits, the first voltage detection circuit being relatively low leakage and the second voltage detection circuit being relatively precise, wherein the first voltage detection circuit is configured to activate the second voltage detection circuit if the voltage across the chargeable element approaches the threshold ON voltage, and wherein the second voltage detection circuit is configured to activate the transistor switch if the voltage across the chargeable element reaches the threshold ON voltage.

37. A protection circuit for use with a charger and a chargeable element, comprising:

a shunt regulator having first and second terminals for coupling in parallel across the chargeable element, the shunt regulator comprising

a transistor switch having a threshold ON voltage, and

control circuitry configured to activate the transistor switch if the voltage across the chargeable element reaches the threshold ON voltage, the control circuitry including an operational amplifier having an output coupled to an activation gate of the transistor switch, and a voltage clamping element coupled to the operational amplifier output, the clamping element effectively clamping the activation gate voltage.

38. A protection circuit for use with a charger and a chargeable element, comprising:

a shunt regulator having first and second terminals for coupling in parallel across the chargeable element, the shunt regulator comprising

a transistor switch having a thermally-compensated voltage characteristic.

39. A protection circuit for use with a charger and a chargeable element, comprising:

an overvoltage shunt regulator having first and second terminals for coupling in parallel across the chargeable element, the shunt regulator comprising a first transistor switch having a threshold ON voltage approximating a selected maximum operating voltage of the chargeable element; and

an undervoltage protection circuit having first and second terminals configured for coupling in series between the charger and the chargeable element, the undervoltage protection circuit comprising a second transistor switch having a threshold ON voltage approximating a selected minimum operating voltage of the chargeable element.

40. A protection circuit for use with a charger and a chargeable element, comprising:

an overvoltage shunt regulator having first and second terminals for coupling in parallel across the chargeable element, the shunt regulator comprising a MOSFET switch having a threshold ON voltage approximating a selected maximum operating voltage of the chargeable element, and a relatively high resistance, reverse-current body diode.

41. A protection circuit for use with a charger and a chargeable element, comprising:

a shunt regulator having first and second terminals for coupling in parallel across the chargeable element, the shunt regulator having a threshold ON voltage;

a first positive temperature coefficient (PTC) device thermally and electrically coupled to the shunt regulator, the first PTC device having a first terminal for coupling to the charger in series and a second terminal for coupling to the chargeable element in series; and

a second PTC device coupled in series with the shunt regulator,

wherein the first PTC device switches from a relatively low resistance to a relatively high resistance when heated to a first transition temperature, and

wherein the second PTC device switches from a relatively low resistance to a relatively high resistance when heated to a second transition temperature higher than the first transition temperature.

42. In combination, a protection circuit and a battery, the battery having a positive terminal and a negative terminal, the protection circuit comprising:

a transistor switch coupled in series with the battery, such that, when the transistor switch is ON, the battery will discharge through a load;

a temperature-dependent resistor thermally coupled to the transistor switch, and having first and second terminals, the first terminal coupled to the positive battery terminal; and

a fixed resistor having a first terminal coupled to the second terminal of the temperature dependent resistor, and a second terminal coupled to the negative battery terminal, the respective temperature dependent resistor and fixed resistor thereby coupled in series with each other and in parallel with the battery,

wherein the transistor switch has an activation gate coupled in a divider configuration to the second terminal of the temperature dependent resistor and first terminal of the fixed resistor.

43. The combination of claim 42, the temperature dependent resistor switching from a relatively low first resistance to a relatively high second resistance at a certain transition temperature, with of the first resistance of the temperature dependent resistor and the resistance of the fixed resistor selected such that the voltage seen at the activation gate will keep the transistor switch ON, so long as the battery voltage is greater than a selected minimum voltage.

44. The combination of claim 43, wherein the transition temperature is selected such that, in an overvoltage condition in the battery, current flowing through the transistor switch will generate sufficient ohmic heat to heat the temperature dependent resistor to the transition temperature before causing failure of the transistor switch.