Method of compressing digital images
First Claim
1. A method of compressing a digital representation of an image into a one-dimensional bitstream, the digital representation comprising a two-dimensional array of pixels wherein a primary color component and secondary color components are associated with each pixel, the method comprising:
- representing the image in a series of quality scales of progressively decreasing quality, wherein a higher quality scale comprises more data than a lower quality scale, and wherein lower quality scales are formed from higher quality scales by decreasing the number of stored color components or by decreasing the number of pixels;
representing the image in terms of quality scales in terms of a base quality scale image and differential images wherein a differential image at a given quality scale is the difference between the image at the given quality scale and a representation of the image scaled up from a reconstructed representation at the adjacent lower quality scale, the reconstructed representation determined by a process comprising;
transforming the image into a set of coefficients associated with known functions, quantizing the set of coefficients by dividing by quantization values and rounding to integer values, dequantizing the set of quantized coefficients by multiplying by the quantization values, and performing the inverse transform associated with the known functions to produce a reconstructed representation;
representing the base quality scale image and the differential images as integer values by a process comprising transforming to a set of coefficients associated with known functions and quantizing the set of coefficients by dividing by quantization values and rounding to integer values; and
encoding the integer values corresponding to the lowest quality scale and the differential images by a lossless ordered statistics encoding process to produce a one-dimensional bitstream.
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Abstract
A method of compressing digital representations of images stores the images in multiple subsampling quality scales in a progressive manner such that a higher quality scale contains only data incremental to the data in an adjacent lower quality scale. The data in each quality scale is transformed, quantized, and entropy encoded. A discrete wavelet cosine transformation combining frequency transformation features of a discrete cosine transformation and spatial transformation features of a wavelet transformation is provided. Sequences of subsampling quality scales are provided for multi-scale representations of images. A novel context selection method is used which treats color components and coefficients of different positions differently. An image compressed in a given quality scale can be transmitted or decompressed progressively allowing progressive downloading or transmission over the Internet.
45 Citations
35 Claims
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1. A method of compressing a digital representation of an image into a one-dimensional bitstream, the digital representation comprising a two-dimensional array of pixels wherein a primary color component and secondary color components are associated with each pixel, the method comprising:
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representing the image in a series of quality scales of progressively decreasing quality, wherein a higher quality scale comprises more data than a lower quality scale, and wherein lower quality scales are formed from higher quality scales by decreasing the number of stored color components or by decreasing the number of pixels;
representing the image in terms of quality scales in terms of a base quality scale image and differential images wherein a differential image at a given quality scale is the difference between the image at the given quality scale and a representation of the image scaled up from a reconstructed representation at the adjacent lower quality scale, the reconstructed representation determined by a process comprising;
transforming the image into a set of coefficients associated with known functions, quantizing the set of coefficients by dividing by quantization values and rounding to integer values, dequantizing the set of quantized coefficients by multiplying by the quantization values, and performing the inverse transform associated with the known functions to produce a reconstructed representation;
representing the base quality scale image and the differential images as integer values by a process comprising transforming to a set of coefficients associated with known functions and quantizing the set of coefficients by dividing by quantization values and rounding to integer values; and
encoding the integer values corresponding to the lowest quality scale and the differential images by a lossless ordered statistics encoding process to produce a one-dimensional bitstream. - View Dependent Claims (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35)
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21. A sequence of subsampling representations of decreasing length for compressing a digital representation of an image, the digital representation comprising a two-dimensional array of pixels wherein a primary color component and secondary color components are associated with each pixel, the sequence comprising:
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a first subsampling representation wherein all color components are present at each pixel;
a second subsampling representation wherein the primary color component and one secondary color component are present at each pixel;
a third subsampling representation wherein a primary color component is present at each pixel and quadruple as many primary color components as each secondary color components are present;
a fourth subsampling representation derived from the first subsampling representation by reducing the number of pixels in the horizontal direction and in the vertical direction by dividing each dimension of the two-dimensional array by an integral factor;
a fifth subsampling representation derived from the fourth subsampling representation wherein the primary color component and one secondary color component are present at each pixel; and
a sixth subsampling representation derived from the fourth subsampling representation wherein a primary color component is present at each pixel and quadruple as many primary color components as each secondary color component are present.
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22. A sequence of subsampling representations of decreasing length for compressing a digital representation of an image, the digital representation comprising a two-dimensional array of pixels wherein a primary color component and secondary color components are associated with each pixel, the sequence comprising:
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a first subsampling representation wherein all color components are present at each pixel;
a second subsampling representation wherein the primary color component and one secondary color component are present at each pixel;
a third subsampling representation wherein a primary color component is present at each pixel and quadruple as many primary color components as each secondary color components are present; and
a fourth subsampling representation wherein one color component is present at each pixel and twice as many primary components as secondary components are present. - View Dependent Claims (25, 26, 27, 28)
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23. A context prediction method for forming probability tables for use in an entropy encoding process in compressing a digital representation of an image into a bitstream, the digital representation comprising a two-dimensional array of pixels wherein a primary color component and secondary color components are associated with each pixel, the context prediction method comprising:
determining separate contexts for each color component, wherein for a primary color component, the context comprises a positional index and neighboring coefficients of primary color pixels, for a first secondary color component, the context comprises a positional index, coefficients of neighboring first secondary color components, and the coefficient of the primary color component of the same positional index, and for a second secondary color component, the context comprises a positional index, neighboring second secondary color coefficients, and the coefficients of the primary and first secondary color components of the same positional index.
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24. An apparatus comprising instructions for performing a method of compressing a digital representation of an image into a one-dimensional bitstream, the digital representation comprising a two.-dimensional array of pixels wherein a primary color component and secondary color components are associated with each pixel, the method comprising:
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representing the image in a series of quality scales of progressively decreasing quality, wherein a higher quality scale comprises more data than a lower quality scale, and wherein lower quality scales are formed from higher quality scales by decreasing the number of stored color components or by decreasing the number of pixels;
representing the image in terms of quality scales in terms of a base quality scale image and differential images wherein a differential image at a given quality scale is the difference between the image at the given quality scale and a representation of the image scaled up from a reconstructed representation at the adjacent lower quality scale, the reconstructed representation determined by a process comprising;
transforming the image into a set of coefficients associated with known functions, quantizing the set of coefficients by dividing by quantization values and rounding to integer values, dequantizing the set of quantized coefficients by multiplying by the quantization values, and performing the inverse transform associated with the known functions to produce a reconstructed representation;
representing the base quality scale image and the differential images as integer values by a process comprising transforming to a set of coefficients associated with known functions and quantizing the set of coefficients by dividing by quantization values and rounding to integer values; and
encoding the integer values corresponding to the lowest quality scale representation and the differential images by a lossless ordered statistics encoding process to produce a one-dimensional bitstream.
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29. An apparatus comprising instructions for providing a compact representation of digital data for use in compressing a digital representation of an image into a one dimensional bitstream, the instructions comprising instructions for:
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transforming the data by a transform combining frequency transform features and multi-resolution transform features wherein the transform is defined recursively from a discrete cosine transform and a permutation function whereby the output elements of the transform are separated into a first portion and a second portion, the first portion containing lower scales of representation of input to the transform; and
storing the output elements on a digital storage medium.
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Specification