Water-soluble polymer complexes

• US 20020188040A1
• Filed: 04/15/2002
• Published: 12/12/2002
• Est. Priority Date: 04/16/2001
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Solvay USA, Inc.
• Original Assignee: WSP Chemicals & Technology, LLC
• Inventors: Frederick, Kevin W., DeVito, Valentino L., Chen, Shih-Ruey T.
• Granted Patent: US 7,001,953 B2
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• US Class Current: 524/35
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 2800/54 Polymers characterized by specific structures/properties
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 2800/56 Compounds, absorbed onto or entrapped into a solid carrier, e.g. encapsulated perfumes, inclusion compounds, sustained release forms
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 8/8158 Homopolymers or copolymers of amides or imides, e.g. (meth) acrylamide; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 8/8182 Copolymers of vinyl-pyrrolidones. Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
• CPC Class Codes: A61Q 19/00 Preparations for care of the skin
• CPC Class Codes: A61Q 5/02 Preparations for cleaning the hair
• CPC Class Codes: C02F 1/78 with ozone C02F1/4672 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: C02F 11/147 using organic substances C02F11/148 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 2103/0046 added as monomers or as oligomers
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 2103/0053 Water-soluble polymers
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 2103/46 Water-loss or fluid-loss reducers, hygroscopic or hydrophilic agents, water retention agents
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 2111/70 Grouts, e.g. injection mixtures for cables for prestressed concrete
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 24/163 obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 24/168 Polysaccharide derivatives, e.g. starch sulfate
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 24/22 Condensation or polymerisation products thereof
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 24/2641 Polyacrylates; Polymethacrylates
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 24/2652 Nitrogen containing polymers, e.g. polyacrylamides, polyacrylonitriles
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 24/2688 Copolymers containing at least three different monomers
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 24/38 Polysaccharides or derivatives thereof C04B24/243 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 24/383 Cellulose or derivatives thereof
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 28/02 : containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 28/04 : Portland cements
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 38/10 : by using foaming agents C04B38/02 takes precedenceor by using mechanical means, e.g. adding preformed foam
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 40/0039 : Premixtures of ingredients
• CPC Class Codes: C08B 11/20 : Post-etherification treatments of chemical or physical type, e.g. mixed etherification in two steps, including purification
• CPC Class Codes: C08B 15/00 : Preparation of other cellulose derivatives or modified cellulose , e.g. complexes
• CPC Class Codes: C08F 251/00 : Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polysaccharides or derivatives thereof
• CPC Class Codes: C08F 291/00 : Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to macromolecular compounds according to more than one of the groups C08F251/00 - C08F289/00
• CPC Class Codes: C08L 1/02 : Cellulose; Modified cellulose
• CPC Class Codes: C08L 1/284 : with hydroxylated hydrocarbon radicals
• CPC Class Codes: C08L 2666/02 : Organic macromolecular compounds, natural resins, waxes or and bituminous materials
• CPC Class Codes: C08L 2666/26 : Natural polymers, natural resins or derivatives thereof according to C08L1/00 - C08L5/00, C08L89/00, C08L93/00, C08L97/00 or C08L99/00
• CPC Class Codes: C08L 33/14 : of esters containing halogen, nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen atoms in addition to the carboxy oxygen
• CPC Class Codes: C09K 8/12 : containing synthetic organic macromolecular compounds or their precursors
• CPC Class Codes: C09K 8/44 : containing organic binders only
• CPC Class Codes: C09K 8/46 : containing inorganic binders, e.g. Portland cement
• CPC Class Codes: C09K 8/473 : Density reducing additives, e.g. for obtaining foamed cement compositions
• CPC Class Codes: C09K 8/508 : macromolecular compounds C09K8/512 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: C09K 8/5083 : obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
• CPC Class Codes: C09K 8/512 : containing cross-linking agents
• CPC Class Codes: C09K 8/514 : of natural origin, e.g. polysaccharides, cellulose C09K8/512 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: C09K 8/518 : Foams
• CPC Class Codes: C09K 8/62 : Compositions for forming crevices or fractures
• CPC Class Codes: C09K 8/685 : containing cross-linking agents
• CPC Class Codes: C09K 8/703 : Foams
• CPC Class Codes: C09K 8/706 : Encapsulated breakers
• CPC Class Codes: D21H 17/375 : Poly(meth)acrylamide
• CPC Class Codes: D21H 21/10 : Retention agents or drainage improvers
• CPC Class Codes: D21H 21/56 : Foam
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 507/902 : Controlled release agent
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 507/921 : Specified breaker component for emulsion or gel
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 524/922 : Flocculating, clarifying, or fining compositions

Abstract

A water-soluble interjacent complex that includes a first water-soluble polymer and one or more water-soluble monomers polymerized to form a second water-soluble polymer in the presence of the first water-soluble polymer. The water-soluble interjacent complex forms a solution in water that is free of insoluble polymer particles. The interjacent complexes may be used to treat a waste sludge by adding an effective amount thereof to the waste sludge. The interjacent complexes may also be used in making paper by adding an effective amount thereof to a pulp or a forming sheet at a suitable location on a paper making machine. The interjacent complexes may further be used as a rheology modifier in aqueous systems by adding an effective amount thereof to an aqueous medium to effect a desired viscosity, rheology, or flow curve property.

Claims

1. A water-soluble interjacent complex comprising:

(a) a water-soluble host polymer; and

(b) one or more water-soluble monomers polymerized to form a polymer in the presence of the host polymer in (a), wherein the water-soluble interjacent complex forms a solution in water that is free of insoluble polymer particles and maintains one uniform phase after standing at ambient conditions for at least three months.

2. The water-soluble interjacent complex of claim 1, wherein the molecular weight of the polymer in (a) and the polymer in (b) in the interjacent complex are each at least 1,000.

3. The water-soluble interjacent complex of claim 1, wherein the water-soluble polymer in (a) is one or more selected from the group consisting of water-soluble synthetic polymers, starches, modified starches, cellulosics, modified cellulosics, water-soluble natural gums, water-soluble modified natural gums, proteins, and protein derivatives.

4. The water-soluble interjacent complex of claim 3, wherein the water-soluble synthetic polymers are one or more selected from the group consisting of water-soluble poly(meth)acrylates, water-soluble polyamides, water-soluble polyesters, water-soluble polyurethanes, water-soluble poly(vinyl alcohol), water-soluble poly(vinyl amine), water-soluble poly(ethylene imine), water-soluble amine/epihalohydrin polyamines, water-soluble poly(meth)acrylamide, water-soluble (meth)acrylamide copolymers, water-soluble poly(meth)acrylic acid, water-soluble copolymers of (meth)acrylic acid, poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium halides), copolymers of diallyl dimethyl ammonium halides, water-soluble vinyl pyrrolidone, water-soluble copolymers of vinyl pyrrolidone, poly(meth)acrylamidopropyltrimethyl ammonium halides, copolymers of (meth)acrylamidopropyltrimethyl ammonium halides, poly(meth)acryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium halides, copolymers of (meth)acryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium halides, poly(meth)acryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium methyl sulfate, and copolymers of (meth)acryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium methyl sulfate.

5. The water-soluble interjacent complex of claim 3, wherein the water-soluble natural gums are one or more selected from the group consisting of xanthan gums, sodium alginates, galactomanans, carageenan, and gum arabic.

6. The water-soluble interjacent complex of claim 3, wherein the modified cellulosics are one or more selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride graft copolymers of hydroxyethylcellulose, polymeric quaternary ammonium salts of hydroxyethyl celluloses reacted with a trimethyl ammonium substituted epoxide, and polymeric quaternary ammonium salts of hydroxyethyl celluloses reacted with lauryl dimethyl ammonium substituted epoxides.

7. The water-soluble interjacent complex of claim 3, wherein the water-soluble modified natural gum is a quaternary ammonium derivative of hydroxypropyl guar.

8. The water-soluble interjacent complex of claim 1, wherein the monomers in (b) comprise a monomer mix comprised of (i) 0 to 100 mol % of one or more cationic monomers;

(ii) 0 to 100 mol % of one or more anionic monomers; and

(iii) 0 to 100 mol % of one or more nonionic monomers, wherein the sum of (i), (ii), and (iii) is 100 mol %.

9. The water-soluble interjacent complex of claim 8, wherein the cationic monomer (i) is one or more selected from the group consisting of (meth)acrylamidopropyltrimethyl ammonium halides, (meth)acryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium halides, poly(meth)acryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium methyl sulfate, and diallyl dimethyl ammonium halides.

10. The water-soluble interjacent complex of claim 8, wherein the anionic monomer (ii) comprises one or more sulfonic acid containing monomers selected from the group consisting of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, 2-methacrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, sulfonated styrene, vinyl sulfonic acids, and allyl ether sulfonic acids.

11. The water-soluble interjacent complex of claim 10, wherein the mol ratio of cationic monomer (i) to sulfonic acid containing anionic monomer (ii) ranges from 20:

80 to 95;

5.

12. The water-soluble interjacent complex of claim 8, wherein the anionic monomer (ii) comprises one or more carboxylic acid containing monomers selected from the group consisting of (meth)acrylic acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid, N-(meth)acrylamidopropyl, N,N-dimethyl, amino acetic acid, N-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl, N,N-dimethyl, amino acetic acid, N-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl, N,N-dimethyl, amino acetic acid, crotonic acid, (meth)acrylamidoglycolic acid, and 2-(meth)acrylamido-2-methylbutanoic acid.

13. The water-soluble interjacent complex of claim 12, wherein the mol ratio of cationic monomer (i) to carboxylic acid containing anionic monomer (ii) ranges from 20:

80 to 95;

5.

14. The water-soluble interjacent complex of claim 8, wherein the nonionic monomer (iii) comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₂₂ straight or branched chain alkyl or aryl (meth)acrylates, C₁-C₂₂ straight or branched chain N-alkyl or aryl (meth)acrylamide, (meth)acrylamide, N-methyl(meth)acrylamide, N-vinylpyrrolidone, vinyl acetate, ethoxylated (meth)acrylates, propoxylated (meth)acrylates, hydroxy functional (meth)acrylates, N,N-dimethyl(meth)acrylamide, styrene, C₁-C₂₂ straight or branched chain alkyl allyl ethers, and C₁-C₂₂ aryl allyl ethers.

15. The water-soluble interjacent complex of claim 8, wherein the monomer mix in (b) further comprises (iv) a branching quantity of one or more monomers that have two or more sites of reactive unsaturation

16. The water-soluble interjacent complex of claim 15, wherein the monomers having two or more sites of reactive unsaturation (iv) are selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, triethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, tetraethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, 1,3-butylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, 1,4-butanediol di(meth)acrylate, neopentyl glycol di(meth)acrylate, 1,6-hexanediol di(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol di(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol tri(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol tetra(meth)acrylate, glycerol di(meth)acrylate, glycerol allyloxy di(meth)acrylate, 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane di(meth)acrylate, 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane tri(meth)acrylate, 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)propane di(meth)acrylate, 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)propane tri(meth)acrylate, triallyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, triallyl trimellitate, diallyl phthalate, diallyl terephthalte, divinyl benzene, triallylamine, and methylenebis (meth) acrylamide.

17. The water-soluble interjacent complex of claim 15, wherein the monomers having two or more sites of reactive unsaturation are present at 0.0001 to 0.1 mol % based on the total number of mols of (i), (ii), and (iii).

18. The water-soluble interjacent complex of claim 1, wherein the reduced viscosity of the interjacent complex, as determined in a Ubbelhhde Capillary Viscometer at 0.05% by weight concentration of polymer in 1M NaCl solution, at 30°

C., pH 7 ranges from 0.1 to 20 dl/g.

19. The water-soluble interjacent complex of claim 1, wherein the interjacent complex is prepared by solution polymerization.

20. The water-soluble interjacent complex of claim 1, wherein the interjacent complex is prepared as a water-in-oil emulsion.

21. A method of treating a waste sludge comprising adding an effective amount of a water-soluble interjacent complex to the waste sludge, the water-soluble interjacent complex comprising:

(a) a water-soluble polymer; and

(b) one or more water-soluble monomers polymerized to form a polymer in the presence of the polymer in (a), wherein the water-soluble interjacent complex forms a solution in water that is free of insoluble polymer particles.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein the polymerization in (b) further includes one or more inorganic coagulants selected from the group consisting of aluminum sulfate, aluminum chloride, ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, polyaluminum chloride and aluminumchlorohydrate.

23. The method of claim 21, wherein the water-soluble polymer in (a) is one or more selected from the group consisting of water-soluble synthetic polymers, starches, modified starches, cellulosics, modified cellulosics, water-soluble natural gums, water-soluble modified natural gums, proteins, and protein derivatives.

24. The method of claim 21, wherein the water-soluble polymer in (a) is one or more selected from the group consisting of water-soluble poly(meth)acrylates, water-soluble polyamides, water-soluble polyesters, water-soluble polyurethanes, water-soluble poly(vinyl alcohol), water-soluble poly(vinyl amine), water-soluble poly(ethylene imine), water-soluble amine/epihalohydrin polyamines, water-soluble poly(meth)acrylamide, water-soluble (meth)acrylamide copolymers, water-soluble poly(meth)acrylic acid, water-soluble copolymers of (meth)acrylic acid, poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium halides), copolymers of diallyl dimethyl ammonium halides, water-soluble vinyl pyrrolidone, water-soluble copolymers of vinyl pyrrolidone, poly(meth)acrylamidopropyltrimethyl ammonium halides, copolymers of (meth)acrylamidopropyltrimethyl ammonium halides, poly(meth)acryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium halides, copolymers of (meth)acryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium halides, poly(meth)acryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium methyl sulfate, copolymers of (meth)acryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium methyl sulfate, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride graft copolymers of hydroxyethylcellulose, polymeric quaternary ammonium salts of hydroxyethyl celluloses reacted with a trimethyl ammonium substituted epoxide, polymeric quaternary ammonium salts of hydroxyethyl celluloses reacted with lauryl dimethyl ammonium substituted epoxides, and quaternary ammonium derivative of hydroxypropyl guar.

25. The method of claim 21, wherein the monomers in (b) comprise a monomer mix comprised of (i) 0 to 100 mol % of one or more cationic monomers;

(ii) 0 to 100 mol % of one or more anionic monomers, and (iii) 0 to 100 mol % of one or more nonionic monomers.

26. The method of claim 25, wherein the anionic monomer (ii) comprises one or more acid functional monomers selected from the group consisting of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, 2-methacrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, sulfonated styrene, vinyl sulfonic acids, allyl ether sulfonic acids, (meth)acrylic acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid, N-(meth)acrylamidopropyl, N,N-dimethyl,amino acetic acid, N-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl, N,N-dimethyl,amino acetic acid, N-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl, N,N-dimethyl,amino acetic acid, crotonic acid, (meth)acrylamidoglycolic acid, and 2-(meth)acrylamido-2-methylbutanoic acid.

27. The method of claim 25, wherein the cationic monomer (i) comprises one or more carboxylic acid containing monomers selected from the group consisting of (meth)acrylamidopropyltrimethyl ammonium halides, (meth)acryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium halides, poly(meth)acryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium methyl sulfate, and diallyl dimethyl ammonium halides.

28. The method of claim 25, wherein the nonionic monomer (iii) comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₂₂ straight or branched chain alkyl or aryl (meth)acrylates, C₁-C₂₂ straight or branched chain N-alkyl or aryl (meth)acrylamide, (meth)acrylamide, N-methyl(meth)acrylamide, N-vinylpyrrolidone, vinyl acetate, ethoxylated (meth)acrylates, propoxylated (meth)acrylates, hydroxy functional (meth)acrylates, N,N-dimethyl(meth)acrylamide, styrene, C₁-C₂₂ straight or branched chain alkyl allyl ethers, and C₁-C₂₂ aryl allyl ethers.

29. The method of claim 25, wherein the monomer mix in (b) further comprises (iv) a branching quantity of one or more monomers that have two or more sites of reactive unsaturation

30. The method of claim 29, wherein the monomers having two or more sites of reactive unsaturation (iv) are selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, triethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, tetraethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, 1,3-butylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, 1,4-butanediol di(meth)acrylate, neopentyl glycol di(meth)acrylate, 1,6-hexanediol di(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol di(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol tri(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol tetra(meth)acrylate, glycerol di(meth)acrylate, glycerol allyloxy di(meth)acrylate, 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane di(meth)acrylate, 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane tri(meth)acrylate, 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)propane di(meth)acrylate, 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)propane tri(meth)acrylate, triallyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, triallyl trimellitate, diallyl phthalate, diallyl terephthalte, divinyl benzene, triallylamine, and methylenebis (meth) acrylamide.

31. The method of claim 29, wherein the monomers having two or more sites of reactive unsaturation are present at 0.0001 to 1 mol % based on the total number of mols of (i), (ii), and (iii).

32. The method of claim 21, wherein the reduced viscosity of the interjacent complex, as determined in a Ubbelhhde Capillary Viscometer at 0.05% by weight concentration of polymer in 1M NaCl solution, at 30°

C., pH 7 ranges from 0.1 to 20 dl/g.

33. The method of claim 21, wherein the interjacent complex is prepared by solution polymerization.

34. The method of claim 21, wherein the interjacent complex is prepared as a water-in-oil emulsion.

35. The method of claim 21, wherein the water-soluble polymer in (a) is one or more organic coagulant polymers selected from the group consisting of amine/epihalohydrin polyamines, poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium halides), poly(ethylene imines), poly(meth)acryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium halides and poly(meth)acryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium methyl sulfate;

and the polymer in (b) is derived from polymerizing (meth)acrylamide and one or more monomers to provide a polyacrylamide.

36. The method of claim 35, wherein the polyacrylamide in (b) is anionic, nonionic, or cationic.

37. The method of claim 21, further comprising feeding the mixture of waste sludge and interjacent complex to a filter press or a belt press.

38. The method of claim 21, wherein the waste sludge is selected from the group consisting of primary municipal sludge, secondary municipal sludge, thermophilic digested sludge, raw sewage sludge, oily waste sludges, sludges of dispersed solids, industrial waste sludges, sludges generated from paper mills, and laundry waste sludges.

40. The method of claim 39, wherein the water-soluble polymer in (a) is one or more selected from the group consisting of water-soluble synthetic polymers, starches, modified starches, cellulosics, modified cellulosics, water-soluble natural gums, water-soluble modified natural gums, proteins, and protein derivatives.

41. The method of claim 39, wherein the water-soluble polymer in (a) is one or more selected from the group consisting of water-soluble poly(meth)acrylates, water-soluble polyamides, water-soluble polyesters, water-soluble polyurethanes, water-soluble poly(vinyl alcohol), water-soluble poly(vinyl amine), water-soluble poly(ethylene imine), water-soluble amine/epihalohydrin polyamines, water-soluble poly(meth)acrylamide, water-soluble (meth)acrylamide copolymers, water-soluble poly(meth)acrylic acid, water-soluble copolymers of (meth)acrylic acid, poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium halides), copolymers of diallyl dimethyl ammonium halides, water-soluble vinyl pyrrolidone, water-soluble copolymers of vinyl pyrrolidone, poly(meth)acrylamidopropyltrimethyl ammonium halides, copolymers of (meth)acrylamidopropyltrimethyl ammonium halides, poly(meth)acryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium halides, copolymers of (meth)acryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium halides, poly(meth)acryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium methyl sulfate, copolymers of (meth)acryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium methyl sulfate, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride graft copolymers of hydroxyethylcellulose, polymeric quaternary ammonium salts of hydroxyethyl celluloses reacted with a trimethyl ammonium substituted epoxide, polymeric quaternary ammonium salts of hydroxyethyl celluloses reacted with lauryl dimethyl ammonium substituted epoxides, and quaternary ammonium derivative of hydroxypropyl guar.

42. The method of claim 39, wherein the monomers in (b) comprise a monomer mix comprised of (i) 0 to 100 mol % of one or more cationic monomers;

(ii) 0 to 100 mol % of one or more anionic monomers; and

(iii) 0 to 100 mol % of one or more nonionic monomers.

43. The method of claim 42, wherein the anionic monomer (ii) comprises one or more acid functional containing monomers selected from the group consisting of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, 2-methacrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, sulfonated styrene, vinyl sulfonic acids, allyl ether sulfonic acids, (meth)acrylic acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid, N-(meth)acrylamidopropyl, N,N-dimethyl,amino acetic acid, N-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl, N,N-dimethyl,amino acetic acid, N-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl, N,N-dimethyl,amino acetic acid, crotonic acid, (meth)acrylamidoglycolic acid, and 2-(meth)acrylamido-2-methylbutanoic acid.

44. The method of claim 42, wherein the cationic monomer (i) is one or more selected from the group consisting of (meth)acrylamidopropyltrimethyl ammonium halides, (meth)acryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium halides, poly(meth)acryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium methyl sulfate, and diallyl dimethyl ammonium halides.

45. The method of claim 42, wherein the nonionic monomer (iii) comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₂₂ straight or branched chain alkyl or aryl (meth)acrylates, C₁-C₂₂ straight or branched chain N-alkyl or aryl (meth)acrylamide, (meth)acrylamide, N-methyl(meth)acrylamide, N-vinylpyrrolidone, vinyl acetate, ethoxylated (meth)acrylates, propoxylated (meth)acrylates, hydroxy functional (meth)acrylates, N,N-dimethyl(meth)acrylamide, styrene, C₁-C₂₂ straight or branched chain alkyl allyl ethers, and C₁-C₂₂ aryl allyl ethers.

46. The method of claim 42, wherein the monomer mix in (b) further comprises (iv) a branching quantity of one or more monomers that have two or more sites of reactive unsaturation

47. The method of claim 46, wherein the monomers having two or more sites of reactive unsaturation (iv) are selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, triethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, tetraethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, 1,3-butylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, 1,4-butanediol di(meth)acrylate, neopentyl glycol di(meth)acrylate, 1,6-hexanediol di(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol di(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol tri(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol tetra(meth)acrylate, glycerol di(meth)acrylate, glycerol allyloxy di(meth)acrylate, 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane di(meth)acrylate, 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane tri(meth)acrylate, 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)propane di(meth)acrylate, 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)propane tri(meth)acrylate, triallyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, triallyl trimellitate, diallyl phthalate, diallyl terephthalte, divinyl benzene, triallylamine, and methylenebis (meth) acrylamide.

48. The method of claim 46, wherein the monomers having two or more sites of reactive unsaturation are present at 0.0001 to 1 mol %, based on the total number of mols of (i), (ii), and (iii).

49. The method of claim 39, wherein the reduced viscosity of the interjacent complex, as determined in a Ubbelhhde Capillary Viscometer at 0.05% by weight concentration of polymer in 1M NaCl solution, at 30°

C., pH 7 ranges from 0.1 to 20 dl/g.

50. The method of claim 39, wherein the interjacent complex is prepared by solution polymerization.

51. The method of claim 39, wherein the interjacent complex is prepared as a water-in-oil emulsion.

52. The method of claim 39, wherein the water-soluble polymer in (a) is one or more cationic polymers selected from the group consisting of amine/epihalohydrin polyamines, poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium halides), poly(ethylene imines), poly(meth)acryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium halides, and poly(meth)acryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium methyl sulfate;

and the polymer in (b) is derived from polymerizing (meth)acrylamide and one or more monomers to provide a polyacrylamide.

53. The method of claim 39, wherein the polyacrylamide in (b) is anionic, nonionic, or cationic.

39. A method of making paper comprising adding a interjacent complex to a pulp or a forming sheet, at a suitable location on the paper machine, wherein the interjacent complex comprises:

(a) a water-soluble polymer; and

(b) one or more water-soluble monomers polymerized to form a polymer in the presence of the polymer in (a), wherein the water-soluble interjacent complex forms a solution in water that is free of insoluble polymer particles.

54. A method of increasing the viscosity of an aqueous medium comprising adding an effective amount of a interjacent complex to the aqueous medium to effect a desired viscosity, rheology, or flow curve, wherein the interjacent complex comprises:

(a) a water-soluble polymer; and

(b) one or more water-soluble monomers polymerized to form a polymer in the presence of the polymer in (a), wherein the water-soluble interjacent complex forms a solution in water that is free of insoluble polymer particles.

55. The method of claim 54, wherein the aqueous medium is selected from the group consisting of inks, caulks, grouts, adhesives, paints, and coating compositions.

56. The method of claim 54, wherein the water-soluble polymer in (a) is one or more selected from the group consisting of water-soluble synthetic polymers, starches, modified starches, cellulosics, modified cellulosics, water-soluble natural gums, water-soluble modified natural gums, proteins, and protein derivatives.

57. The method of claim 54, wherein the water-soluble polymer in (a) is one or more selected from the group consisting of water-soluble poly(meth)acrylates, water-soluble polyamides, water-soluble polyesters, water-soluble polyurethanes, water-soluble poly(vinyl alcohol), water-soluble poly(vinyl amine), water-soluble poly(ethylene imine), water-soluble amine/epihalohydrin polyamines, water-soluble poly(meth)acrylamide, water-soluble (meth)acrylamide copolymers, water-soluble poly(meth)acrylic acid, water-soluble copolymers of (meth)acrylic acid, poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium halides), copolymers of diallyl dimethyl ammonium halides, water-soluble vinyl pyrrolidone, water-soluble copolymers of vinyl pyrrolidone, poly(meth)acrylamidopropyltrimethyl ammonium halides, copolymers of (meth)acrylamidopropyltrimethyl ammonium halides, poly(meth)acryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium halides, copolymers of (meth)acryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium halides, poly(meth)acryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium methyl sulfate, copolymers of (meth)acryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium methyl sulfate, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride graft copolymers of hydroxyethylcellulose, polymeric quaternary ammonium salts of hydroxyethyl celluloses reacted with a trimethyl ammonium substituted epoxide, polymeric quaternary ammonium salts of hydroxyethyl celluloses reacted with lauryl dimethyl ammonium substituted epoxides, and quaternary ammonium derivative of hydroxypropyl guar.

58. The method of claim 54, wherein the monomers in (b) comprise a monomer mix comprised of (i) 0 to 100 mol % of one or more cationic monomers;

(ii) 0 to 100 mol % of one or more anionic monomers; and

(iii) 0 to 100 mol % of one or more nonionic monomers.

59. The method of claim 58, wherein the anionic monomer (ii) comprises one or more acid functional containing monomers selected from the group consisting of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, 2-methacrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, sulfonated styrene, vinyl sulfonic acids, allyl ether sulfonic acids, (meth)acrylic acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid, N-(meth)acrylamidopropyl, N,N-dimethyl,amino acetic acid, N-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl, N,N-dimethyl,amino acetic acid, N-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl, N,N-dimethyl,amino acetic acid, crotonic acid, (meth)acrylamidoglycolic acid, and 2-(meth)acrylamido-2-methylbutanoic acid.

60. The method of claim 58, wherein the cationic monomer (i) is one or more selected from the group consisting of (meth)acrylamidopropyltrimethyl ammonium halides, (meth)acryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium halides, poly(meth)acryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium methyl sulfate, and diallyl dimethyl ammonium halides.

61. The method of claim 58, wherein the nonionic monomer (iii) comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₂₂ straight or branched chain alkyl or aryl (meth)acrylates, C₁-C₂₂ straight or branched chain N-alkyl or aryl (meth)acrylamide, (meth)acrylamide, N-methyl(meth)acrylamide, N-vinylpyrrolidone, vinyl acetate, ethoxylated (meth)acrylates, propoxylated (meth)acrylates, hydroxy functional (meth)acrylates, N,N-dimethyl(meth)acrylamide, styrene, C₁-C₂₂ straight or branched chain alkyl allyl ethers, and C₁-C₂₂ aryl allyl ethers.

62. The method of claim 58, wherein the monomer mix in (b) further comprises (iv) a branching quantity of one or more monomers that have two or more sites of reactive unsaturation

63. The method of claim 62, wherein the monomers having two or more sites of reactive unsaturation (iv) are selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, triethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, tetraethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, 1,3-butylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, 1,4-butanediol di(meth)acrylate, neopentyl glycol di(meth)acrylate, 1,6-hexanediol di(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol di(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol tri(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol tetra(meth)acrylate, glycerol di(meth)acrylate, glycerol allyloxy di(meth)acrylate, 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane di(meth)acrylate, 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane tri(meth)acrylate, 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)propane di(meth)acrylate, 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)propane tri(meth)acrylate, triallyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, triallyl trimellitate, diallyl phthalate, diallyl terephthalte, divinyl benzene, triallylamine, and methylenebis (meth) acrylamide.

64. The method of claim 54, wherein the reduced viscosity of the interjacent complex, as determined in a Ubbelhhde Capillary Viscometer at 0.05% by weight concentration of polymer in 1M NaCl solution, at 30°

C., pH 7 ranges from 0.1 to 20 dl/g.

65. The method of claim 54, wherein the interjacent complex is prepared by solution polymerization.

66. The method of claim 54, wherein the interjacent complex is prepared as a water-in-oil emulsion.