APPARATUS AND METHOD OF REMOTE GAS TRACE DETECTION

• US 20030030001A1
• Filed: 03/13/2001
• Published: 02/13/2003
• Est. Priority Date: 01/20/2000
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Gas Technology Institute
• Original Assignee: Gas Research Institute (GTI Energy)
• Inventors: Cooper, David E., Vujkovic-Cvijin, Pajo
• Granted Patent: US 6,518,562 B1
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• US Class Current: 250/338.5
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/433 Modulation spectrometry; Derivative spectrometry
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2021/1793 Remote sensing
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/39 using tunable lasers
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/538 for determining atmospheric attenuation and visibility

Abstract

This specification discloses a method and apparatus for the mobile and remote detection of a gas, such as methane, in the atmosphere. The apparatus includes a TDL based Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) driven at carrier frequency lying within the absorption line of the gas. The apparatus also drives the TDL with a modulation frequency to generate upper and lower sidebands in the output of the TDL and with a low ramp frequency to sweep the output of the TDL across twice the width of the pressure-broadened absorption line of the gas, preferably the first overtone absorption line in the case of methane detection. Suitable power for remote detection through use of the TDL is provided by a master oscillator/fiber amplifier transmitter has no moving or adjustable parts at all. An all-solid-state monolithic and integrated amplifier is achieved, which leads to a compact and virtually maintenance-free LIDAR system. The remote detection apparatus includes reference and calibration cells or chambers, and includes a light collector and detectors to detect the quantity and modulation of the light that passes the reference or calibration cells and that is received by the apparatus after reflection back toward the apparatus from an uncooperative target. The apparatus further includes a signal processor that applies a derivative spectroscopy technique, such as frequency modulation spectroscopy or wavelength modulation spectroscopy, to determine the presence of the gas in the atmosphere.

Claims

1. A laser amplifier system for a laser source comprising:

a. a doped, active, first section of optical fiber;

b. pump lasers at a first wavelength for inducing lasing in the doped fiber section at a second wavelength;

c. means for coupling the pump lasers to the doped fiber section;

d. a narrowband laser lasing in a third wavelength suitable for absorption in a fundamental absorption band or overtone sideband of the gas to be detected;

e. a second section of amplifying, nonlinear Raman fiber coupled to the doped section of fiber for amplifying the second wavelength;

f. means for coupling the narrowband laser to the combined nonlinear and doped fiber sections; and

g. means for outputting the third wavelength from the combined fiber sections.

2. The laser amplifier system for a laser source of claim 1 wherein the doped fiber section is a rare earth doped section.

3. The laser amplifier system for a laser source of claim 2 wherein the doping of the doped fiber section comprises Erbium.

4. The laser amplifier system for a laser source of claim 2 wherein the doping comprises Ytterbium.

5. The laser amplifier system for a laser source of claim 1 wherein the first fiber section comprises a double clad fiber.

6. The laser amplifier system for a laser source of claim 1 wherein the pump diodes are high power, broad area, laser diodes emitting at about a 980 nanometer wavelength.

7. The laser amplifier system for a laser source of claim 1 wherein the second wavelength is about 1530-1560 nanometers.

8. The laser amplifier system for a laser source of claim 1 wherein the third wavelength is about 1651 nanometers.

9. The laser amplifier system for a laser source of claim 1 wherein the narrowband laser is a tunable diode laser (TDL).

10. The laser amplifier system for a laser source of claim 1 wherein the narrowband laser is a tunable diode laser (TDL) having temperature compensation in its packaging.

11. The laser amplifier system for a laser source of claim 1 wherein the narrowband laser is a tunable diode laser (TDL) having a distributed feedback (DFB) configuration.

12. The laser amplifier system for a laser source of claim 1 wherein the gas to be detected is methane.

13. The laser amplifier system for a laser source of claim 1 wherein the first and second fiber sections are connected together in a ring laser configuration.

14. The laser amplifier system for a laser source of claim 1 wherein the fiber sections are connected together in a linear laser configuration.

15. The laser amplifier system for a laser source of claim 1 wherein the pump diodes are connected to the first fiber section via a wavelength division multiplexer.

16. The laser amplifier system for a laser source of claim 1 wherein the pump diodes are connected to the fiber sections with a dichroic beam splitter and a lens and a mirror.

17. The laser amplifier system for a laser source of claim 1 wherein the second wavelength is produced by a Ytterbium doped fiber laser.

18. The laser amplifier system for a laser source of claim 1 wherein the amplifying fiber produces Stokes shifts.

19. The laser amplifier system for a laser source of claim 1 wherein the narrowband laser is coupled to the fiber via Wavelength Division Multiplexer.

20. The laser amplifier system for a laser source of claim 1 wherein the narrowband laser is coupled out of the fiber via Wavelength Division Multiplexer.

21. The laser amplifier system for a laser source of claim 13 wherein a Bragg fiber grating is located on the first fiber section to double pump the pump diode power therethrough.

22. The laser amplifier system for a laser source of claim 13 further including an isolator for protecting the narrowband laser from high power radiation.

23. The laser amplifier system for a laser source of claim 14 wherein a Bragg fiber grating is located on the second fiber section to form one end of the laser cavity.

24. The laser amplifier system for a laser source of claim 14 wherein mirror is located on the first fiber section to form the other end of the laser cavity.

25. A single stage fiber Raman amplifier pumped by an erbium-doped fiber laser amplifying the output of a 1651 nm DFB diode laser.

26. An all-solid-state monolithic and integrated laser amplifier with a master oscillator section and a fiber amplifier transmitter section, the amplifier having no moving or adjustable parts.

27. A method of remotely detecting a particular gas dispersed in the atmosphere, the dispersed gas being of the type that absorbs light at frequencies within an absorption line range for the dispersed gas in the atmosphere, the method comprising the steps of:

a. driving a source of generally monochromatic light by a laser drive to provide a carrier output at a predetermined frequency with an all-solid-state monolithic and integrated laser amplifier with a master oscillator section and a fiber amplifier transmitter section, the amplifier having no moving or adjustable parts;

b. frequency modulating the laser drive with a modulation frequency to generate at least one frequency modulated sideband signal in the output of the light source; and

c. adding to the laser drive a ramp frequency to scan the light source and the sideband signal across a scan range including at least a portion of the absorption line range;

d. directing at least a test portion of the ramped and modulated light toward an uncooperative target;

e. collecting light reflected from the uncooperative target and directing it toward a first detector to generate at least one test signal based on the degree of attenuation of the sideband signal by the dispersed gas; and

f. generating an output indicative of an amount of the dispersed gas in the atmosphere, if any, based on the at least one test signal.

28. A method of remotely detecting a particular gas dispersed in the atmosphere, the dispersed gas being of the type that absorbs light at frequencies within an absorption line range for the dispersed gas in the atmosphere, the method comprising the steps of:

a. driving a source of generally monochromatic light by a laser drive to provide a carrier output at a predetermined frequency with a laser amplifier system for a laser source comprising;

a doped, active, first section of optical fiber;

pump lasers at a first wavelength for inducing lasing in the doped fiber section at a second wavelength;

means for coupling the pump lasers to the doped fiber section;

a narrowband laser lasing in a third wavelength suitable for absorption in a fundamental absorption band or overtone sideband of the gas to be detected;

a second section of amplifying, nonlinear Raman fiber coupled to the doped section of fiber for amplifying the second wavelength;

means for coupling the narrowband laser to the combined nonlinear and doped fiber sections; and

means for outputting the third wavelength from the combined fiber sections;

b. frequency modulating the laser drive with a modulation frequency to generate at least one frequency modulated sideband signal in the output of the light source; and

c. adding to the laser drive a ramp frequency to scan the light source and the sideband signal across a scan range including at least a portion of the absorption line range;

d. directing at least a test portion of the ramped and modulated light toward an uncooperative target;

e. collecting light reflected from the uncooperative target and directing it toward a first detector to generate at least one test signal based on the degree of attenuation of the sideband signal by the dispersed gas; and

f. generating an output indicative of an amount of the dispersed gas in the atmosphere, if any, based on the at least one test signal.