Devices using a medium having a high heat transfer rate

• US 20030066638A1
• Filed: 08/13/2001
• Published: 04/10/2003
• Est. Priority Date: 08/13/2001
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Quantum Technology Holdings Limited
• Original Assignee: New QU Energy Limited
• Inventors: Chen, Peng, Yang, Hong Yuan, Li, YuFu, Wei, Qi Feng, Qu, ZhiPeng, Yan, JunHua, Chao, Jason, Qu, YuZhi
• Granted Patent: US 7,220,365 B2
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• US Class Current: 165/186
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2208/00123 Fingers
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2208/00185 Fingers
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2219/00078 Fingers
• CPC Class Codes: B65D 88/744 heating or cooling through the walls or internal parts of the container, e.g. circulation of fluid inside the walls
• CPC Class Codes: C09K 5/14 Solid materials, e.g. powdery or granular
• CPC Class Codes: F01K 13/00 General layout or general methods of operation of complete plants
• CPC Class Codes: F22B 21/00 Water-tube boilers of vertical or steeply-inclined type, i.e. the water-tube sets being arranged vertically or substantially vertically
• CPC Class Codes: F24S 10/95 having evaporator sections and condenser sections, e.g. heat pipes
• CPC Class Codes: F24S 60/20 using chemical reactions, e.g. thermochemical reactions or isomerisation reactions
• CPC Class Codes: F24S 60/30 storing heat in liquids
• CPC Class Codes: F28D 1/0213 for heating or cooling a liquid in a tank
• CPC Class Codes: F28D 15/00 Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies F28D17/00, F28D19/00, F28D20/00 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: F28D 15/0266 with separate evaporating and condensing chambers connected by at least one conduit; Loop-type heat pipes; with multiple or common evaporating or condensing chambers F28D15/043 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: F28D 15/0275 Arrangements for coupling heat-pipes together or with other structures, e.g. with base blocks; Heat pipe cores
• CPC Class Codes: F28D 21/0003 the heat being recuperated from exhaust gases F28D21/0014 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: F28D 7/10 the conduits being arranged one within the other, e.g. concentrically multiple wall tubes for leak detection F28F1/003
• CPC Class Codes: F28F 1/14 and extending longitudinally F28F1/38 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: F28F 1/34 and extending obliquely F28F1/38 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: F28F 13/00 Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing F28F1/00 - F28F11/00 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 23/427 Cooling by change of state, e.g. use of heat pipes by liquefied gas H01L23/445
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/00 : Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/0002 : Not covered by any one of groups H01L24/00, H01L24/00 and H01L2224/00
• CPC Class Codes: H05K 7/20336 : Heat pipes, e.g. wicks or capillary pumps
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 10/40 : Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 10/44 : Heat exchange systems
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 165/905 : Materials of manufacture
• CPC Class Codes: Y10T 428/1317 : Multilayer [continuous layer]

Abstract

Disclosed is a heat transfer medium having high heat transfer rate, being useful in even wider fields, simple in structure, easy to made, environmentally sound, and capable of rapidly conducting heat and preserving heat in a highly efficient manner. Further disclosed are a heat transfer surface and a heat transfer element utilizing the heat transfer medium. Further disclosed are applications of the heat transfer element.

Claims

1. A heat transfer element comprising a high heat transfer medium, wherein the high heat transfer medium is formed by dissolving the following compounds in water to produce a mixture, and drying the resulting mixture to produce said heat transfer medium product with said compounds in the following weight percentages:

(1) Cobaltic Oxide (Co₂O₃), 0.5-1.0%;

(2) Boron Oxide (B₂O₃), 1.0-2.0%;

(3) Calcium Dichromate (CaCr₂O₇), 1.0-2.0%;

(4) Magnesium Dichromate (MgCr₂O₇.6H₂O), 10.0-20.0%;

(5) Potassium Dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇), 40.0-80.0%;

(6) Sodium Dichromate (Na₂Cr₂O₇), 10.0-20.0%;

(7) Beryllium Oxide (BeO), 0.05-0.10%;

(8) Titanium Diboride (TiB₂), 0.5-1.0%;

(9) Potassium Peroxide (K₂O₂), 0.05-0.10%;

(10) A selected metal or Ammonium Dichromate (MCr₂O₇), 5.0-10.0%;

where “

M”

is selected from the group consisting of potassium, sodium, silver, and ammonium;

(11) Strontium Chromate (SrCrO₄), 0.5-1.0%; and

(12) Silver Dichromate (Ag₂Cr₂O₇), 0.5%-1.0%, the heat transfer medium is positioned on a substrate.

2. A heat transfer element according to claim 1, wherein the weight percentages in the heat transfer product are:

(1) Cobaltic Oxide (Co₂O₃), 0.7-0.8%;

(2) Boron Oxide (B₂O₃), 1.4-1.6%;

(3) Calcium Dichromate (CaCr₂O₇), 1.4-1.6%;

(4) Magnesium Dichromate (MgCr₂O₇.6H₂O), 14.0-16.0%;

(5) Potassium Dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇), 56.0-64.0%;

(6) Sodium Dichromate (Na₂Cr₂O₇), 14.0-16.0%;

(7) Beryllium Oxide (BeO), 0.07-0.08%;

(8) Titanium Diboride (TiB₂), 0.7-0.8%;

(9) Potassium Peroxide (K₂O₂), 0.07-0.08%;

(10) A selected metal or Ammonium Dichromate (MCr₂O₇), 7.0-8.0%;

where “

M”

is selected from the group consisting of potassium, sodium, silver, and ammonium;

(11) Strontium Chromate (SrCrO₄), 0.7-0.8%; and

(12) Silver Dichromate (Ag₂Cr₂O₇), 0.7-0.8%.

3. A heat transfer element according to claim 1, wherein the weight percentages in the heat transfer medium product are:

(1) Cobaltic Oxide (Co₂O₃), 0.723%;

(2) Boron Oxide (B₂O₃), 1.4472%;

(3) Calcium Dichromate (CaCr₂O₇), 1.4472%;

(4) Magnesium Dichromate (MgCr₂O₇.6H₂O), 14.472%;

(5) Potassium Dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇), 57.888%;

Sodium Dichromate (Na₂Cr₂O₇), 14.472%;

Beryllium Oxide (BeO), 0.0723%;

(8) Titanium Diboride (TiB₂), 0.723%;

(9) Potassium Peroxide (K₂O₂), 0.0723%;

(10) (10) A selected metal or Ammonium Dichromate (MCr₂O₇), 7.23%;

where “

M”

is selected from the group consisting of potassium, sodium, silver, and ammonium;

(11) Strontium Chromate (SrCrO₄), 0.723%; and

(12) Silver Dichromate (Ag₂Cr₂O₇), 0.723%.

4. A heat transfer element according to claim 1, wherein the heat transfer element is a heating element.

5. A heat transfer element according to claim 1, wherein the heat transfer element is a heat-dissipating element.

6. A heat transfer element according to according to claim 1, wherein the heat transfer element is a heat exchange element.

7. A heat transfer element for use in heating of electronic or electric equipments which is characterized in that it comprises a high heat transfer medium, wherein the high heat transfer medium is formed by dissolving the following compounds in water to produce a mixture, and drying the resulting mixture to produce said heat transfer medium product with said compounds in the following weight percentages:

(1) Cobaltic Oxide (Co₂O₃), 0.5-1.0%;

(2) Boron Oxide (B₂O₃), 1.0-2.0%;

(3) Calcium Dichromate (CaCr₂O₇), 1.0-2.0%;

(4) Magnesium Dichromate (MgCr₂O₇.6H₂O), 10.0-20.0%;

(5) Potassium Dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇), 40.0-80.0%;

(6) Sodium Dichromate (Na₂Cr₂O₇), 10.0-20.0%;

(7) Beryllium Oxide (BeO), 0.05-0.10%;

(8) Titanium Diboride (TiB₂), 0.5-1.0%;

(9) Potassium Peroxide (K₂O₂), 0.05-0.10%;

(10) A selected metal or Ammonium Dichromate (MCr₂O₇), 5.0-10.0%;

where “

M”

is selected from the group consisting of potassium, sodium, silver, and ammonium;

(11) Strontium Chromate (SrCrO₄), 0.5-1.0%; and

(12) Silver Dichromate (Ag₂Cr₂O₇), 0.5-1.0%.

8. A heat transfer element according to claim 7, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a steam washing machine.

9. A heat transfer element according to claim 7, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a heating system of a drying machine.

10. A heat transfer element according to claim 7, wherein the heat transfer element is a heating radiator.

11. A heat transfer element according to claim 7, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a heater.

12. A heat transfer element according to claim 7, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a fan oven.

13. A heat transfer element for use in heating of daily necessities which is characterized in that it comprises a high heat transfer medium, wherein the high heat transfer medium is formed by dissolving the following compounds in water to produce a mixture, and drying the resulting mixture to produce said heat transfer medium product with said compounds in the following weight percentages:

(1) Cobaltic Oxide (Co₂O₃), 0.5-1.0%;

(2) Boron Oxide (B₂O₃), 1.0-2.0%;

(3) Calcium Dichromate (CaCr₂O₇), 1.0-2.0%;

(4) Magnesium Dichromate (MgCr₂O₇.6H₂O), 10.0-20.0%;

(5) Potassium Dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇), 40.0-80.0%;

(6) Sodium Dichromate (Na₂Cr₂O₇), 10.0-20.0%;

(7) Beryllium Oxide (BeO), 0.05-0.10%;

(8) Titanium Diboride (TiB₂), 0.5-1.0%;

(9) Potassium Peroxide (K₂O₂), 0.05-0.10%;

(10) A selected metal or Ammonium Dichromate (MCr₂O₇), 5.0-10.0%;

where “

M”

is selected from the group consisting of potassium, sodium, silver, and ammonium;

(11) Strontium Chromate (SrCrO₄), 0.5-1.0%; and

(12) Silver Dichromate (Ag₂Cr₂O₇), 0.5-1.0%.

14. A heat transfer element according to claim 13, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of an electric water heater.

15. A heat transfer element according to claim 13, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a radiator.

16. A heat transfer element according to claim 13, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of an electric heater.

17. A heat transfer element according to claim 13, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a kettle.

18. A heat transfer element according to claim 13, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a Chinese hot pot.

19. A heat transfer element according to claim 13, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a grill.

20. A heat transfer element according to claim 13, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of an electric iron.

21. A heat transfer element according to claim 13, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a high performance dual-mode water boiler.

22. A heat transfer element for use in heating of a mechanical processing apparatus which is characterized in that it comprises a high heat transfer medium, wherein the high heat transfer medium is formed by dissolving the following compounds in water to produce a mixture, and drying the resulting mixture to produce said heat transfer medium product with said compounds in the following weight percentages:

(1) Cobaltic Oxide (Co₂O₃), 0.5-1.0%;

(2) Boron Oxide (B₂O₃), 1.0-2.0%;

(3) Calcium Dichromate (CaCr₂O₇), 1.0-2.0%;

(4) Magnesium Dichromate (MgCr₂O₇.6H₂O), 10.0-20.0%;

(5) Potassium Dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇), 40.0-80.0%;

(6) Sodium Dichromate (Na₂Cr₂O₇), 10.0-20.0%;

(7) Beryllium Oxide (BeO), 0.05-0.10%;

(8) Titanium Diboride (TiB₂), 0.5-1.0%;

(9) Potassium Peroxide (K₂O₂), 0.05-0.10%;

(10) A selected metal or Ammonium Dichromate (MCr₂O₇), 5.0-10.0%;

where “

M”

is selected from the group consisting of potassium, sodium, silver, and ammonium;

(11) Strontium Chromate (SrCrO₄), 0.5-1.0%; and

(12) Silver Dichromate (Ag₂Cr₂O₇), 0.5-1.0%.

23. A heat transfer element according to claim 22, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a heat transfer rate injection molding screw rod.

24. A heat transfer element for use in heat recovery systems which is characterized in that it comprises a high heat transfer medium, wherein the high heat transfer medium is formed by dissolving the following compounds in water to produce a mixture, and drying the resulting mixture to produce said heat transfer medium product with said compounds in the following weight percentages:

(1) Cobaltic Oxide (Co₂O₃), 0.5-1.0%;

(2) Boron Oxide (B₂O₃), 1.0-2.0%;

(3) Calcium Dichromate (CaCr₂O₇), 1.0-2.0%;

(4) Magnesium Dichromate (MgCr₂O₇.6H₂O), 10.0-20.0%;

(5) Potassium Dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇), 40.0-80.0%;

(6) Sodium Dichromate (Na₂Cr₂O₇), 10.0-20.0%;

(7) Beryllium Oxide (BeO), 0.05-0.10%;

(8) Titanium Diboride (TiB₂), 0.5-1.0%;

(9) Potassium Peroxide (K₂O₂), 0.05-0.10%;

(10) A selected metal or Ammonium Dichromate (MCr₂O₇), 5.0-10.0%;

where “

M”

is selected from the group consisting of potassium, sodium, silver, and ammonium;

(11) Strontium Chromate (SrCrO₄), 0.5-1.0%; and

(12) Silver Dichromate (Ag₂Cr₂O₇), 0.5-1.0%.

25. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a high heat transfer rate air pre-heater.

26. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a high heat transfer rate air pre-heater in a coke furnace.

27. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of an integrated inorganic high heat transfer air pre-heater in a blast furnace.

28. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a high heat transfer rate horizontal blast air pre-heater in a chemical fertilizer manufacturing system.

29. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a high heat transfer rate horizontal blast air pre-heater in a chemical fertilizer manufacturing system with a steam-water separator.

30. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of an inorganic high heat transfer rate up and down-route gas horizontal symmetric afterheat boiler.

31. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of an inorganic high heat transfer rate up and down-route gas horizontal symmetric afterheat boiler with a steam-water separator.

32. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a high heat transfer rate vertical eccentric blast afterheat boiler in a chemical fertilizer manufacturing system.

33. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a high heat transfer rate vertical blast eccentric afterheat boiler in a chemical fertilizer manufacturing system with a steam-water separator.

34. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a high heat transfer rate symmetrical blast afterheat boiler in a chemical fertilizer manufacturing system.

35. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a high heat transfer rate vertical blast symmetrical afterheat boiler in a chemical fertilizer manufacturing system with a steam-water separator.

36. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat-transfer element is the heating element of an inorganic high heat transfer rate up and down-route gas vertical eccentric afterheat boiler.

37. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of an inorganic high heat transfer rate up and down-route gas vertical eccentric afterheat boiler with a steam-water separator.

38. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of an inorganic high heat transfer rate up and down-route gas vertical symmetrical afterheat boiler.

39. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of an afterheat boiler in the glass kiln.

40. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a high heat transfer rate steam generator in the cement kiln.

41. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a high heat transfer rate water heating system in the cement kiln.

42. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a high heat transfer rate air dryer and heater in a ceramic kiln.

43. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of an afterheat boiler in the ship.

44. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a car exhaust heater.

45. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a high heat transfer rate seawater distiller for oceangoing vessels.

46. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of an inorganic high heat transfer rate up and down-route gas vertical symmetrical afterheat boiler (with steam-water separator).

47. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a high heat transfer rate horizontal afterheat boiler.

48. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a high heat transfer rate eccentric afterheat boiler.

49. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a high heat transfer rate symmetrical afterheat boiler.

50. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a high heat transfer rate electric boiler air pre-heater.

51. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a high heat transfer rate power plant boiler fuel heating system.

52. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a high heat transfer rate power plant boiler water heating system.

53. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of an afterheat water heater.

54. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of an air pre-heater.

55. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a dual gas heater.

56. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of an afterheat boiler of the rotary kiln in magnesium plants.

57. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of an afterheat boiler of the reduction furnace in magnesium plants.

58. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of the afterheat boiler of a sintering machine.

59. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of the afterheat boiler of a coupling casting machine.

60. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a heat recovery device for casting billet.

61. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a heat recovery device for oil-firing industrial furnaces.

62. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a steam generator for oil-firing industrial furnaces.

63. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a heat recovery device for gas-firing industrial furnaces.

64. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of an afterheat steam generator for gas-firing industrial furnaces.

65. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of an energy cycling system in a dryer.

66. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a heat recovery apparatus used in restaurants.

67. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a high heat transfer rate air pre-heater of the propane de-asphalt furnace.

68. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a high heat transfer rate air pre-heater of the molecular screen de-wax carrier furnace.

69. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a high heat transfer rate blast air pre-heater in a chemical fertilizer manufacturing system.

70. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of an integrated high heat transfer air pre-heater in a platinum-resetting heater.

71. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of an air pre-heater of heat transfer Arene device constant depressurizing carrier furnace.

72. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a heat recovery device on the continuous casting billet cold table of a continuous casting machine in the steel plant.

73. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of an air pre-heater in a glass kiln.

74. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a high heat transfer rate air pre-heater installed on the top of a crude heater.

75. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a high heat transfer rate air pre-heater of a steam instilling boiler.

76. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a high heat transfer rate water pre-heater of a steam instilling boiler.

77. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of an afterheat boiler in a heating furnace.

78. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a gas sensible heat device using a coke furnace lift pipe with an high heat transfer element.

79. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a heat transfer anti-dew-point corrosion air pre-heater.

80. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a soft water boiler.

81. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a high heat transfer rate bridge double channel afterheat recovery device.

82. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a vortex scroll heat exchanger.

83. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a high heat transfer rate air-air/air-liquid combined heat exchanger.

84. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a high heat transfer rate afterheat processing apparatus in synthetic ammonia making technique.

85. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a sulfur trioxide heat exchanger.

86. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a total counter flow high heat transfer heat exchanger.

87. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a high heat transfer rate heat recovery apparatus in dry coke technique.

88. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of an integrated high heat transfer air pre-heater in a furfural refiner.

89. A heat transfer element according to claim 24, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of an integrated high heat transfer joint air pre-heater in a heating furnace with constant depressurizing device in refinery.

90. A heat transfer element for use in heating of energy collecting systems which is characterized in that it comprises a high heat transfer medium, wherein the high heat transfer medium is formed by dissolving the following compounds in water to produce a mixture, and drying the resulting mixture to produce said heat transfer medium product with said compounds in the following weight percentages:

(1) Cobaltic Oxide (Co₂O₃), 0.5-1.0%;

(2) Boron Oxide (B₂O₃), 1.0-2.0%;

(3) Calcium Dichromate (CaCr₂O₇), 1.0-2.0%;

(4) Magnesium Dichromate (MgCr₂O₇.6H₂O), 10.0-20.0%;

(5) Potassium Dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇), 40.0-80.0%;

(6) Sodium Dichromate (Na₂Cr₂O₇), 10.0-20.0%;

(7) Beryllium Oxide (BeO), 0.05-0.10%;

(8) Titanium Diboride (TiB₂), 0.5-1.0%;

(9) Potassium Peroxide (K₂O₂), 0.05-0.10%;

(10) A selected metal or Ammonium Dichromate (MCr₂O₇), 5.0-10.0%;

where “

M”

is selected from the group consisting of potassium, sodium, silver, and ammonium;

(11) Strontium Chromate (SrCrO₄), 0.5-1.0%; and

(12) Silver Dichromate (Ag₂Cr₂O₇), 0.5-1.0%.

91. A heat transfer element according to claim 90, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a solar water heater.

92. A heat transfer element according to claim 90, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a solar hot blast tool.

93. A heat transfer element according to claim 90, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a solar energy collector tube.

94. A heat transfer element according to claim 90, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a solar energy collector in plate form.

95. A heat transfer element according to claim 90, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a geothermal collecting equipment.

96. A heat transfer element according to claim 90, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a geothermal steam boiler.

97. A heat transfer element according to claim 90, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a geothermal water temperature exchanger.

98. A heat transfer element according to claim 90, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a geothermal water-air heater.

99. A heat transfer element according to claim 90, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a high heat transfer rate geothermal power generating system.

100. A heat transfer element according to claim 90, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a high heat transfer low temperature geothermal heating system.

101. A heat transfer element according to claim 90, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a high heat transfer rate solar energy collecting building heating system.

102. A heat transfer element according to claim 90, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a high heat transfer rate solar water heater to be installed on the balcony.

103. A heat transfer element according to claim 90, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a high heat transfer rate plate form solar water heater.

104. A heat transfer element according to claim 90, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a heat transfer medium heat reservoir.

105. A heat transfer element according to claim 90, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a high heat transfer rate solar energy collector plate.

106. A heat transfer element for use in heating of electronic or electric equipments which is characterized in that it comprises a high heat transfer medium, wherein the high heat transfer medium is formed by dissolving the following compounds in water to produce a mixture, and drying the resulting mixture to produce said heat transfer medium product with said compounds in the following weight percentages:

(1) Cobaltic Oxide (Co₂O₃), 0.5-1.0%;

(2) Boron Oxide (B₂O₃), 1.0-2.0%;

(3) Calcium Dichromate (CaCr₂O₇), 1.0-2.0%;

(4) Magnesium Dichromate (MgCr₂O₇.6H₂O), 10.0-20.0%;

(5) Potassium Dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇), 40.0-80.0%;

(6) Sodium Dichromate (Na₂Cr₂O₇), 10.0-20.0%;

(7) Beryllium Oxide (BeO), 0.05-0.10%;

(8) Titanium Diboride (TiB₂), 0.5-1.0%;

(9) Potassium Peroxide (K₂O₂), 0.05-0.10%;

(10) A selected metal or Ammonium Dichromate (MCr₂O₇), 5.0-10.0%;

where “

M”

is selected from the group consisting of potassium, sodium, silver, and ammonium;

(11) Strontium Chromate (SrCrO₄), 0.5-1.0%; and

(12) Silver Dichromate (Ag₂Cr₂O₇), 0.5-1.0%.

107. A heat transfer element according to claim 106, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a high heat transfer rate electric boiler air heater.

108. A heat transfer element according to claim 106, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of an electrothermal high heat transfer rate heating reactor.

109. A heat transfer element according to claim 106, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a steam 1 high heat transfer rate heating reactor.

110. A heat transfer element according to claim 106, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a homogeneous temperature distribution epitaxial furnace.

111. A heat transfer element according to claim 106, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of an electrothermal water heating system.

112. A heat transfer element according to claim 106, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a high heat transfer rate thermal sealer for plastic package.

113. A heat transfer element according to claim 106, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a high heat transfer rate gas-firing boiler.

114. A heat transfer element according to claim 106, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a high heat transfer rate gas-firing water heater.

115. A heat transfer element for use in heating of civil engineering facilities and structures which is characterized in that it comprises a high heat transfer medium, wherein the high heat transfer medium is formed by dissolving the following compounds in water to produce a mixture, and drying the resulting mixture to produce said heat transfer medium product with said compounds in the following weight percentages:

(1) Cobaltic Oxide (Co₂O₃), 0.5-1.0%;

(2) Boron Oxide (B₂O₃), 1.0-2.0%;

(3) Calcium Dichromate (CaCr₂O₇), 1.0-2.0%;

(4) Magnesium Dichromate (MgCr₂O₇.6H₂O), 10.0-20.0%;

(5) Potassium Dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇), 40.0-80.0%;

(6) Sodium Dichromate (Na₂Cr₂O₇), 10.0-20.0%;

(7) Beryllium Oxide (BeO), 0.05-0.10%;

(8) Titanium Diboride (TiB₂), 0.5-1.0%;

(9) Potassium Peroxide (K₂O₂), 0.05-0.10%;

(10) A selected metal or Ammonium Dichromate (MCr₂O₇), 5.0-10.0%;

where “

M”

is selected from the group consisting of potassium, sodium, silver, and ammonium;

(11) Strontium Chromate (SrCrO₄), 0.5-1.0%; and

(12) Silver Dichromate (Ag₂Cr₂O₇), 0.5-1.0%.

116. A heat transfer element according to claim 115, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a pavement heating system.

117. A heat transfer element according to claim 115, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of an airport runway heating system.

118. A heat transfer element according to claim 115, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a solar energy pool heating system.

119. A heat transfer element according to claim 115, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a cul-de-sac heater.

120. A heat transfer element for use in heating of drying apparatus which is characterized in that it comprises a high heat transfer medium, wherein the high heat transfer medium is formed by dissolving the following compounds in water to produce a mixture, and drying the resulting mixture to produce said heat transfer medium product with said compounds in the following weight percentages:

(1) Cobaltic Oxide (Co₂O₃), 0.5-1.0%;

(2) Boron Oxide (B₂O₃), 1.0-2.0%;

(3) Calcium Dichromate (CaCr₂O₇), 1.0-2.0%;

(4) Magnesium Dichromate (MgCr₂O₇.6H₂O), 10.0-20.0%;

(5) Potassium Dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇), 40.0-80.0%;

(6) Sodium Dichromate (Na₂Cr₂O₇), 10.0-20.0%;

(7) Beryllium Oxide (BeO), 0.05-0.10%;

(8) Titanium Diboride (TiB₂), 0.5-1.0%;

(9) Potassium Peroxide (K₂O₂), 0.05-0.10%;

(10) A selected metal or Ammonium Dichromate (MCr₂O₇), 5.0-10.0%;

where “

M”

is selected from the group consisting of potassium, sodium, silver, and ammonium;

(11) Strontium Chromate (SrCrO₄), 0.5-1.0%; and

(12) Silver Dichromate (Ag₂Cr₂O₇), 0.5-1.0%.

121. A heat transfer element according to claim 120, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of an electric dryer.

122. A heat transfer element according to claim 120, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of an oil-firing hot air furnace.

123. A heat transfer element according to claim 120, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a gas-firing hot air furnace.

124. A heat transfer element according to claim 120, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a coal-firing hot air furnace.

125. A heat transfer element according to claim 120, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a paper dryer.

126. A heat transfer element according to claim 120, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a pencil wood drying apparatus.

127. A heat transfer element according to claim 120, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a timber dryer.

128. A heat transfer element according to claim 120, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a spraying dryer.

129. A heat transfer element according to claim 120, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a turret dryer.

130. A heat transfer element according to claim 120, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a hot blast dryer.

131. A heat transfer element for use in heating of chemical engineering apparatus which is characterized in that it comprises a high heat transfer medium, wherein the high heat transfer medium is formed by dissolving the following compounds in water to produce a mixture, and drying the resulting mixture to produce said heat transfer medium product with said compounds in the following weight percentages:

(1) Cobaltic Oxide (Co₂O₃), 0.5-1.0%;

(2) Boron Oxide (B₂O₃), 1.0-2.0%;

(3) Calcium Dichromate (CaCr₂O₇), 1.0-2.0%;

(4) Magnesium Dichromate (MgCr₂O₇.6H₂O), 10.0-20.0%;

(5) Potassium Dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇), 40.0-80.0%;

(6) Sodium Dichromate (Na₂Cr₂O₇), 10.0-20.0%;

(7) Beryllium Oxide (BeO), 0.05-0.10%;

(8) Titanium Diboride (TiB₂), 0.5-1.0%;

(9) Potassium Peroxide (K₂O₂), 0.05-0.10%;

(10) A selected metal or Ammonium Dichromate (MCr₂O₇), 5.0-110.0%;

where “

M”

is selected from the group consisting of potassium, sodium, silver, and ammonium;

(11) Strontium Chromate (SrCrO₄), 0.5-1.0%; and

(12) Silver Dichromate (Ag₂Cr₂O₇), 0.5-1.0%.

132. A heat transfer element according to claim 131, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a crude oil heater.

133. A heat transfer element according to claim 131, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of an oil reservoir heater.

134. A heat transfer element according to claim 131, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a crude heater of oil tank at the entrance of the oil well.

135. A heat transfer element according to claim 131, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a crude oil heater of onboard oil can.

136. A heat transfer element according to claim 131, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a vehicle oil tank heater.

137. A heat transfer element according to claim 131, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of an inner heat exchange heater at the entrance of the oil well.

138. A heat transfer element according to claim 131, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of electric-thermal crude oil heating apparatus.

139. A heat transfer element according to claim 131, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of an endothermic chemical reactor.

140. A heat transfer element according to claim 131, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a thermostatic bathtub.

141. A heat transfer element according to claim 131, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a crude oil heating furnace for oil pipes.

142. A heat transfer element according to claim 131, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of an endothermic chemical reactor vessel.

143. A heat transfer element according to claim 131, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a crude oil heater for heavy oil reservoirs.

144. A heat transfer element for use in agriculture &

fishery which is characterized in that it comprises a high heat transfer medium, wherein the high heat transfer medium is formed by dissolving the following compounds in water to produce a mixture, and drying the resulting mixture to produce said heat transfer medium product with said compounds in the following weight percentages;

(1) Cobaltic Oxide (Co₂O₃), 0.5-1.0%;

(2) Boron Oxide (B₂O₃), 1.0-2.0%;

(3) Calcium Dichromate (CaCr₂O₇), 1.0-2.0%;

(4) Magnesium Dichromate (MgCr₂O₇.6H₂O), 10.0-20.0%;

(5) Potassium Dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇), 40.0-80.0%;

(6) Sodium Dichromate (Na₂Cr₂O₇), 10.0-20.0%;

(7) Beryllium Oxide (BeO), 0.05-0.10%;

(8) Titanium Diboride (TiB₂), 0.5-1.0%;

(9) Potassium Peroxide (K₂O₂), 0.05-0.10%;

(10) A selected metal or Ammonium Dichromate (MCr₂O₇), 5.0-10.0%;

where “

M”

is selected from the group consisting of potassium, sodium, silver, and ammonium;

(11) Strontium Chromate (SrCrO₄), 0.5-1.0%; and

(12) Silver Dichromate (Ag₂Cr₂O₇), 0.5-1.0%.

145. A heat transfer element according to claim 144, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a heat-dissipating apparatus preventing spontaneous ignition and heating.

146. A heat transfer element for use in computers and peripherals which is characterized in that it comprises a high heat transfer medium, wherein the high heat transfer medium is formed by dissolving the following compounds in water to produce a mixture, and drying the resulting mixture to produce said heat transfer medium product with said compounds in the following weight percentages:

(1) Cobaltic Oxide (Co₂O₃), 0.5-1.0%;

(2) Boron Oxide (B₂O₃), 1.0-2.0%;

(3) Calcium Dichromate (CaCr₂O₇), 1.0-2.0%;

(4) Magnesium Dichromate (MgCr₂O₇.6H₂O), 10.0-20.0%;

(5) Potassium Dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇), 40.0-80.0%;

(6) Sodium Dichromate (Na₂Cr₂O₇), 10.0-20.0%;

(7) Beryllium Oxide (BeO), 0.05-0.10%;

(8) Titanium Diboride (TiB₂), 0.5-1.0%;

(9) Potassium Peroxide (K₂O₂), 0.05-0.10%;

(10) A selected metal or Ammonium Dichromate (MCr₂O₇), 5.0-10.0%;

where “

M”

is selected from the group consisting of potassium, sodium, silver, and ammonium;

(11) Strontium Chromate (SrCrO₄), 0.5-1.0%; and

(12) Silver Dichromate (Ag₂Cr₂O₇), 0.5-1.0%.

147. A heat transfer element according to claim 146, wherein the heat transfer element is the serpentine-shape heat-dissipating element of CPU coolers for desktop computers.

148. A heat transfer element according to claim 146, wherein the heat transfer element is the plate heat-dissipating element of CPU coolers for desktop computers.

149. A heat transfer element according to claim 146, wherein the heat transfer element is the external heat-dissipating element of CPU coolers for desktop computers.

150. A heat transfer element according to claim 146, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of the plate CPU cooler of laptop computer under the keyboard.

151. A heat transfer element according to claim 146, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of the plate CPU cooler of laptop computer behind the LCD display.

152. A heat transfer element according to claim 146, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of an IC cooler.

153. A heat transfer element according to claim 146, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a semiconductor cooler.

154. A heat transfer element according to claim 146, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of an IC carrying cooler for laptop computer CPU.

155. A heat transfer element according to claim 146, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of the plate CPU cooling apparatus of laptop computer in the keyboard.

156. A heat transfer element according to claim 146, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a chipset-cooling device.

157. A heat transfer element according to claim 146, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of an EMI-reducing cooling device.

158. A heat transfer element for use in heat dissipation in electronic or electric equipments which is characterized in that it comprises a high heat transfer medium, wherein the high heat transfer medium is formed by dissolving the following compounds in water to produce a mixture, and drying the resulting mixture to produce said heat transfer medium product with said compounds in the following weight percentages:

(1) Cobaltic Oxide (Co₂O₃), 0.5-1.0%;

(2) Boron Oxide (B₂O₃), 1.0-2.0%;

(3) Calcium Dichromate (CaCr₂O₇), 1.0-2.0%;

(4) Magnesium Dichromate (MgCr₂O₇.6H₂O), 10.0-20.0%;

(5) Potassium Dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇), 40.0-80.0%;

(6) Sodium Dichromate (Na₂Cr₂O₇), 10.0-20.0%;

(7) Beryllium Oxide (BeO), 0.05-0.10%;

(8) Titanium Diboride (TiB₂), 0.5-1.0%;

(9) Potassium Peroxide (K₂O₂), 0.05-0.10%;

(10) A selected metal or Ammonium Dichromate (MCr₂O₇), 5.0-10.0%;

where “

M”

is selected from the group consisting of potassium, sodium, silver, and ammonium;

(11) Strontium Chromate (SrCrO₄), 0.5-1.0%; and

(12) Silver Dichromate (Ag₂Cr₂O₇), 0.5-1.0%.

159. A heat transfer element according to claim 158, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a top-mounted sealed radiator for electronic controllers.

160. A heat transfer element according to claim 158, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a wall-mounted sealed radiator for electronic controllers.

161. A heat transfer element according to claim 158, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of an embedded sealed radiator for electronic controllers.

162. A heat transfer element according to claim 158, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a sealed radiator for industrial displays.

163. A heat transfer element according to claim 158, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a sealed cooler for television sets.

164. A heat transfer element according to claim 158, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a silicon-controlled device radiator.

165. A heat transfer element according to claim 158, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a radiator for thyristers.

166. A heat transfer element according to claim 158, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a compressed intermediate stage cooler.

167. A heat transfer element according to claim 158, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a large power cooler of the silicon controlled device in an explosion-proof casing.

168. A heat transfer element according to claim 158, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a cooler for power modules.

169. A heat transfer element according to claim 158, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a radiator for storage battery.

170. A heat transfer element according to claim 158, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a thermoelectric cooler.

171. A heat transfer element according to claim 158, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a refrigerator radiator.

172. A heat transfer element according to claim 158, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a projector heat dissipating system.

173. A heat transfer element according to claim 158, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a cooling plate radiator.

174. A heat transfer element according to claim 158, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a scanner cooling system.

175. A heat transfer element according to claim 158, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a waste heat air conditioning system.

176. A heat transfer element for use in heat dissipation in medical treatment apparatus which is characterized in that it comprises a high heat transfer medium, wherein the high heat transfer medium is formed by dissolving the following compounds in water to produce a mixture, and drying the resulting mixture to produce said heat transfer medium product with said compounds in the following weight percentages:

(1) Cobaltic Oxide (Co₂O₃), 0.5-1.0%;

(2) Boron Oxide (B₂O₃), 1.0-2.0%;

(3) Calcium Dichromate (CaCr₂O₇), 1.0-2.0%;

(4) Magnesium Dichromate (MgCr₂O₇.6H₂O), 10.0-20.0%;

(5) Potassium Dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇), 40.0-80.0%;

(6) Sodium Dichromate (Na₂Cr₂O₇), 10.0-20.0%;

(7) Beryllium Oxide (BeO), 0.05-0.10%;

(8) Titanium Diboride (TiB₂), 0.5-1.0%;

(9) Potassium Peroxide (K₂O₂), 0.05-0.10%;

(10) A selected metal or Ammonium Dichromate (MCr₂O₇), 5.0-10.0%;

where “

M”

is selected from the group consisting of potassium, sodium, silver, and ammonium;

(11) Strontium Chromate (SrCrO₄), 0.5-1.0%; and

(12) Silver Dichromate (Ag₂Cr₂O₇), 0.5-1.0%.

177. A heat transfer element according to claim 176, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of an anti-dozing cold hat.

178. A heat transfer element according to claim 176, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a thermoelectric cooling beauty device.

179. A heat transfer element for use in heat dissipation in daily necessities which is characterized in that it comprises a high heat transfer medium, wherein the high heat transfer medium is formed by dissolving the following compounds in water to produce a mixture, and drying the resulting mixture to produce said heat transfer medium product with said compounds in the following weight percentages:

(1) Cobaltic Oxide (Co₂O₃), 0.5-1.0%;

(2) Boron Oxide (B₂O₃), 1.0-2.0%;

(3) Calcium Dichromate (CaCr₂O₇), 1.0-2.0%;

(4) Magnesium Dichromate (MgCr₂O₇.6H₂O), 10.0-20.0%;

(5) Potassium Dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇), 40.0-80.0%;

(6) Sodium Dichromate (Na₂Cr₂O₇), 10.0-20.0%;

(7) Beryllium Oxide (BeO), 0.05-0.10%;

(8) Titanium Diboride (TiB₂), 0.5-1.0%;

(9) Potassium Peroxide (K₂O₂), 0.05-0.10%;

(10) A selected metal or Ammonium Dichromate (MCr₂O₇), 5.0-10.0%;

where “

M”

is selected from the group consisting of potassium, sodium, silver, and ammonium;

(11) Strontium Chromate (SrCrO₄), 0.5-1.0%; and

(12) Silver Dichromate (Ag₂Cr₂O₇), 0.5-1.0%.

180. A heat transfer element according to claim 179, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a drink cooling stick.

181. A heat transfer element according to claim 179, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a cooling cup.

182. A heat transfer element according to claim 179, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a lamp radiator.

183. A heat transfer element according to claim 179, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a food container.

184. A heat transfer element according to claim 179, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a thermoelectric cooling food container.

185. A heat transfer element according to claim 179, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a drink cooler.

186. A heat transfer element for use in heat dissipation in mechanical processing apparatus which is characterized in that it comprises a high heat transfer medium, wherein the high heat transfer medium is formed by dissolving the following compounds in water to produce a mixture, and drying the resulting mixture to produce said heat transfer medium product with said compounds in the following weight percentages:

(1) Cobaltic Oxide (Co₂O₃), 0.5-1.0%;

(2) Boron Oxide (B₂O₃), 1.0-2.0%;

(3) Calcium Dichromate (CaCr₂O₇), 1.0-2.0%;

(4) Magnesium Dichromate (MgCr₂O₇.6H₂O), 10.0-20.0%;

(5) Potassium Dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇), 40.0-80.0%;

(6) Sodium Dichromate (Na₂Cr₂O₇), 10.0-20.0%;

(7) Beryllium Oxide (BeO), 0.05-0.10%;

(8) Titanium Diboride (TiB₂), 0.5-1.0%;

(9) Potassium Peroxide (K₂O₂), 0.05-0.10%;

(10) A selected metal or Ammonium Dichromate (MCr₂O₇), 5.0-10.0%;

where “

M”

is selected from the group consisting of potassium, sodium, silver, and ammonium;

(11) Strontium Chromate (SrCrO₄), 0.5-1.0%; and

(12) Silver Dichromate (Ag₂Cr₂O₇), 0.5-1.0%.

187. A heat transfer element according to claim 186, wherein the heat transfer element is a machine center guiding track.

188. A heat transfer element according to claim 186, wherein the heat transfer element is a machine center main pivot.

189. A heat transfer element according to claim 186, wherein the heat transfer element is a drill.

190. A heat transfer element according to claim 186, wherein the heat transfer element is a cutting tool.

191. A heat transfer element according to claim 186, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of an injection mold.

192. A heat transfer element according to claim 186, wherein the heat transfer element is a high-polymer extruding machine screw.

193. A heat transfer element according to claim 186, wherein the heat transfer element is a mining drill.

194. A heat transfer element for use in heat dissipation in an audio-visual equipment which is characterized in that it comprises a high heat transfer medium, wherein the high heat transfer medium is formed by dissolving the following compounds in water to produce a mixture, and drying the resulting mixture to produce said heat transfer medium product with said compounds in the following weight percentages:

(1) Cobaltic Oxide (Co₂O₃), 0.5-1.0%;

(2) Boron Oxide (B₂O₃), 1.0-2.0%;

(3) Calcium Dichromate (CaCr₂O₇), 1.0-2.0%;

(4) Magnesium Dichromate (MgCr₂O₇.6H₂O), 10.0-20.0%;

(5) Potassium Dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇), 40.0-80.0%;

(6) Sodium Dichromate (Na₂Cr₂O₇), 10.0-20.0%;

(7) Beryllium Oxide (BeO), 0.05-0.10%;

(8) Titanium Diboride (TiB₂), 0.5-1.0%;

(9) Potassium Peroxide (K₂O₂), 0.05-0.10%;

(10) A selected metal or Ammonium Dichromate (MCr₂O₇), 5.0-110.0%;

where “

M”

is selected from the group consisting of potassium, sodium, silver, and ammonium;

(11) Strontium Chromate (SrCrO₄), 0.5-1.0%; and

(12) Silver Dichromate (Ag₂Cr₂O₇), 0.5-1.0%.

195. A heat transfer element according to claim 194, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a sound reproducing output system.

196. A heat transfer element according to claim 195, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of an output system.

197. A heat transfer element according to claim 196, wherein the heat transfer element comes in a segment or plate type.

198. A heat transfer element according to claim 195, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a transistor in a power amplifier of a sound reproducing system.

199. A heat transfer element according to claim 198, wherein the heat transfer element comes in a tube or plate type.

200. A heat transfer element for use in heat dissipation in electric mechanical equipments which is characterized in that it comprises a high heat transfer medium, wherein the high heat transfer medium is formed by dissolving the following compounds in water to produce a mixture, and drying the resulting mixture to produce said heat transfer medium product with said compounds in the following weight percentages:

(1) Cobaltic Oxide (Co₂O₃), 0.5-1.0%;

(2) Boron Oxide (B₂O₃), 1.0-2.0%;

(3) Calcium Dichromate (CaCr₂O₇), 1.0-2.0%;

(4) Magnesium Dichromate (MgCr₂O₇.6H₂O), 10.0-20.0%;

(5) Potassium Dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇), 40.0-80.0%;

(6) Sodium Dichromate (Na₂Cr₂O₇), 10.0-20.0%;

(7) Beryllium Oxide (BeO), 0.05-0.10%;

(8) Titanium Diboride (TiB₂), 0.5-1.0%;

(9) Potassium Peroxide (K₂O₂), 0.05-0.10%;

(10) A selected metal or Ammonium Dichromate (MCr₂O₇), 5.0-10.0%;

where “

M”

is selected from the group consisting of potassium, sodium, silver, and ammonium;

(11) Strontium Chromate (SrCrO₄), 0.5-1.0%; and

(12) Silver Dichromate (Ag₂Cr₂O₇), 0.5-1.0%.

201. A heat transfer element according to claim 200, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of an exhaust stream condenser of a power plant boiler.

202. A heat transfer element according to claim 200, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a transformer radiator.

203. A heat transfer element according to claim 200, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a magnetic core of a transformer.

204. A heat transfer element according to claim 200, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a heat dissipating system of an electrical apparatus.

205. A heat transfer element according to claim 200, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a tri-phase asynchronous velocity adjustable motor.

206. A heat transfer element according to claim 200, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of an intensive magnetic oil cooler.

207. A heat transfer element according to claim 200, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of an X-ray machine cooler.

208. A heat transfer element according to claim 200, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a heat dissipating system of a motor radiator.

209. A heat transfer element according to claim 200, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a hydraulic oil radiator of a hydraulic system.

210. A heat transfer element according to claim 200, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a heat dissipating system of a transmission shaft system.

211. A heat transfer element according to claim 200, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a cooler for the pivot of machines.

212. A heat transfer element according to claim 200, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element in welding for part assembly.

213. A heat transfer element according to claim 200, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a cooling system of a pump.

214. A heat transfer element according to claim 200, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of an electrothermal reactor cooling system.

215. A heat transfer element according to claim 200, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a steam reactor cooling system.

216. A heat transfer element according to claim 200, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a high-current off-phase close bus air-cooler.

217. A heat transfer element according to claim 200, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a cooling system of heavy machine linkage parts.

218. A heat transfer element according to claim 200, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a radiator of the heavy machine braking system.

219. A heat transfer element according to claim 200, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a cooling system of a diesel engine.

220. A heat transfer element according to claim 200, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a bearing cooling system.

221. A heat transfer element according to claim 200, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a cooling system of a turbo charger.

222. A heat transfer element according to claim 200, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a cooling system of a gasoline engine.

223. A heat transfer element according to claim 200, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a cooler for car radiators.

224. A heat transfer element according to claim 200, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a heat absorber and dissipater of energy storage.

225. A heat transfer element according to claim 200, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a stirring type heat dissipitating device.

226. A heat transfer element according to claim 200, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a pressurized gas water cooler.

227. A heat transfer element according to claim 200, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a heat intake.

228. A heat transfer element according to claim 200, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of an amorphous material preparation apparatus.

229. A heat transfer element for use in heat dissipation in civil engineering facilities and structures which is characterized in that it comprises a high heat transfer medium, wherein the high heat transfer medium is formed by dissolving the following compounds in water to produce a mixture, and drying the resulting mixture to produce said heat transfer medium product with said compounds in the following weight percentages:

(1) Cobaltic Oxide (Co₂O₃), 0.5-1.0%;

(2) Boron Oxide (B₂O₃), 1.0-2.0%;

(3) Calcium Dichromate (CaCr₂O₇), 1.0-2.0%;

(4) Magnesium Dichromate (MgCr₂O₇.6H₂O), 10.0-20.0%;

(5) Potassium Dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇), 40.0-80.0%;

(6) Sodium Dichromate (Na₂Cr₂O₇), 10.0-20.0%;

(7) Beryllium Oxide (BeO), 0.05-0.10%;

(8) Titanium Diboride (TiB₂), 0.5-1.0%;

(9) Potassium Peroxide (K₂O₂), 0.05-0.10%;

(10) A selected metal or Ammonium Dichromate (MCr₂O₇), 5.0-10.0%;

where “

M”

is selected from the group consisting of potassium, sodium, silver, and ammonium;

(11) Strontium Chromate (SrCrO₄), 0.5-1.0%; and

(12) Silver Dichromate (Ag₂Cr₂O₇), 0.5-1.0%.

230. A heat transfer element according to claim 229, wherein the heat transfer element is a furnace arc hanger of a boiler.

231. A heat transfer element for use in heat dissipation in chemical engineering apparatus which is characterized in that it comprises a high heat transfer medium, wherein the high heat transfer medium is formed by dissolving the following compounds in water to produce a mixture, and drying the resulting mixture to produce said heat transfer medium product with said compounds in the following weight percentages:

(1) Cobaltic Oxide (Co₂O₃), 0.5-1.0%;

(2) Boron Oxide (B₂O₃), 1.0-2.0%;

(3) Calcium Dichromate (CaCr₂O₇), 1.0-2.0%;

(4) Magnesium Dichromate (MgCr₂O₇.6H₂O), 10.0-20.0%;

(5) Potassium Dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇), 40.0-80.0%;

(6) Sodium Dichromate (Na₂Cr₂O₇), 10.0-20.0%;

(7) Beryllium Oxide (BeO), 0.05-0.10%;

(8) Titanium Diboride (TiB₂), 0.5-1.0%;

(9) Potassium Peroxide (K₂O₂), 0.05-0.10%;

(10) A selected metal or Ammonium Dichromate (MCr₂O₇), 5.0-10.0%;

where “

M”

is selected from the group consisting of potassium, sodium, silver, and ammonium;

(11) Strontium Chromate (SrCrO₄), 0.5-1.0%; and

(12) Silver Dichromate (Ag₂Cr₂O₇), 0.5-1.0%.

232. A heat transfer element according to claim 231, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of an oil tank cooler.

233. A heat transfer element according to claim 231, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a plate radiator.

234. A heat transfer element according to claim 231, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat-dissipating element of a bulk cement cooler.

235. A heat transfer element for use in heat exchange in agriculture &

fishery systems which is characterized in that it comprises a high heat transfer medium, wherein the high heat transfer medium is formed by dissolving the following compounds in water to produce a mixture, and drying the resulting mixture to produce said heat transfer medium product with said compounds in the following weight percentages;

(1) Cobaltic Oxide (Co₂O₃), 0.5-1.0%;

(2) Boron Oxide (B₂O₃), 1.0-2.0%;

(3) Calcium Dichromate (CaCr₂O₇), 1.0-2.0%;

(4) Magnesium Dichromate (MgCr₂O₇.6H₂O), 10.0-20.0%;

(5) Potassium Dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇), 40.0-80.0%;

(6) Sodium Dichromate (Na₂Cr₂O₇), 10.0-20.0%;

(7) Beryllium Oxide (BeO), 0.05-0.10%;

(8) Titanium Diboride (TiB₂), 0.5-1.0%;

(9) Potassium Peroxide (K₂O₂), 0.05-0.10%;

(10) A selected metal or Ammonium Dichromate (MCr₂O₇), 5.0-10.0%;

where “

M”

is selected from the group consisting of potassium, sodium, silver, and ammonium;

(11) Strontium Chromate (SrCrO₄), 0.5-1.0%; and

(12) Silver Dichromate (Ag₂Cr₂O₇), 0.5-1.0%.

236. A heat transfer element according to claim 235, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat exchange element of a heat circulation system.

237. A heat transfer element according to claim 235, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat exchange element of a heat transfer apparatus for keeping the room temperature constant.

238. A heat transfer element according to claim 235, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat exchange element of a geothermal collection system.

239. A heat transfer element according to claim 235, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat exchange element of agricultural plastic canopies.

240. A heat transfer element for use in heat exchange in medical treatment apparatus which is characterized in that it comprises a high heat transfer medium, wherein the high heat transfer medium is formed by dissolving the following compounds in water to produce a mixture, and drying the resulting mixture to produce said heat transfer medium product with said compounds in the following weight percentages:

(1) Cobaltic Oxide (Co₂O₃), 0.5-1.0%;

(2) Boron Oxide (B₂O₃), 1.0-2.0%;

(3) Calcium Dichromate (CaCr₂O₇), 1.0-2.0%;

(4) Magnesium Dichromate (MgCr₂O₇.6H₂O), 10.0-20.0%;

(5) Potassium Dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇), 40.0-80.0%;

(6) Sodium Dichromate (Na₂Cr₂O₇), 10.0-20.0%;

(7) Beryllium Oxide (BeO), 0.05-0.10%;

(8) Titanium Diboride (TiB₂), 0.5-1.0%;

(9) Potassium Peroxide (K₂O₂), 0.05-0.10%;

(10) A selected metal or Ammonium Dichromate (MCr₂O₇), 5.0-10.0%;

where “

M”

is selected from the group consisting of potassium, sodium, silver, and ammonium;

(11) Strontium Chromate (SrCrO₄), 0.5-1.0%; and

(12) Silver Dichromate (Ag₂Cr₂O₇), 0.5-1.0%.

241. A heat transfer element according to claim 240, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating or heat-dissipating element of an acupuncture instrument.

242. A heat transfer element for use in heat exchange in electric mechanical equipments which is characterized in that it comprises a high heat transfer medium, wherein the high heat transfer medium is formed by dissolving the following compounds in water to produce a mixture, and drying the resulting mixture to produce said heat transfer medium product with said compounds in the following weight percentages:

(1) Cobaltic Oxide (Co₂O₃), 0.5-1.0%;

(2) Boron Oxide (B₂O₃), 1.0-2.0%;

(3) Calcium Dichromate (CaCr₂O₇), 1.0-2.0%;

(4) Magnesium Dichromate (MgCr₂O₇.6H₂O), 10.0-20.0%;

(5) Potassium Dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇), 40.0-80.0%;

(6) Sodium Dichromate (Na₂Cr₂O₇), 10.0-20.0%;

(7) Beryllium Oxide (BeO), 0.05-0.10%;

(8) Titanium Diboride (TiB₂), 0.5-1.0%;

(9) Potassium Peroxide (K₂O₂), 0.05-0.10%;

(10) A selected metal or Ammonium Dichromate (MCr₂O₇), 5.0-10.0%;

where “

M”

is selected from the group consisting of potassium, sodium, silver, and ammonium;

(11) Strontium Chromate (SrCrO₄), 0.5-1.0%; and

(12) Silver Dichromate (Ag₂Cr₂O₇), 0.5-1.0%.

243. A heat transfer element according to claim 242, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat exchange element of a target furnace.

244. A heat transfer element according to claim 242, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat exchange element of an industrial exhaust recycling apparatus.

245. A heat transfer element according to claim 242, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat exchange element of a vibrating dust removing heat exchanger.

246. A heat transfer element for use in heat exchange in a thermostatic equipment which is characterized in that it comprises a high heat transfer medium, wherein the high heat transfer medium is formed by dissolving the following compounds in water to produce a mixture, and drying the resulting mixture to produce said heat transfer medium product with said compounds in the following weight percentages:

(1) Cobaltic Oxide (Co₂O₃), 0.5-1.0%;

(2) Boron Oxide (B₂O₃), 1.0-2.0%;

(3) Calcium Dichromate (CaCr₂O₇), 1.0-2.0%;

(4) Magnesium Dichromate (MgCr₂O₇.6H₂O), 10.0-20.0%;

(5) Potassium Dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇), 40.0-80.0%;

(6) Sodium Dichromate (Na₂Cr₂O₇), 10.0-20.0%;

(7) Beryllium Oxide (BeO), 0.05-0.10%;

(8) Titanium Diboride (TiB₂), 0.5-1.0%;

(9) Potassium Peroxide (K₂O₂), 0.05-0.10%;

(10) A selected metal or Ammonium Dichromate (MCr₂O₇), 5.0-10.0%;

where “

M”

is selected from the group consisting of potassium, sodium, silver, and ammonium;

(11) Strontium Chromate (SrCrO₄), 0.5-1.0%; and

(12) Silver Dichromate (Ag₂Cr₂O₇), 0.5-1.0%.

247. A heat transfer element according to claim 246, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat exchange element of an artificial crystal cultivation thermostatic box.

248. A heat transfer element according to claim 246, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat exchange element of a ventilation system.

249. A heat transfer element according to claim 246, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat exchange element of an air cleaner.

250. A heat transfer element according to claim 246, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat exchange element of an indoor air exchanger.

251. A heat transfer element according to claim 246, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat exchange element of an air-conditioning system.

252. A heat transfer element according to claim 246, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat exchange element of the ventilator of an air-conditioning system.

253. A heat transfer element according to claim 246, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat exchange element of a thermostatic system.

254. A heat transfer element according to claim 246, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat exchange element of a thermostatic controller of a fermentation container.

255. A heat transfer element according to claim 246, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of thermostatic equipment.

256. A heat transfer element according to claim 246, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a thermostatic device for a biochemical reaction.

257. A heat transfer element according to claim 246, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a geothermal collection system.

258. A heat transfer element according to claim 246, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of an urban heating system.

259. A heat transfer element according to claim 246, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a pavement snow-melting system.

260. A heat transfer element according to claim 246, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a thermostatic apparatus.

261. A heat transfer element according to claim 246, wherein the heat transfer element is the heating element of a quartz formation thermostatic apparatus.

262. A heat transfer element according to claim 246, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat exchange element of a thermostatic apparatus.

263. A heat transfer element according to claim 246, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat exchange element of a satellite thermostatic apparatus.

264. A heat transfer element according to claim 246, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat exchange element of a thermostatic apparatus.

265. A heat transfer element according to claim 246, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat exchange element of an air conditioner.

266. A heat transfer element according to claim 246, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat exchange element of an integrated power-saving air conditioner.

267. A heat transfer element for use in heat exchange in chemical engineering equipments which is characterized in that it comprises a high heat transfer medium, wherein the high heat transfer medium is formed by dissolving the following compounds in water to produce a mixture, and drying the resulting mixture to produce said heat transfer medium product with said compounds in the following weight percentages:

(1) Cobaltic Oxide (Co₂O₃), 0.5-1.0%;

(2) Boron Oxide (B₂O₃), 1.0-2.0%;

(3) Calcium Dichromate (CaCr₂O₇), 1.0-2.0%;

(4) Magnesium Dichromate (MgCr₂O₇.6H₂O), 10.0-20.0%;

(5) Potassium Dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇), 40.0-80.0%;

(6) Sodium Dichromate (Na₂Cr₂O₇), 10.0-20.0%;

(7) Beryllium Oxide (BeO), 0.05-0.10%;

(8) Titanium Diboride (TiB₂), 0.5-1.0%;

(9) Potassium Peroxide (K₂O₂), 0.05-0.10%;

(10) A selected metal or Ammonium Dichromate (MCr₂O₇), 5.0-110.0%;

where “

M”

is selected from the group consisting of potassium, sodium, silver, and ammonium;

(11) Strontium Chromate (SrCrO₄), 0.5-1.0%; and

(12) Silver Dichromate (Ag₂Cr₂O₇), 0.5-1.0%.

268. A heat transfer element according to claim 267, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat exchange element of a thermostatic apparatus for petroleum chemical equipments.

269. A heat transfer element according to claim 267, wherein the heat transfer element is the heat exchange element of a thermostatic cracking furnace.

270. A heat transfer element system for use in heating in agriculture and fishery cultivation systems which is characterized in that it comprises a high heat transfer medium, wherein the high heat transfer medium is formed by dissolving the following compounds in water to produce a mixture, and drying the resulting mixture to produce said heat transfer medium product with said compounds in the following weight percentages:

(1) Cobaltic Oxide (Co₂O₃), 0.5-1.0%;

(2) Boron Oxide (B₂O₃), 1.0-2.0%;

(3) Calcium Dichromate (CaCr₂O₇), 1.0-2.0%;

(4) Magnesium Dichromate (MgCr₂O₇.6H₂O), 10.0-20.0%;

(5) Potassium Dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇), 40.0-80.0%;

(6) Sodium Dichromate (Na₂Cr₂O₇), 10.0-20.0%;

(7) Beryllium Oxide (BeO), 0.05-0.10%;

(8) Titanium Diboride (TiB₂), 0.5-1.0%;

(9) Potassium Peroxide (K₂O₂), 0.05-0.10%;

(10) A selected metal or Ammonium Dichromate (MCr₂O₇), 5.0-10.0%;

where “

M”

is selected from the group consisting of potassium, sodium, silver, and ammonium;

(11) Strontium Chromate (SrCrO₄), 0.5-1.0%; and

(12) Silver Dichromate (Ag₂Cr₂O₇), 0.5-1.0%.

271. A heat transfer element system according to claim 270, wherein the system comprises the heat transfer element for heating of a plant heating system.

272. A heat transfer element system according to claim 270, wherein the system comprises the heating element of the solar energy water heater in a plant heating system.

273. A heat transfer element system according to claim 270, wherein the system comprises the heating element of the geothermal water heater in a plants heating system.

274. A heat transfer element system according to claim 270, wherein the system comprises the heat-dissipating element of a plants heating system.

275. A heat transfer element system according to claim 270, wherein the system comprises the heat-dissipating element of the air radiator in a plants heating system.

276. A heat transfer element system according to claim 270, wherein the system comprises the heat transfer element for heating of a fishery cultivation heating system.

277. A heat transfer element system according to claim 276, wherein the system comprises the heating element of the solar energy water heater in a fishery cultivation heating system.

278. A heat transfer element system according to claim 276, wherein the system comprises the heating element of the geothermal water heater in a fishery cultivation heating system.

279. A heat transfer element system according to claim 276, wherein the system comprises the heating element of the pond heater in a fishery cultivation heating system.

280. A heat transfer element system for use in heat exchange in electronic or electric equipments which is characterized in that it comprises a high heat transfer medium, wherein the high heat transfer medium is formed by dissolving the following compounds in water to produce a mixture, and drying the resulting mixture to produce said heat transfer medium product with said compounds in the following weight percentages:

(1) Cobaltic Oxide (Co₂O₃), 0.5-1.0%;

(2) Boron Oxide (B₂O₃), 1.0-2.0%;

(3) Calcium Dichromate (CaCr₂O₇), 1.0-2.0%;

(4) Magnesium Dichromate (MgCr₂O₇.6H₂O), 10.0-20.0%;

(5) Potassium Dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇), 40.0-80.0%;

(6) Sodium Dichromate (Na₂Cr₂O₇), 10.0-20.0%;

(7) Beryllium Oxide (BeO), 0.05-0.10%;

(8) Titanium Diboride (TiB₂), 0.5-1.0%;

(9) Potassium Peroxide (K₂O₂), 0.05-0.10%;

(10) A selected metal or Ammonium Dichromate (MCr₂O₇), 5.0-10.0%;

where “

M”

is selected from the group consisting of potassium, sodium, silver, and ammonium;

(11) Strontium Chromate (SrCrO₄), 0.5-1.0%; and

(12) Silver Dichromate (Ag₂Cr₂O₇), 0.5-1.0%.

281. A heat transfer element system according to claim 280, wherein the system comprises the heat exchange element of a dehydrating apparatus.

282. A heat transfer element system for use in heat exchange in daily necessities which is characterized in that it comprises a high heat transfer medium, wherein the high heat transfer medium is formed by dissolving the following compounds in water to produce a mixture, and drying the resulting mixture to produce said heat transfer medium product with said compounds in the following weight percentages:

(1) Cobaltic Oxide (Co₂O₃), 0.5-1.0%;

(2) Boron Oxide (B₂O₃), 1.0-2.0%;

(3) Calcium Dichromate (CaCr₂O₇), 1.0-2.0%;

(4) Magnesium Dichromate (MgCr₂O₇.6H₂O), 10.0-20.0%;

(5) Potassium Dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇), 40.0-80.0%;

(6) Sodium Dichromate (Na₂Cr₂O₇), 10.0-20.0%;

(7) Beryllium Oxide (BeO), 0.05-0.10%;

(8) Titanium Diboride (TiB₂), 0.5-1.0%;

(9) Potassium Peroxide (K₂O₂), 0.05-0.10%;

(10) A selected metal or Ammonium Dichromate (MCr₂O₇), 5.0-10.0%;

where “

M”

is selected from the group consisting of potassium, sodium, silver, and ammonium;

(11) Strontium Chromate (SrCrO₄), 0.5-1.0%; and

(12) Silver Dichromate (Ag₂Cr₂O₇), 0.5-1.0%.

283. A heat transfer element system according to claim 282, wherein the system is the heat exchange element of a geothermal energy refrigerating system.