Luminescent polymer particles
First Claim
1. A polymeric article, comprising:
- a particle comprising a polymer, the polymer comprising an iptycene moiety.
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Abstract
This invention involves a series of articles, dispersions, compositions, methods, and kits. Several aspects of the invention involve dispersed particles made from polymers having a delocalized π-orbital backbone structure, as well as methods for making and using such particles. The delocalized π-orbital backbone allows the polymer to have a high degree of luminosity, useful in many embodiments of the invention. The polymers of this invention can also have bulky substituents to prevent intermolecular π-π interactions that can decrease luminosity. The polymer may also have charged side chains immobilized relative to the backbone, which can allow the polymer to be made into stably suspended micro- or nanoparticles dispersed in solution, sometimes with very narrow size distributions. In some embodiments, depending on the conditions used to synthesize and prepare the particles, the particles each consist of a single polymer molecule. Side groups, including biological, biochemical, or chemical molecules, can be attached to the polymer to provide additional functions, such as altering the luminosity of the polymer, or allowing the polymer to bind to certain molecules, such as in a chemical sensor or in a biological assay. As the binding of a molecule to a side group on the polymer can affect the structure of the polymer or alter the luminosity of the particle, the particles of the invention may be used, in certain embodiments, to detect the presence of single molecules.
111 Citations
127 Claims
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1. A polymeric article, comprising:
a particle comprising a polymer, the polymer comprising an iptycene moiety. - View Dependent Claims (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42)
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43. A polymeric article, comprising:
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a particle comprising a polymer, the polymer comprising a structure;
wherein n is at least 1, at least one of A and C comprises a bicyclic ring system, and at least one of B and D comprises a triple bond.
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44. A polymeric article, comprising:
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a particle comprising a copolymer formed from a plurality of monomers, wherein at least one monomer comprises a structure;
wherein at least one of A and C comprises a bicyclic ring system, and at least one of B and D comprises a triple bond.
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45. A polymeric article, comprising:
a particle comprising a polymer, wherein the polymer comprises an energy migration pathway and a chromophore.
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46. A polymeric article, comprising:
a particle comprising a luminescent polymer, wherein the luminescent polymer comprises a plurality of triple bonds.
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47. A polymeric article, comprising:
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a particle comprising a luminescent polymer, the luminescent polymer comprising a structure;
wherein n is at least 3, R is a covalent bond, X1 and X2 each comprise one of a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom, and A comprises an atom.
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48. A polymeric article, comprising:
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a particle comprising a luminescent polymer, the luminescent polymer comprising a structure;
wherein n is at least 2, m is at least 2, R is a covalent bond, X1 and X2 each comprise one of a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom, and A comprises an atom.
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49. A polymeric article, comprising:
a particle comprising a polymer, the polymer comprising a conjugated π
-backbone chain, the π
-backbone chain comprising a plane of atoms, the polymer having a first group and a second group attached to the π
-backbone chain, the first group having a first fixed height above the plane of atoms and the second group having a second fixed height below the plane of atoms, wherein a sum of the first fixed height and second fixed height is at least about 0.45 nanometers.
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50. A dispersion, comprising:
a polymer comprising an iptycene moiety, wherein the polymer is dispersed in a medium. - View Dependent Claims (51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85)
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86. A dispersion, comprising:
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a polymer dispersed in a medium, the polymer comprising a structure;
wherein n is at least 1, at least one of A and C comprises a bicyclic ring system, and at least one of B and D comprises a triple bond.
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87. A dispersion, comprising:
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a copolymer dispersed in a medium, the copolymer formed from a plurality of monomers, wherein at least one monomer comprises a structure;
wherein at least one of A and C comprises a bicyclic ring system, and at least one of B and D comprises a triple bond.
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88. A method of amplifying an emission, comprising:
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providing a particle comprising a polymer, the polymer comprising an energy migration pathway and a chromophore;
exposing the particle to a source of energy to form an excitation energy; and
allowing the excitation energy to travel through the migration pathway and to transfer to the chromophore, causing an emission that is greater than an emission resulting from a polymer free of an energy migration pathway.
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89. A method of detecting an analyte, comprising:
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providing a particle comprising a polymer, the polymer comprising a structure;
wherein n is at least 1, at least one of A and C comprises a bicyclic ring system, and at least one of B and D comprises a triple bond;
exposing the particle to a source of energy to cause an emission of radiation;
exposing the particle to a medium suspected of containing an analyte able to cause a change in the emission of radiation; and
detecting the presence of the analyte by detecting the change in emission of radiation. - View Dependent Claims (90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97)
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98. A method of detecting an analyte, comprising:
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providing a particle comprising a copolymer formed from a plurality of monomers, wherein at least one monomer comprises a structure;
wherein at least one of A and C comprises a bicyclic ring system, and at least one of B and D comprises a triple bond;
exposing the particle to a source of energy to cause an emission of radiation;
exposing the particle to a medium suspected of containing an analyte able to cause a change in the emission of radiation; and
detecting the presence of the analyte by detecting the change in emission of radiation.
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99. A sensor, comprising:
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a particle comprising a polymer having a structure;
wherein n is at least 1, at least one of A and C comprises a bicyclic ring system, and at least one of B and D comprises a triple bond;
a source of energy applicable to the polymeric composition to cause emission of radiation; and
an emission detector positionable to detect the emission. - View Dependent Claims (100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122)
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123. A sensor, comprising:
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a particle comprising a copolymer formed from a plurality of monomers, wherein at least one monomer comprises a structure;
wherein at least one of A and C comprises a bicyclic ring system, and at least one of B and D comprises a triple bond;
a source of energy applicable to the polymeric composition to cause emission of radiation; and
an emission detector positionable to detect the emission.
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124. A method of making a polymeric article, comprising:
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providing a particle comprising a polymer, the particle comprising an iptycene moiety; and
immobilizing a biological, biochemical, or chemical molecule onto the particle.
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125. A method of making a polymeric article, comprising:
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providing a particle comprising a polymer having a structure;
wherein n is at least 1, at least one of A and C comprises a bicyclic ring system, and at least one of B and D comprises a triple bond; and
immobilizing a biological, biochemical, or chemical molecule onto the particle.
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126. A method of making a polymeric article, comprising:
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providing a particle comprising a copolymer formed from a plurality of monomers, wherein at least one monomer comprises a structure;
wherein at least one of A and C comprises a bicyclic ring system, and at least one of B and D comprises a triple bond; and
immobilizing a biological, biochemical, or chemical molecule onto the particle.
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127. A method of making a polymeric article, comprising:
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providing a luminescent polymer molecule having a smallest dimension of no less than about 5 nanometers; and
immobilizing a biological, biochemical, or chemical molecule onto the particle.
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Specification