Multi-attribute drug comparison

• US 20030182101A1
• Filed: 02/28/2003
• Published: 09/25/2003
• Est. Priority Date: 08/04/1999
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Board of Trustees of The University of Illinois
• Original Assignee: BLL Consulting, Inc.
• Inventors: Lambert, Bruce L.
• Granted Patent: US 7,099,857 B2
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• US Class Current: 704/1
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 40/226 Validation
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 40/268 Morphological analysis
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 40/284 Lexical analysis, e.g. tokenisation or collocates
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 40/295 Named entity recognition
• CPC Class Codes: G16H 20/10 relating to drugs or medications, e.g. for ensuring correct administration to patients
• CPC Class Codes: G16H 50/70 for mining of medical data, e.g. analysing previous cases of other patients
• CPC Class Codes: G16H 70/40 relating to drugs, e.g. their side effects or intended usage
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 707/99935 Query augmenting and refining, e.g. inexact access

Abstract

A computer-implemented apparatus or method, or a software product, for generating a composite quantitative comparison of drug products based on multiple attributes of them. A set of name-attribute similarity scores are generated based on similarities among the names of selected target and reference drugs. A set of product-attribute similarity scores are generated based on similarities among product attributes of the selected target and reference drugs. A target drug confusability score is generated based on the confusability of the target drug as compared to a population of other drugs. The composite quantitative comparison is generated based on a composite of the name-attribute and product-attribute similarity scores, and the target confusability score. A set of one or more severity of confusion scores may also be included in the composite quantitative comparison. These scores are based on one or more indicators of the severity of the consequences to a patient of confusing the target and reference drugs so that, for example, the wrong drug is administered to the patient, or the correct drug is incorrectly administered. The name-attribute similarity scores may be generated based on orthographic, phonetic, and/or phonological analysis. The product-attribute similarity scores may be generated based on the drugs'"'"'strengths, indications, dosages, administration routes, manufacturers, pharmacological categories, storage requirements, colors, shapes, legal standing, trademark description, and/or other attributes. The composite quantitative comparison may include severity-weighted similarity scores or both similarity scores and severity of confusion scores. The severity of confusion indicators may include a therapeutic index and/or a contraindication index.

Claims

1. A drug comparator for assessing the confusability of one or more target drugs and one or more reference drugs based on one or more attributes of each target drug and each reference drug, comprising:

a name attribute comparator that performs a composite quantitative comparison of a name attribute of the one or more target drugs and the one or more reference drugs, and that generates one or more name-attribute similarity scores based on said comparison, each name-attribute similarity score representing a similarity of the compared name attributes, wherein the name attribute comparator comprises two or more analyzers selected from the group consisting of;

an orthographic analyzer that generates one or more name-attribute similarity scores based on one or more orthographic measures of the name attributes of the one or more target and reference drugs;

a phonetic analyzer that generates one or more name-attribute similarity scores based on one or more phonetic measures of the name attributes of the one or more target and reference drugs; and

a phonological analyzer that generates one or more name-attribute similarity scores based on one or more phonological measures of the name attributes of the one or more target and reference drugs.

2. The drug comparator of claim 1, wherein the name attributes are objective attributes and wherein the composite quantitative comparison performed by the name attribute comparator is deterministic.

3. The drug comparator of claim 1, further comprising:

a product attribute comparator that performs a composite quantitative comparison of at least one product attribute of the one or more target drugs and the one or more reference drugs, and that generates one or more product-attribute similarity scores based on said comparison, each product-attribute similarity score representing a similarity of the compared product attributes.

4. The drug comparator of claim 3, wherein the product attributes are objective attributes and wherein the composite quantitative comparison performed by the product attribute comparator is deterministic.

5. The drug comparator of claim 1, wherein the one or more orthographic measures comprises one or more measures selected from the group consisting of N-gram measures and edit distance measures.

6. The drug comparator of claim 1, wherein the one or more phonetic measures are determined by phonetically transforming the name attribute of at least one of the target and reference drugs.

7. The drug comparator of claim 6, wherein the one or more phonetic measures are determined by applying an orthographic measure to the phonetically transformed name attribute.

8. The drug comparator of claim 3, wherein the product attribute comparator comprises any one or more comparators selected from the group consisting of:

a strength comparator that generates at least a first product-attribute similarity score based on one or more dosage strengths of the target and reference drugs;

an indication comparator that generates at least a second product-attribute similarity score based on one or more indicated uses of the target and reference drugs;

a dosage form comparator that generates at least a third product-attribute similarity score based on one or more dosage forms of the target and reference drugs;

an administration route comparator that generates at least a fourth product-attribute similarity score based on one or more administration routes of the target and reference drugs;

a manufacturer comparator that generates at least a fifth product-attribute similarity score based on one or more manufacturers of the target and reference drugs;

a pharmacological category comparator that generates at least a sixth product-attribute similarity score based on one or more pharmacological categories of the target and reference drugs;

a storage requirements comparator that generates at least a seventh product-attribute similarity score based on one or more storage requirements of the target and reference drugs;

a color comparator that generates at least an eighth product-attribute similarity score based on one or more colors of the target and reference drugs;

a shape comparator that generates at least a ninth product-attribute similarity score based on one or more shapes of the target and reference drugs;

a legal standing comparator that generates at least a tenth product-attribute similarity score basted on one or more legal standings of the target and reference drugs;

a trademark description comparator that generates at least an eleventh product-attribute similarity score based on one or more goods and services trademark descriptions of the target and reference drugs; and

a schedule comparator that generates at least a twelfth product-attribute similarity score based on one or more dosage intervals of the target and reference drugs.

9. The drug comparator of claim 1, further comprising:

a neighborhood density calculator that calculates a neighborhood density score for at least a first target drug of the one or more target drugs based on a number of a first set of reference drugs, wherein each of the first set of reference drugs has a determined distance is from the first target drug that is not greater than a threshold distance, wherein each determined distance is a function of the one or more name-attribute similarity scores.

10. The drug comparator of claim 3, further comprising:

a neighborhood familiarity calculator that calculates a neighborhood familiarity score for at least a first target drug of the one or more target drugs based on a familiarity of the first target drug and the familiarity of each of a first set of reference drugs, wherein each of the first set of reference drugs has a determined distance from the first target drug that is not greater than a threshold distance, wherein each determined distance is a function of the one or more name- or product-attribute similarity scores.

11. The drug comparator of claim 10, wherein the first measure of familiarity is determined by using frequency of prescription as a proxy for familiarity.

12. The drug comparator of claim 3,,further comprising:

an attribute similarity scores processor that mathematically combines a plurality of attribute similarity scores comprising the group of attribute similarity scores consisting of the one or more name-attribute similarity scores and the one or more product-attribute similarity scores to generate one or more processed attribute similarity score.

13. The drug comparator of claim 12,

wherein at least one of the plurality of attribute similarity scores is associated with a weight, and

wherein the attribute similarity scores processor applies the weights to their associated attribute similarity scores prior to combining the attribute similarity scores.

14. The drug comparator of claim 1, further comprising:

a severity of confusion scores generator that generates one or more scores for at least one of the one or more target drugs, each severity of confusion score representing the severity of the consequence to the patient of confusing a target drug for a reference drug.

15. The drug comparator of claim 14, wherein the drug comparator further comprises:

a composite score generator that deterministically generates one or more severity-weighted similarity scores determined by weighting one or more of the attribute similarity scores by one or more of the severity of confusion scores.

16. The drug comparator of claim 14, wherein the severity of confusion scores generator comprises:

a therapeutic index comparator that generates at least a first of the one or more severity of confusion scores based on a therapeutic index of one or more of the target drugs and a therapeutic index of one or more of the reference drugs.

17. The drug comparator of claim 1, wherein when a user selects the one or more target drugs, the drug comparator automatically generates the attribute similarity scores.

29. The drug comparator of claim 1, wherein the one or more attributes of the target drug and each reference drug are objective attributes, and wherein the composite quantitative comparisons performed by the name attribute comparator and the product attribute comparator are deterministic.

18. A drug comparator for assessing the confusability of one or more target drugs and one or more reference drugs based on one or more attributes of each target drug and each reference drug, comprising:

a product attribute comparator that performs a composite quantitative comparison of at least one product attribute of the one or more target drugs and the one or more reference drugs, and that generates one or more product-attribute similarity scores based on said comparison, each product-attribute similarity score representing a similarity of the compared product attributes, wherein the product attribute comparator comprises any one or more comparators selected from the group consisting of;

a strength comparator that generates at least a first product-attribute similarity score based on one or more dosage strengths of the target and reference drugs;

an indication comparator that generates at least a second product-attribute similarity score based on one or more indicated uses of the target and reference drugs;

a dosage form comparator that generates at least a third product-attribute similarity score based on one or more dosage forms of the target and reference drugs;

an administration route comparator that generates at least a fourth product-attribute similarity score based on one or more administration routes of the target and reference drugs;

a manufacturer comparator that generates at least a fifth product-attribute similarity score based on one or more manufacturers of the target and reference drugs;

a pharmacological category comparator that generates at least a sixth product-attribute similarity score based on one or more pharmacological categories of the target and reference drugs;

a storage requirements comparator that generates at least a seventh product-attribute similarity score based on one or more storage requirements of the target and reference drugs;

a color comparator that generates at least an eighth product-attribute similarity score based on one or more colors of the target and reference drugs;

a shape comparator that generates at least a ninth product-attribute similarity score based on one or more shapes of the target and reference drugs;

a legal standing comparator that generates at least a tenth product-attribute similarity score based on one or more legal standings of the target and reference drugs;

a trademark description comparator that generates at least an eleventh product-attribute similarity score based on one or more goods and services trademark descriptions of the target and reference drugs; and

a schedule comparator that generates at least a twelfth product-attribute similarity score based on one or more dosage intervals of the target and reference drugs.

19. The drug comparator of claim 18, wherein the product attributes are objective attributes and wherein the composite quantitative comparison performed by the product attribute comparator is deterministic.

20. The drug comparator of claim 18, further comprising:

a name attribute comparator that performs a composite quantitative comparison of a name attribute of the one or more target drugs and the one or more reference drugs, and that generates one or more name-attribute similarity scores based on said comparison, each name-attribute similarity score representing a similarity of the compared name attributes.

21. The drug comparator of claim 20, wherein the name attributes are objective attributes and wherein the composite quantitative comparison performed by the name attribute comparator is deterministic.

22. The drug comparator of claim 20, wherein the name attribute comparator comprises one or more of the group consisting of:

an orthographic analyzer that generates one or more name-attribute similarity scores based on one or more orthographic measures of the name attributes of the one or more target and reference drugs;

a phonetic analyzer that generates one or more name-attribute similarity scores based on one or more phonetic measures of the name attributes of the one or more target and reference drugs; and

a phonological analyzer that generates one or more name-attribute similarity scores based on one or more phonological measures of the name attributes of the one or more target and reference drugs.

23. The drug comparator of claim 18, further comprising:

a neighborhood density calculator for defining a neighborhood around at least a first target drug, the neighborhood defining a proximity to the target drug in N-dimensional attribute space each axis of which corresponds to one attribute, wherein a distance along each of axis of the attribute space is a function of the relative values of the attribute corresponding to that axis, the neighborhood density calculator calculating a neighborhood density score for the first target drug based on a number of a first set of reference drugs, wherein each of the first set of reference drugs has a determined distance from the first target drug that is not greater than a threshold distance, wherein each determined distance in the attribute space is a function of the one or more attribute similarity scores.

24. The drug comparator of claim 20, further comprising:

a neighborhood familiarity calculator that calculates a neighborhood familiarity score for at least a first target drug of the one or more target drugs based on a familiarity of the first target drug and the familiarity of each of a first set of reference drugs, wherein each of the first set of reference drugs has a determined distance from the first target drug that is not greater than a threshold distance, wherein each determined distance is a function of the one or more name- or product-attribute similarity scores.

25. The drug comparator of claim 20, further comprising:

an attribute similarity scores processor that mathematically combines a plurality of attribute similarity scores comprising one or more name-attribute similarity scores and one or more product-attribute similarity scores.

26. The drug comparator of claim 20, further comprising:

a severity of confusion scores generator that generates one or more scores for at least one of the one or more target drugs, each severity of confusion score representing the severity of the consequence to the patient of confusing a target drug for a reference drug.

27. The drug comparator of claim 26,

wherein the severity of confusion scores generator comprises a therapeutic index comparator that generates at least a first of the one or more severity of confusion scores based on a contraindication index of one or more of the target drugs and a contraindication index of one or more of the reference drugs.

28. A drug comparator for assessing the confusability of one or more target drugs and one or more reference drugs based on one or more attributes of each target drug and each reference drug, comprising:

a name attribute comparator that performs a composite quantitative comparison of a name attribute of the one or more target drugs and the one or more reference drugs, and that generates one or more name-attribute similarity scores based on said comparison, each name-attribute similarity score representing a similarity of the compared name attributes; and

a product attribute comparator that performs a composite quantitative comparison of at least one product attribute of the one or more target drugs and the one or more reference drugs, and that generates one or more product-attribute similarity scores based on said comparison, each product-attribute similarity score representing a similarity of the compared product attributes, wherein the drug comparator automatically generates the attribute similarity scores upon receipt of an indication of the one or more target drugs.

30. The drug comparator of claim 28, wherein the name attribute comparator comprises one or more of the group consisting of:

an orthographic analyzer that generates one or more name-attribute similarity scores based on one or more orthographic measures of the name attributes of the one or more target and reference drugs;

a phonetic analyzer that generates one or more name-attribute similarity scores based on one or more phonetic measures of the name attributes of the one or more target and reference drugs; and

a phonological analyzer that generates one or more name-attribute similarity scores based on one or more phonological measures of the name attributes of the one or more target and reference drugs.

31. The drug comparator of claim 28, wherein the product attribute comparator comprises any one or more comparators selected from the group consisting of:

a strength comparator that generates at least a first product-attribute similarity score based on one or more dosage strengths of the target and reference drugs;

an indication comparator that generates at least a second product-attribute similarity score based on one or more indicated uses of the target and reference drugs;

a dosage form comparator that generates at least a third product-attribute similarity score based on one or more dosage forms of the target and reference drugs;

an administration route comparator that generates at least a fourth product-attribute similarity score based on one or more administration routes of the target and reference drugs;

a manufacturer comparator that generates at least a fifth product-attribute similarity score based on one or more manufacturers of the target and reference drugs;

a pharmacological category comparator that generates at least a sixth product-attribute similarity score based on one or more pharmacological categories of the target and reference drugs;

a storage requirements comparator that generates at least a seventh product-attribute similarity score based on one or more storage requirements of the target and reference drugs;

a color comparator that generates at least an eighth product-attribute similarity score based on one or more colors of the target and reference drugs;

a shape comparator that generates at least a ninth product-attribute similarity score based on one or more shapes of the target and reference drugs;

a legal standing comparator that generates at least a tenth product-attribute similarity score based on one or more legal standings of the target and reference drugs;

a trademark description comparator that generates at least an eleventh product-attribute similarity score based on one or more goods and services trademark descriptions of the target and reference drugs; and

a schedule comparator that generates at least a twelfth product-attribute similarity score based on one or more dosage intervals of the target and reference drugs.

32. The drug comparator of claim 28, further comprising:

a neighborhood density calculator that calculates a neighborhood density score for at least a first target drug of the one or more target drugs based on a number of a first set of reference drugs, wherein each of the first set of reference drugs has a determined distance from the first target drug that is not greater than a threshold distance, wherein each determined distance is a function of the one or more attribute similarity scores.

33. The drug comparator of claim 28, further comprising:

a neighborhood familiarity calculator that calculates a neighborhood familiarity score for at least a first target drug of the one or more target drugs based on a familiarity of the first target drug and the familiarity of each of a first set of reference drugs, wherein each of the first set of reference drugs has a determined distance from the first target drug that is not greater than a threshold distance, wherein each determined distance is a function of the one or more attribute similarity scores.

34. The drug comparator of claim 33, wherein the first measure of familiarity is determined by using frequency of prescription as a proxy for familiarity.

35. The drug comparator of claim 28, further comprising:

an attribute similarity scores processor that mathematically combines a plurality of attribute similarity scores to generate one or more processed attribute similarity score.

36. The drug comparator of claim 35,

wherein at least one of the plurality of attribute similarity scores is associated with a weight, and

wherein the attribute similarity scores processor applies the weights to their associated attribute similarity scores prior to combining the attribute similarity scores.

37. The drug comparator of claim 28, further comprising:

a severity of confusion scores generator that generates one or more scores for at least one of the one or more target drugs, each severity of confusion score representing the severity of the consequence to the patient of confusing the at least one target drug for a reference drug.

38. The drug comparator of claim 37, further comprising:

a composite score generator that deterministically generates one or more severity-weighted similarity scores determined by weighting one or more of the attribute similarity scores by one or more of the severity of confusion scores.

39. The drug comparator of claim 37, wherein the severity of confusion scores generator comprises:

a therapeutic index comparator that generates at least a first of the one or more severity of confusion scores based on a therapeutic index of one or more of the target drugs and a therapeutic index of one or more of the reference drugs.

40. The drug comparator of claim 28, further comprising:

a composite score generator that deterministically generates one or more composite quantitative comparisons based on comparisons of one or more attribute-similarity scores.

41. A drug comparator for assessing the confusability of one or more target drugs and one or more reference drugs based on one or more attributes of each target drug and each reference drug, comprising:

a name attribute comparator that performs a composite quantitative comparison of a name attribute of the one or more target drugs and the one or more reference drugs, and that generates one or more name-attribute similarity scores based on said comparison, each name-attribute similarity score representing a similarity of the compared name attributes; and

a neighborhood density calculator that calculates a neighborhood density score for at least a first target drug of the one or more target drugs based on a number of a first set of reference drugs, wherein each of the first set of reference drugs has a determined distance from the first target drug that is not greater than a threshold distance, wherein each determined distance is a function of the one or more attribute similarity scores.

42. The drug comparator of claim 41, further comprising:

a product attribute comparator that performs a composite quantitative comparison of at least one product attribute of the one or more target drugs and the one or more reference drugs, and that generates one or more product-attribute similarity scores based on said comparison, each product-attribute similarity score representing a similarity of the compared product attributes.

43. The drug comparator of claim 42, wherein the one or more attributes of the target drug and each reference drug are objective attributes, and wherein the composite quantitative comparisons performed by the name attribute comparator and the product attribute comparator are deterministic.

44. A drug comparator for assessing the confusability of one or more target drugs and one or more reference drugs based on one or more attributes of each target drug and each reference drug, comprising:

a name attribute comparator that performs a composite quantitative comparison of a name attribute of the one or more target drugs and the one or more reference drugs, and that generates one or more name-attribute similarity scores based on said comparison, each name-attribute similarity score representing a similarity of the compared name attributes; and

a neighborhood familiarity calculator that calculates a neighborhood familiarity score for at least a first target drug of the one or more target drugs based on a familiarity of the first target drug and the familiarity of each of a first set of reference drugs, wherein each of the first set of reference drugs has a determined distance from the first target drug that is not greater than a threshold distance, wherein each determined distance is a function of the one or more attribute similarity scores.

45. The drug comparator of claim 44, further comprising:

a product attribute comparator that performs a composite quantitative comparison of at least one product attribute of the one or more target drugs and the one or more reference is drugs, and that generates one or more product-attribute similarity scores each product-attribute similarity score representing a similarity of the compared product attributes.

46. The drug comparator of claim 45, wherein the one or more attributes of the target drug and each reference drug are objective attributes, and wherein the composite quantitative comparisons performed by the name attribute comparator and the product attribute comparator are deterministic.

47. The drug comparator of claim 46, further comprising:

a neighborhood density calculator that calculates a neighborhood density score for at least a first target drug of the one or more target drugs based on a number of a first set of reference drugs, wherein each of the first set of reference drugs has a determined distance from the first target drug that is not greater than a threshold distance, wherein each determined distance is a function of the one or more attribute similarity scores.