Asphalt-based formulations and method of making and using the same for paving and coating applications

• US 20040014845A1
• Filed: 03/10/2003
• Published: 01/22/2004
• Est. Priority Date: 12/18/2000
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: BASF AG (BASF SE)
• Original Assignee: BASF AG (BASF SE)
• Inventors: Mormile, Patrick J., Takamura, Koichi, Adams, Vanessa, Golzar, Babak
• Granted Patent: US 6,855,754 B2
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• US Class Current: 524/59
• CPC Class Codes: C08K 2201/014 Additives containing two or more different additives of the same subgroup in C08K
• CPC Class Codes: C08K 3/01 characterized by their specific function
• CPC Class Codes: C08K 3/013 Fillers, pigments or reinforcing additives
• CPC Class Codes: C08L 2666/08 Homopolymers or copolymers according to C08L7/00 - C08L21/00; Derivatives thereof
• CPC Class Codes: C08L 2666/74 Aggregates
• CPC Class Codes: C08L 53/00 Compositions of block copolymers containing at least one sequence of a polymer obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
• CPC Class Codes: C08L 53/02 of vinyl-aromatic monomers and conjugated dienes
• CPC Class Codes: C08L 95/00 Compositions of bituminous materials, e.g. asphalt, tar, pitch
• CPC Class Codes: C08L 95/005 Aqueous compositions, e.g. emulsions

Abstract

An asphalt-based, cold paving/coating formulation that provides increased flexibility with respect to the choice of aggregate types, asphalt emulsion types, type and amount of the surfactants used to produce the asphalt emulsion, asphalt emulsion pH'"'"'s and application temperature'"'"'s than conventional cold paving/coating formulations while providing good mix times and curing behavior. The asphalt-based formulation can be formed by mixing water; an asphalt emulsion; at least one first compound in aqueous solution selected from the group consisting of alkali metal salts, alkali metal hydroxides, ammonium salts, and ammonium hydroxide; at least one second compound in aqueous solution selected from the group consisting of Group IIA salts, Group IIIA salts, Group IIIB salts, copper salts, zinc salts, cadmium salts, manganese salts, iron salts, cobalt salts, and nickel salts; and optionally aggregate. Also, a method of preparing an asphalt-based formulation using these components.

Claims

1. A cationic asphalt-based formulation formed by mixing:

water;

a cationic asphalt emulsion;

at least one first compound in aqueous solution selected from the group consisting of alkali metal salts, alkali metal hydroxides, ammonium salts and ammonium hydroxide; and

at least one second compound in aqueous solution selected from the group consisting of Group IIA salts, Group IIIA salts, Group IIIB salts, copper salts, zinc salts, cadmium salts, manganese salts, iron salts, cobalt salts and nickel salts.

2. The formulation according to claim 1 further comprising aggregate.

3. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein the water is mixed in an amount of from about 4 to about 16 parts by weight, the cationic asphalt emulsion is mixed in an amount from about 8 to about 25 parts by weight, the at least one first compound is mixed in an amount from greater than 0 to about 4 parts by weight, and the at least one second compound is mixed in an amount from greater than 0 to about 2 parts by weight.

4. The formulation according to claim 2, wherein said aggregate is mixed in an amount of 100 parts by weight, the water is mixed in an amount of from about 4 to about 16 parts by weight, the cationic asphalt emulsion is mixed in an amount from about 8 to about 25 parts by weight, the at least one first compound is mixed in an amount from greater than 0 to about 4 parts by weight, and the at least one second compound is mixed in an amount from greater than 0 to about 2 parts by weight.

5. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein the water is mixed in an amount of from about 8 to about 15 parts by weight, the cationic asphalt emulsion is mixed in an amount from about 10 to about 15 parts by weight, the at least one first compound is mixed in an amount from about 0.005 to about 3 parts by weight, and the at least one second compound is mixed in an amount from about 0.001 to about 1 part by weight.

6. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein the at least one first compound in aqueous solution comprises more than one first compound provided in one or more aqueous solutions.

7. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein the at least one second compound in aqueous solution comprises more than one second compound provided in one or more aqueous solutions.

8. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein the at least one first compound and the at least one second compound have solubilities in water at 20°

C. of greater than about 10 g/100 mL.

9. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein the at least one first compound comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of salts and hydroxides of sodium, potassium and ammonium.

10. The formulation according to claim 9, wherein the at least one first compound comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of hydroxides, sulfates, carbonates, silicates, phosphates, phosphites, borates, fluorides, sulfites, oxalates and citrates of sodium, potassium and ammonium.

11. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein said at least one first compound includes sodium hydroxide.

12. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein said at least one second compound includes at least one compound selected from the group consisting of chlorides, sulfates and nitrates of Group IIA elements, Group IIIA elements, Group IIIB elements, copper, zinc, cadmium, manganese, iron, cobalt and nickel.

13. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein said at least one second compound includes at least one compound selected from the group consisting of calcium salts, magnesium salts and aluminum salts.

14. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein said at least one second compound includes at least one compound selected from the group consisting of calcium chloride, calcium nitrate, magnesium chloride, magnesium nitrate, magnesium sulfate, aluminum chloride, aluminum nitrate, and aluminum sulfate.

15. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein the at least one second compound includes calcium chloride.

16. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein the at least one first salt includes a sodium salt or hydroxide and said at least one second compound includes a calcium salt.

17. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein the at least one first compound and the at least one second compound are substantially free of Portland cement and lime.

18. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein the at least one first compound and the at least one second compound react to produce at least one third compound selected from the group of salts and hydroxides of Group IIA elements, Group IIIA elements, Group IIIB elements, copper, zinc, cadmium, manganese, iron, cobalt and nickel, said at least one third compound having a solubility in water at 20°

C. of less than about 0.5 g/100 mL.

19. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein the at least one second compound includes at least one second compound included in the aqueous phase of the cationic asphalt emulsion.

20. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein the formulation has a pH of at least about 9.

21. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein said cationic asphalt emulsion is a polymer modified cationic asphalt emulsion.

22. The formulation according to claim 21, wherein said polymer modified cationic asphalt emulsion includes at least one polymer selected from the group consisting of cationic SBR latices, natural rubber latices, polychloroprene latices, SBS block copolymers and EVA copolymers.

23. The formulation according to claim 21, wherein said polymer modified cationic asphalt emulsion includes a cationic SBR latex emulsion.

24. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein the cationic asphalt emulsion has a pH of greater than 1.5 prior to mixing.

25. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein the cationic asphalt emulsion has a pH of greater than 2.0 prior to mixing.

26. The formulation according to claim 1, wherein the cationic asphalt emulsion has a pH of greater than 3.0 prior to mixing.

97. The formulation according to claim 2, wherein a microsurfacing system prepared from the formulation has a wet track abrasion loss not greater than 807.3 g/m² (75 g/ft²).

104. A method comprising applying the cationic asphalt-based formulation of claim 1 to a substrate to form a coating on the substrate.

27. A cationic asphalt-based formulation formed by mixing:

water;

a cationic asphalt emulsion;

at least one compound in aqueous solution selected from the group consisting of alkali metal salts, alkali metal hydroxides, ammonium salts and ammonium hydroxide, said at least one compound having a solubility in water at 20°

C. of greater than about 10 g/100 mL and capable of producing a pH in solution of at least about 9; and

at least one salt in aqueous solution having a solubility of greater than about 10 g/100 mL,

wherein the at least one compound and the at least one salt react to form at least one salt or hydroxide having a solubility in water at 20°

C. of less than about 0.5 g/100 mL.

28. The cationic asphalt-based formulation according to claim 27 further comprising aggregate.

29. The cationic asphalt-based formulation according to claim 27, wherein the at least one salt is selected from the group consisting of salts of Group IIA elements, Group IIIA elements, Group IIIB elements, copper, zinc, cadmium, manganese, iron, cobalt and nickel;

and the at least one compound and the at least one salt react to form at least one compound selected from the group consisting of salts and hydroxides of Group IIA elements, Group IIIA elements, Group IIIB elements, copper, zinc, cadmium, manganese, iron, cobalt and nickel, having a solubility in water at 20°

C. of less than about 0.5 g/100 mL.

98. The formulation according to claim 28, wherein a microsurfacing system prepared from the formulation has a wet track abrasion loss not greater than 807.3 g/m² (75 g/ft²).

105. A method comprising applying the cationic asphalt-based formulation of claim 27 to a substrate to form a coating on the substrate.

30. A cationic asphalt-based formulation formed by mixing:

from about 4 to about 16 parts by weight water;

from about 8 to about 25 parts by weight of a cationic asphalt emulsion;

from greater than 0 to about 4 parts by weight of at least one first compound in aqueous solution selected from the group consisting salts and hydroxides of sodium potassium and ammonium; and

from greater than 0 to about 2 parts by weight of at least one second compound in aqueous solution selected from the group consisting of calcium chloride, calcium nitrate, magnesium chloride, magnesium nitrate, magnesium sulfate, aluminum chloride, aluminum nitrate, and aluminum sulfate;

said cationic asphalt-based formulation having a pH of greater than about 9.

31. The cationic asphalt-based formulation according to claim 30 further comprising aggregate.

99. The formulation according to claim 31, wherein a microsurfacing system prepared from the formulation has a wet track abrasion loss not greater than 807.3 g/m² (75 g/ft²).

106. A method comprising applying the cationic asphalt-based formulation of claim 30 to a substrate to form a coating on the substrate.

32. A cationic asphalt-based formulation, comprising:

water;

cationic asphalt dispersed in the water;

at least one first compound selected from the group consisting of salts and hydroxides of alkali metals and ammonium, said at least one first compound including at least one alkali metal salt or ammonium salt product formed by the reaction of a first reactant having a solubility in water at 20°

C. of greater than about 10 g/100 mL selected from the group consisting of salts and hydroxides of alkali metals and ammonium and a second reactant selected from the group consisting of salts having a solubility in water at 20°

C. of greater than about 10 g/100 mL; and

at least one second compound formed by the reaction of said first reactant and said second reactant, said at least one compound selected from the group consisting of salts and hydroxides having a solubility in water at 20°

C. of less than about 0.5 g/100 mL;

said formulation having a pH of at least about 9.

33. The cationic asphalt-based formulation according to claim 32 further comprising aggregate.

34. The cationic asphalt-based formulation according to claim 32, wherein the at least one second reactant is selected from the group consisting of Group IIA salts, Group IIIA salts, Group IIIB salts, copper salts, zinc salts, cadmium salts, manganese salts, iron salts, cobalt salts and nickel salts;

and wherein the at least one second compound is selected from the group consisting of salts and hydroxides of Group IIA elements, Group IIIA elements, Group IIIB elements, copper, zinc, cadmium, manganese, iron, cobalt and nickel.

35. The formulation according to claim 34, wherein the water is present in an amount of from about 6 to about 30 parts by weight, the cationic asphalt is present in an amount from about 3 to about 20 parts by weight, the at least one first compound is present in an amount of from greater than 0 to about 4 parts by weight, and the at least one second compound is present in an amount of from greater than 0 to about 2 parts by weight.

36. The formulation according to claim 34, wherein the water is present in an amount of from about 12 to about 22 parts by weight, the cationic asphalt is present in an amount from about 6 to about 10 parts by weight, the at least one first compound is present in an amount of from about 0.005 to about 3 parts by weight, and the at least one second compound is present in an amount of from about 0.001 to about 1 part by weight.

37. The formulation according to claim 33, wherein the aggregate is present in an amount of 100 parts by weight, the water is present in an amount of from about 6 to about 30 parts by weight, the cationic asphalt is present in an amount from about 3 to about 20 parts by weight, the at least one first compound is present in an amount of from greater than 0 to about 4 parts by weight, and the at least one second compound is present in an amount of from greater than 0 to about 2 parts by weight.

38. The formulation according to claim 34, wherein the at least one first compound comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of salts and hydroxides of sodium, potassium and ammonium.

39. The formulation according to claim 34, wherein the at least one alkali metal salt or ammonium salt product comprises at least one product selected from the group consisting of chlorides, nitrates and sulfates of alkali metals and ammonium.

40. The formulation according to claim 34, wherein the at least one alkali metal salt or ammonium salt product comprises at least one product selected from the group consisting of chlorides, nitrates and sulfates of sodium, potassium and ammonium.

41. The formulation according to claim 40, wherein said at least one first compound further comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of hydroxides, sulfates, carbonates, silicates, phosphates, phosphites, borates, fluorides, sulfites, oxalates and citrates of sodium, potassium and ammonium.

42. The formulation according to claim 40, wherein said at least one first compound includes sodium hydroxide.

43. The formulation according to claim 34, wherein said at least one second compound includes at least one compound selected from the group consisting of hydroxides, sulfates, carbonates, silicates, phosphates, phosphites, borates, fluorides, sulfites, oxalates and citrates of Group IIA elements, Group IIIA elements, Group IIIB elements, copper, zinc, cadmium, manganese, iron, cobalt and nickel.

44. The formulation according to claim 34, wherein said at least one second compound includes at least one compound selected from the group consisting of salts and hydroxides of calcium, magnesium and aluminum.

45. The formulation according to claim 34, wherein said at least one second compound includes at least one compound selected from the group consisting of hydroxides, sulfates, carbonates, silicates, phosphates, phosphites, borates, fluorides, sulfites, oxalates and citrates of calcium, magnesium and aluminum.

46. The formulation according to claim 34, wherein said at least one second compound includes at least one compound selected from the group consisting of calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide.

47. The formulation according to claim 34, wherein said at least one first compound includes a sodium salt and said at least one second compound includes a calcium salt or hydroxide.

48. The formulation according to claim 34, further comprising at least one polymer selected from the group consisting of SBR copolymers, natural rubber, polychloroprene, SBS block copolymers and EVA copolymers.

49. The formulation according to claim 48, wherein the at least one polymer comprises a SBR copolymer.

50. The formulation according to claim 48, wherein the at least one polymer is present in an amount of about 0.05 to about 1 part by weight.

100. The formulation according to claim 33, wherein a microsurfacing system prepared from the formulation has a wet track abrasion loss not greater than 807.3 g/m² (75 g/ft²).

107. A method comprising applying the cationic asphalt-based formulation of claim 32 to a substrate to form a coating on the substrate.

51. A method of preparing a cationic asphalt-based formulation, comprising mixing water;

a cationic asphalt emulsion;

at least one first compound in aqueous solution selected from the group consisting of alkali metal salts, alkali metal hydroxides, ammonium salts and ammonium hydroxide; and

at least one second compound in aqueous solution selected from the group consisting of Group IIA salts, Group IIIA salts, Group IIIB salts, copper salts, zinc salts, cadmium salts, manganese salts, iron salts, cobalt salts and nickel salts, to produce the cationic asphalt-based formulation.

52. The method according to claim 51 further comprising mixing aggregate.

53. The method according to claim 51, wherein said mixing step comprises mixing from about 4 to about 16 parts by weight water;

from about 8 to about 25 parts by weight of the cationic asphalt emulsion;

from greater than 0 to about 4 parts by weight of the at least one first compound; and

from greater than 0 to about 2 parts by weight of the at least one second compound.

54. The method according to claim 52, wherein said mixing step comprises mixing 100 parts by weight of aggregate;

from about 4 to about 16 parts by weight water;

from about 8 to about 25 parts by weight of the cationic asphalt emulsion;

from greater than 0 to about 4 parts by weight of the at least one first compound; and

from greater than 0 to about 2 parts by weight of the at least one second compound.

55. The method according to claim 51, wherein said mixing step comprises mixing from about 8 to about 15 parts by weight water;

from about 10 to about 15 parts by weight of the cationic asphalt emulsion;

from about 0.005 to about 3 parts by weight of the at least one first compound; and

from about 0.001 to about 1 part by weight of the at least one second compound.

56. The method according to claim 51, wherein said mixing step comprises mixing a sufficient amount of the at least one first compound to produce a formulation having a pH of at least about 9.

57. The method according to claim 51, wherein said mixing step comprises mixing more than one first compound provided in one or more aqueous solutions.

58. The method according to claim 51, wherein said mixing step comprises mixing more than one second compound provided in one or more aqueous solutions.

59. The method according to claim 51, wherein the at least one first compound and the at least one second compound have solubilities in water at 20°

C. of greater than about 10 g/100 mL.

60. The method according to claim 51, wherein the at least one first compound comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of salts and hydroxides of sodium, potassium and ammonium.

61. The method according to claim 51, wherein the at least one first compound comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of hydroxides, sulfates, carbonates, silicates, phosphates, phosphites, borates, fluorides, sulfites, oxalates and citrates of sodium, potassium and ammonium.

62. The method according to claim 51, wherein said at least one first compound includes sodium hydroxide.

63. The method according to claim 51, wherein said at least one second compound includes at least one compound selected from the group consisting of chlorides, sulfates and nitrates of Group IIA elements, Group IIIA elements, Group IIIB elements, copper, zinc, cadmium, manganese, iron, cobalt and nickel.

64. The method according to claim 51, wherein said at least one second compound includes at least one compound selected from the group consisting of calcium salts, magnesium salts and aluminum salts.

65. The method according to claim 51, wherein said at least one second compound includes at least one compound selected from the group consisting of calcium chloride, calcium nitrate, magnesium chloride, magnesium nitrate, magnesium sulfate, aluminum chloride, aluminum nitrate, and aluminum sulfate.

66. The method according to claim 51, wherein the at least one second compound includes calcium chloride.

67. The method according to claim 51, wherein the at least one first compound includes sodium hydroxide or a sodium salt and the at least one second compound includes a calcium salt.

68. The method according to claim 51, wherein said mixing step is substantially free of Portland cement and lime.

69. The method according to claim 51, further comprising the step of reacting the at least one first compound and the at least one second compound to produce at least one third compound selected from the group of salts and hydroxides of Group IIA elements, Group IIIA elements, Group IIIB elements, copper, zinc, cadmium, manganese, iron, cobalt and nickel, said at least one third compound having a solubility in water at 20°

C. of less than about 0.5 g/100 mL.

70. The method according to claim 69, wherein said reacting step comprises reacting the at least one first compound and the at least one second compound to produce at least one third compound selected from the group consisting of hydroxides, sulfates, carbonates, silicates, phosphates, phosphites, borates, fluorides, sulfites, oxalates and citrates of Group IIA elements, Group IIIA elements, Group IIIB elements, copper, zinc, cadmium, manganese, iron, cobalt and nickel.

71. The method according to claim 69, wherein said reacting step comprises reacting the at least one first compound and the at least one second compound to produce at least one third compound selected from the group consisting of salts and hydroxides of calcium, magnesium and aluminum.

72. The method according to claim 69, wherein said reacting step comprises reacting the at least one first compound and the at least one second compound to produce at least one third compound selected from the group consisting of hydroxides, sulfates, carbonates, silicates, phosphates, phosphites, borates, fluorides, sulfites, oxalates and citrates of calcium, magnesium and aluminum.

73. The method according to claim 69, wherein said reacting step comprises reacting the at least one first compound and the at least one second compound to produce at least one third compound selected from the group consisting of calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide.

74. The method according to claim 51, wherein said mixing step comprises:

mixing the at least one first compound in solution and the at least one second compound in solution with the water to produce a salt mixture; and

mixing the salt mixture with the cationic asphalt emulsion to produce the cationic asphalt-based formulation.

75. The method according to claim 51, wherein said mixing step comprises:

mixing aggregate with the water to wet the aggregate;

mixing the at least one first compound in solution and the at least one second compound in solution with the wetted aggregate to produce an aggregate-salt mixture; and

mixing the aggregate-salt mixture with the cationic asphalt emulsion to produce the cationic asphalt-based formulation.

76. The method according to claim 51, wherein said mixing step comprises:

mixing the at least one first compound in solution with the water to produce a salt mixture; and

mixing the salt mixture with the cationic asphalt emulsion and the at least one second compound in solution to produce the cationic asphalt-based formulation.

77. The method according to claim 51, wherein said mixing step comprises:

mixing aggregate with the water to wet the aggregate;

mixing the at least one first compound in solution with the wetted aggregate to produce an aggregate-salt mixture; and

mixing the aggregate-salt mixture with the cationic asphalt emulsion and the at least one second compound in solution to produce the cationic asphalt-based formulation.

78. The method according to claim 77, wherein the at least one second compound is present in the aqueous phase of the cationic asphalt emulsion.

79. The method according to claim 51, wherein said mixing step comprises:

mixing the cationic asphalt emulsion and the at least one second compound in solution with the water to produce a salt mixture; and

mixing the salt mixture and the at least one first compound in solution to produce the cationic asphalt-based formulation.

80. The method according to claim 51, wherein said mixing step comprises:

mixing aggregate with the water to wet the aggregate;

mixing the cationic asphalt emulsion and the at least one second compound in solution with the wetted aggregate to produce an aggregate-salt mixture; and

mixing the aggregate-salt mixture and the at least one first compound in solution to produce the cationic asphalt-based formulation.

81. The method according to claim 80, wherein the at least one second compound is present in the aqueous phase of the cationic asphalt emulsion.

82. The method according to claim 51, wherein the mixing step comprises mixing at least one polymer with the water, cationic asphalt emulsion, at least one first compound and the at least one second compound, to produce the cationic asphalt-based formulation.

83. The method according to claim 51, wherein the mixing step comprises mixing at least one polymer with aggregate and the water, cationic asphalt emulsion, at least one first compound and the at least one second compound, to produce the cationic asphalt-based formulation.

84. The method according to claim 83, wherein the mixing step comprises

mixing the water with a polymer latex and with the at least one second compound in solution to produce a first mixture;

mixing the first mixture with the at least one second compound in solution to produce a second mixture; and

mixing the second mixture with the cationic asphalt emulsion to produce the cationic asphalt-based formulation.

85. The method according to claim 83, wherein the mixing step comprises mixing aggregate with the water to wet the aggregate;

mixing the wetted aggregate with a polymer latex and with the at least one second compound in solution to produce a first mixture;

mixing the first mixture with the at least one second compound in solution to produce a second mixture; and

mixing the second mixture with the cationic asphalt emulsion to produce the cationic asphalt-based formulation.

86. The method according to claim 83, wherein the mixing step comprises providing the polymer in the cationic asphalt emulsion to produce a polymer modified cationic asphalt emulsion.

87. The method according to claim 86, wherein the at least one polymer is selected from the group consisting of SBR copolymers, natural rubber, polychloroprene, SBS block copolymers and EVA copolymers.

88. The method according to claim 86, wherein the at least one polymer comprises a SBR copolymer.

89. The method according to claim 51, wherein the cationic asphalt emulsion has a pH of greater than 1.5.

90. The method according to claim 51, wherein the cationic asphalt emulsion has a pH of greater than 2.0.

91. The method according to claim 51, wherein the cationic asphalt emulsion has a pH of greater than 3.0.

101. The method according to claim 52, wherein a microsurfacing system prepared from the formulation has a wet track abrasion loss not greater than 807.3 g/m² (75 g/ft²).

108. The method of claim 51 further comprising applying the cationic asphalt-based formulation to a substrate to form a coating on the substrate.

92. A method of preparing a cationic asphalt-based formulation, comprising mixing:

water;

a cationic asphalt emulsion;

at least one compound in aqueous solution selected from the group consisting of alkali metal salts, alkali metal hydroxides, ammonium salts and ammonium hydroxide, said at least one compound having a solubility of greater than 10 g/100 mL and capable of producing a pH in solution of at least about 9; and

at least one salt in aqueous solution having a solubility in water at 20°

C. of greater than about 10 g/100 mL,

wherein the at least one compound and the at least one salt react to form at least one salt or hydroxide having a solubility in water at 20°

C. of less than about 0.5 g/100 mL.

93. The method according to claim 92 further comprising mixing aggregate.

94. The method according to claim 92, wherein the at least one salt is selected from the group consisting of salts of Group IIA elements, Group IIIA elements, Group IIIB elements, copper, zinc, cadmium, manganese, iron, cobalt and nickel;

and the at least one compound and the at least one salt react to form at least one compound having a solubility in water at 20°

C. of less than about 0.5 g/100 mL selected from the group consisting of salts and hydroxides of Group IIA elements, Group IIIA elements, Group IIIB elements;

copper, zinc, cadmium, manganese, iron, cobalt and nickel.

102. The method according to claim 93, wherein a microsurfacing system prepared from the formulation has a wet track abrasion loss not greater than 807.3 g/m² (75 g/ft²).

109. The method of claim 92 further comprising applying the cationic asphalt-based formulation to a substrate to form a coating on the substrate.

95. A method of preparing a cationic asphalt-based formulation, comprising mixing:

from about 4 to about 16 parts by weight water;

from about 8 to about 16 parts by weight of an cationic asphalt emulsion;

from greater than 0 to about 4 parts by weight of at least one first compound in aqueous solution selected from the group consisting salts and hydroxides of sodium, potassium and ammonium; and

from greater than 0 to about 2 parts by weight of at least one second compound in an aqueous solution selected from the group consisting of calcium chloride, calcium nitrate, magnesium chloride, magnesium nitrate, magnesium sulfate, aluminum chloride, aluminum nitrate, and aluminum sulfate;

said cationic asphalt-based formulation having a sufficient amount of the at least one first compound to produce a pH of greater than about 9.

96. The method according to claim 95 further comprising mixing 100 parts by weight aggregate.

103. The method according to claim 96, wherein a microsurfacing system prepared from the formulation has a wet track abrasion loss not greater than 807.3 g/m² (75 g/ft²).

110. The method of claim 95 further comprising applying the cationic asphalt-based formulation to a substrate to form a coating on the substrate.