Nanowire heterostructures for encoding information
First Claim
1. A nanowire heterostructure comprising at least a first material type and a second material type wherein said first material type and said second material type delineate at least two different and distinguishable domains, wherein said domains store coded information.
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Abstract
This invention pertains to the synthesis and use of nanowire heterostructures for the storage of information. In certain embodiments, the nanowire heterostructures comprise at least a first material type and a second material type wherein the first material type and the second material type delineate at least two different and distinguishable domains, wherein said domains store coded information. The nanowire heterostructures are particularly useful for identifying, tagging, and tracking compositions, articles of manufacture, or animals. The nanowire heterostructure are also useful for various assays and for storing and recovering information.
502 Citations
223 Claims
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1. A nanowire heterostructure comprising at least a first material type and a second material type wherein said first material type and said second material type delineate at least two different and distinguishable domains, wherein said domains store coded information.
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2. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 1, wherein said nanowire has a substantially uniform diameter of about 200 nm or less.
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3. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 1, wherein said nanowire has an aspect ration greater than about 2.
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4. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 1, wherein said nanowire heterostructure encodes at least 8 bits of information.
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5. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 1, wherein said information is spatially encoded by the position of said domains along said nanowire.
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6. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 1, wherein said information us spatially encoded by the length of said domains along said nanowire.
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7. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 1, wherein said information is spatially encoded by the length and position of said domains along said nanowire.
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8. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 1, wherein said information is encoded by the optical properties of said domains.
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9. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 8, wherein one or more of said domains are fluorescent.
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10. The nanowire of claim 9, wherein said information is encoded in the fluorescence intensity of said domains.
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11. The nanowire of claim 9, wherein said information is encoded in the peak emission wavelength of said domains.
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12. The nanowire of claim 9, wherein said information is encoded in the emission spectrum of said domains.
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13. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 1, wherein said information is encoded by the electrical properties of said domains.
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14. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 1, wherein said information is encoded by the magnetic properties of said domains.
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15. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 1, wherein said information comprises the composition of said nanowire heterostructure.
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16. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 1, wherein said information comprises the identity of said nanowire heterostructure.
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17. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 1, wherein said first material type and said second material type differ from each other in a property selected from the group consisting of an optical property, an electrical property, and a magnetic property.
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18. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 11, wherein said optical property comprises one or more properties selected from the group consisting of a color, an absorption spectrum, an emission spectrum, an emission intensity, and a fluorescence intensity.
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19. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 1, wherein said first material type is a semiconductor.
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20. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 19, wherein said semiconductor is a doped semiconductor.
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21. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 1, wherein said first material type is a first semiconductor and said second material type is a second semiconductor.
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22. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 21, wherein said first semiconductor is a doped semiconductor and said second semiconductor is a doped semiconductor.
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23. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 18, wherein said first semiconductor is an n-doped semiconductor, said second semiconductor is a p-doped semiconductor and the transition region between the first and second semiconductor is a fluorescent region.
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24. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 23, wherein information is encoded in the spatial distribution of a plurality of transition regions between n-doped and p-doped semiconductors comprising said nanowire heterostructure.
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25. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 1, wherein said first material type and said second material type differ in magnetic properties.
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26. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 1, wherein said at least two different and distinguishable domains comprise a first domain and a second domain wherein said first domain differs in absorption or emission spectra from said second domain.
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27. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 26, wherein at least one of said absorption and emission spectra of at least one of said first and second domain comprises a comprises an infrared absorption and emission spectrum.
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28. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 26, wherein the nanowire is substantially invisible to the human eye.
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29. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 26, wherein said emission spectrum comprises substantially only IR emission.
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30. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 26, wherein said emission spectrum comprises substantially only UV emission.
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31. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 26, wherein said emission spectrum comprises substantially only visible light.
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32. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 26, wherein said first domain is a fluorescent domain and said second domain is a fluorescent domain.
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33. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 32, wherein said first domain has an essentially monochromatic emission spectrum.
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34. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 33, wherein the emission wavelength of said first domain depends on the length or diameter of the domain.
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35. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 32, wherein said first domain and said second domain each have an essentially monochromatic emission spectrum.
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36. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 32, wherein said first domain and said second domain are sufficiently close to each other that they form a coding region having a polychromatic emission spectrum.
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37. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 32, wherein said nanowire comprises a plurality of different fluorescent domains located within a region whose length is less than the wavelength of the longest wavelength of light emitted from said domains.
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38. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 32, wherein said nanowire comprises a plurality of different fluorescent domains located within a region whose length is less than the diffraction limit of the longest wavelength of light emitted by said domains.
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39. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 36, wherein said nanowire heterostructure comprises a plurality of coding regions.
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40. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 39, wherein said nanowire heterostructure is less than about 500 nm long.
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41. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 1, wherein said nanowire has a diameter of less than about 200 nm.
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42. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 1, wherein said nanowire has a substantially uniform diameter.
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43. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 1, wherein said nanowire is characterized by a substantially crystalline core.
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44. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 43, wherein said nanowire is characterized by a substantially monocrystalline core.
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45. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 1, wherein said nanowire heterostructure is functionalized.
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46. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 45, wherein said nanowire is functionalized with a functional group selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl, an amino, a carboxyl, and a thiol.
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47. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 45, wherein said nanowire is functionalized with a binding moiety selected from the group consisting of a nucleic acid, an antibody, a lectin, a receptor, a cytokine, a growth factor, a nucleic acid binding protein, a sugar, a carbohydrate, a polypeptide, a lectin, a cell, a receptor, a small organic molecule, an avidin, a streptavidin, an aptamer, an aptazyme, and a biotin.
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48. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 1, wherein said nanowire heterostructure is electrically coupled to one or more electrodes.
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49. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 1, wherein said nanowire heterostructure is optically coupled to one or more photonic devices.
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50. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 1, wherein said nanowire heterostructure forms one or more junctions with one or more second nanowires.
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51. A functionalized nanowire heterostructure comprising a nanowire heterostructure of claim 1 attached to an affinity molecule whereby said functionalized nanowire changes electrical, or optical properties upon binding of said affinity molecule to a target.
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52. A collection of nanowire heterostructures, said collection comprising a plurality of nanowire heterostructures of claim 1, wherein the nanowire heterostructures comprising said collection carry substantially the same code.
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53. The collection of claim 52, wherein said collection comprises at least 1000 different members.
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54. The collection of claim 52, wherein the variation any one of a characteristic selected from the group consisting of a location of the domains, a length of the domains, a diameter of the domains, an optical property of the domains, an electrical property of the domains, and a magnetic property of the domains is sufficiently small to distinguish members of said collection from members of a second collection of nanowire heterostructures of claim 1 encoding different information.
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55. The collection of claim 52, wherein the nanowires comprising said collection are functionalized.
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56. The collection of claim 55, wherein the nanowires comprising said collection are functionalized with a binding partner.
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57. The collection of claim 56, wherein the nanowires comprising said collection are functionalized with a binding partner selected from the group consisting of an antibody, a lectin, a receptor, a cytokine, a growth factor, a nucleic acid binding protein, a sugar, a carbohydrate, a polypeptide, a lectin, a cell, a receptor, a small organic molecule, an avidin, a streptavidin, an aptamer, an aptazyme, and a biotin.
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58. The collection of claim 56, wherein the nanowire heterostructures comprising said collection are functionalized with a functional group selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl, an amino, a carboxyl, a halide, and a thiol.
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59. The collection of claim 52, wherein members of said collection are electrically coupled to one or more electrodes.
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60. The collection of claim 52, wherein members of said collection are optically coupled to one or more photonic devices.
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61. The collection of claim 52, wherein members of said collection form one or more junctions with one or more second nanowires.
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62. The collection of claim 61, wherein said junction is ohmic.
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63. The collection of claim 61, wherein said junction is not ohmic.
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64. The collection of claim 61, wherein said junction is selected from the group consisting of pn, pnp, npn, pi, pnp, npn, pi, pin, pip, and nin.
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65. The collection of claim 61, wherein the doping level of either side of said junction is substantially different.
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66. The collection of claim 52, wherein the average diameter of the nanowire heterostructures comprising the collection is less than 200 nm.
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67. The collection of claim 52, wherein the distribution of diameters of the nanowires comprising said collection has a coefficient of variance less than 50%.
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68. The collection of claim 52, wherein the average diameter of the nanowire heterostructures comprising said collection is less than 200 nm and the distribution of diameters of the nanowires comprising said collection has a coefficient of variance less than 50%.
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69. A collection of nanowire heterostructures, said collection comprising two or more species of nanowire heterostructures of claim 1, wherein each species is coded with information providing a signature unique for each species of nanowire heterostructure comprising said collection.
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70. The collection of claim 69 wherein said signature allows the wires from said two or more species of nanowires to be distinguished from each other more than 50% of the time.
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71. The collection of claim 69, wherein the nanowire heterostructures comprising said collection are functionalized.
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72. The collection of claim 69, wherein the nanowire heterostructures comprising said collection are functionalized such that each species of coded nanowire is associated with a particular functionality.
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73. The collection of any of claim 69, 71, or 72, wherein the nanowire heterostructures comprising said collection are functionalized with a binding partner.
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74. The collection of claim 73, wherein the nanowire heterostructures comprising said collection are functionalized with a binding partner selected from the group consisting of a nucleic acid, an antibody, a lectin, a receptor, a cytokine, a growth factor, a nucleic acid binding protein, a sugar, a carbohydrate, a polypeptide, a lectin, a cell, a receptor, a small organic molecule, an avidin, a streptavidin, an aptamer, an aptazyme, and a biotin.
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75. The collection of claim 73, wherein the nanowire heterostructures comprising said collection are functionalized with a functional group selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl, an amino, a carboxyl, a thiol, and a halide.
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76. The collection of claim 69, wherein members of said collection are electrically coupled to one or more electrodes.
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77. The collection of claim 69, wherein members of said collection are optically coupled to one or more photonic devices.
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78. The collection of claim 69, wherein members of said collection form one or more junctions with one or more second nanowires.
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79. The collection of claim 78, wherein said junction is ohmic.
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80. The collection of claim 78, wherein said junction is not ohmic.
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81. The collection of claim 78, wherein said junction is selected from the group consisting of pn, pn, pnp, npn, pi, pnp, npn, pi, pin, pip, and nin.
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82. The collection of claim 78, wherein said the doping level of either side of said junction is substantially different.
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83. The collection of claim 69, wherein members of said collection are form a junction with one or more nanowires.
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84. A junction comprising a nanowire heterostructure of claim 1 electrically or optically coupled to a second nanowire or to an electrode.
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85. The junction of claim 84, wherein said junction comprises a nanowire of claim 1 electrically coupled to an electrode, wherein the electrical coupling is ohmic.
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86. The junction of claim 84, wherein said junction comprises a nanowire of claim 1 optically coupled to a light source, light guide, or light detector.
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87. The junction of claim 84, wherein said junction comprises a nanowire of claim 1 electrically coupled to a second nanowire.
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88. The junction of claim 87, wherein the electrical coupling is via electron tunneling.
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89. The junction of claim 87, wherein the electrical coupling is ohmic.
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90. The junction of claim 87, wherein said electrical coupling is not ohmic.
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91. The junction of claim 87, wherein said junction is selected from the group consisting of pn, pnp, npn, pi, pnp, npn, pi, pin, pip, and nin.
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92. The junction of claim 87, wherein said the doping level of either side of said junction is substantially different.
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93. The junction of claim 87, wherein said junction is encapsulated.
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94. The junction of claim 87, wherein said junction comprises an element of a circuit.
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95. A kit comprising a container containing a component selected from the group consisting of a nanowire heterostructure of claim 1, a collection of nanowire heterostructures of claim 52, a collection of nanowire heterostructures of claim 69, and a junction of claim 84.
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96. The kit of claim 95, wherein said nanowire heterostructures are in a solution.
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97. The kit of claim 95, further comprising instructional materials teaching the use of the nanowire heterostructure, the collection of a nanowire heterostructures, or junction in the fabrication of a device.
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98. The kit of claim 97, wherein said device is a device selected from the group consisting of an electronic device, an optoelectronic device, a spintronic device, an optical device, a sensor, a biological sensor, and a chemical sensor.
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99. An information storage and retrieval system, said system comprising:
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a nanowire heterostructure according claim 1;
anda device that detects said nanowire heterostructure and reads the information stored therein.
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100. The system of claim 99, wherein said device comprises a component selected from the group consisting of a microscope, a telescope, an optical system, an image acquisition system, a fluorometer, an emission spectrophotometer, an absorption spectrophotometer, a magnetometer, an atomic force microscope (AFM), a scanning tunneling microscope (STM), and a transition electron microscope, a transmission electron microscope, and a scanning electron microscope.
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101. The system of claim 99, further comprising a device to synthesize said nanowire heterostructure.
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102. The system of claim 99, further comprising an excitation source for exciting a signal from the nanowires.
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103. The system of claim 101, wherein the excitation source is an optical source.
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104. The system of claim 101, wherein the optical source is an IR or NIR source
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105. The system of claim 101, wherein optical the source is a laser.
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106. The system of claim 101, wherein the source is a lamp.
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107. The system of claim 101, wherein the source is a solid state LED.
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108. The system of claim 99, wherein the detection system does not need to be in contact with the nanowire heterostructure to read the code therein.
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109. The method of claim 108, wherein said emission comprises substantially only an emission selected from the group consisting of an IR emission, a UV emission, and a visible emission.
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110. The system of claim 92, wherein the detection system can be located more than 1 meter from the heterostructure and still read the code.
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112. A method of storing information, said method comprising:
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encoding information into a format compatible with storage in a nanowire heterostructure of claims 1; and
preparing a nanowire heterostructure encoding said information.
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113. The method of claim 112, wherein said nanowire heterostructure is prepared by a method selected from the group consisting of CVD, MOCVD, VLS, and modified VLS.
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114. The method of claim 112, said method further comprising detecting said nanowire.
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115. The method of claim 114, further comprising decoding said nanowire heterostructure to read the coded information.
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116. The method of claim 115, wherein said decoding comprises reading an electronic signature.
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117. The method of claim 115, wherein said decoding comprises reading an optical signature.
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118. The method of claim 115, wherein said decoding comprises reading a magnetic signature.
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119. The method of claim 115, wherein said decoding comprises determining an emission spectrum of one or more domains comprising said nanowire heterostructure.
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120. The method of claim 115, wherein said decoding comprises determining an absorption spectrum of one or more domains comprising said nanowire heterostructure.
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121. The method of claim 115, wherein said nanowire is decoded after said nanowire is transported to a new location.
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122. A method of transporting information from a first location to a second location, said method comprising:
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encoding information at a first location into a format compatible with storage in a nanowire heterostructure of claim 1;
preparing a nanowire heterostructure encoding said information;
transporting said nanowire heterostructure to said second location; and
decoding said nanowire heterostructure to read the coded information.
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123. The method of claim 116, wherein said transporting comprises carrying of said nanowire by a human or a non-human animal.
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124. The method of claim 116, wherein said transporting comprises transporting an article or composition comprising said nanowire.
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125. The method of any of claims 123 and 124, wherein said nanowire is substantially invisible to the human eye.
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126. The method of claim 124, wherein said article or composition is selected from the group consisting of currency, a weapon, an explosive, a poison, a drug, a controlled substance, and a biological organism.
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127. The method of claim 116, wherein said decoding comprises reading an electronic signature.
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128. The method of claim 116, wherein said decoding comprises reading an optical signature.
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129. The method of claim 116, wherein said decoding comprises reading a magnetic signature.
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130. The method of claim 116, wherein said decoding comprises determining an emission spectrum of one or more domains comprising said nanowire heterostructure.
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131. The method of claim 116, wherein said decoding comprises determining an absorption spectrum of one or more domains comprising said nanowire heterostructure.
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132. The method of claim 116, wherein said nanowire is decoded after said nanowire is transported to a new location.
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133. A method of tagging, tracking or identifying an article, a composition, or an animal, said method comprising:
contacting the article, composition or animal with one or more nanowire heterostructures of claim 1, whereby a nanowire heterostructure becomes associated with said article composition or animal.
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134. The method of claim 133, further comprising:
detecting a nanowire heterostructure associated with said article, composition or animal.
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135. The method of claim 133, wherein said animal is a non-human animal.
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136. The method of claim 133, wherein said animal is a human.
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137. The method of claim 136, wherein said human is associated with said nanowire heterostructure by contacting a composition or an article bearing one or more of said nanowire heterostructures.
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138. The method of claim 133, wherein said article is an article selected from the group consisting of currency, and a weapon.
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139. The method of claim 138, wherein said nanowire heterostructure is coded with information indicating a site of origin, of said article.
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140. The method of claim 133, wherein said composition is a composition selected from the group consisting of an incendiary composition, an explosive composition, a toxic chemical composition, a bioweapon.
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141. The method of claim 134, wherein said detecting comprises decoding said nanowire heterostructure to read the coded information.
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142. The method of claim 141, wherein said decoding comprises reading an electronic signature.
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143. The method of claim 141, wherein said decoding comprises reading an optical signature.
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144. The method of claim 141, wherein said decoding comprises reading a magnetic signature.
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145. The method of claim 141, wherein said decoding comprises determining an emission spectrum of one or more domains comprising said nanowire heterostructure.
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146. The method of claim 141, wherein said decoding comprises determining an absorption spectrum of one or more domains comprising said nanowire heterostructure.
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147. The method of claim 141, wherein said nanowire is decoded after said nanowire is transported to a new location.
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148. The method of claim 133, wherein said nanowire heterostructure is not visible to the naked human eye.
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151. A method of detecting an analyte in a sample, said method comprising:
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contacting said sample with a first binding moiety that binds to said analyte;
detecting a label associated with said analyte wherein said label comprises a nanowire heterostructure of claim 1, or a collection of nanowire heterostructures of claim 52, and said detecting indicates the presence and/or identity of said analyte in said sample.
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152. The method of claim 151, wherein said first binding moiety is a moiety that specifically binds said analyte and said first binding moiety is attached to said label.
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153. The method of claim 152, wherein said first binding moiety is attached to said label by a linker.
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154. The method of claim 151, wherein said first binding moiety binds to and immobilizes said analyte and said analyte is contacted with a second binding moiety that specifically binds to said analyte where said second binding moiety is attached to said label.
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155. The method of claim 151, wherein:
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said first binding moiety binds to and immobilizes said analyte;
said analyte is contacted with a second binding moiety that specifically binds to said analyte; and
said second binding moiety is contacted with a third binding moiety that specifically binds said second binding moiety, wherein said third binding moiety is attached to said label.
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156. The method of claim 154 or 155, wherein said first binding moiety non-specifically binds said analyte.
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157. The method of claim 154 or 155, wherein said first binding moiety specifically binds said analyte.
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158. The method of claim 151, wherein said first binding moiety is selected from the group consisting of a nucleic acid, an antibody, a polypeptide, a sugar, a lectin, and a carbohydrate.
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159. The method of claim 154 or 155, wherein said second binding moiety is selected from the group consisting of a nucleic acid, an antibody, a polypeptide, a sugar, a lectin, and a carbohydrate.
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160. The method of claim 155, wherein said third binding moiety is selected from the group consisting of a nucleic acid, an antibody, a polypeptide, a sugar, a lectin, and a carbohydrate.
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161. The method of claim 151, wherein said sample is a biological sample.
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162. The method of claim 151, wherein said sample is selected from the group consisting of a cell, a tissue, an organ, urine, blood, plasma, lymph, oral fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid.
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163. The method of claim 151, wherein said detecting comprises decoding said nanowire heterostructure to read the identity of said analyte.
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164. The method of claim 151, wherein said detecting comprises decoding the nanowire heterostructure to read the identity of the first binding moiety.
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165. The method of claim 151, wherein said detecting comprises decoding the nanowire heterostructure to read the identity of the assay.
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166. The method of claim 163, wherein said decoding comprises reading an electronic signature.
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167. The method of claim 163, wherein said decoding comprises reading an optical signature.
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168. The method of claim 163, wherein said decoding comprises reading a magnetic signature.
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169. The method of claim 163, wherein said decoding comprises determining an emission spectrum of one or more domains comprising said nanowire heterostructure.
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170. The method of claim 163, wherein said decoding comprises determining an absorption spectrum of one or more domains comprising said nanowire heterostructure.
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171. A method of detecting an analyte in a sample containing or suspected of containing said analyte, said method comprising:
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contacting said sample with a first binding moiety that specifically binds to said analyte, said binding moiety associated with a nanowire heterostructure of claim 1;
anddetecting a label associated with said analyte wherein said detecting indicates the presence, quantity and/or identity of said analyte in said sample.
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172. The method of claim 171, wherein encoded information in said nanowire heterostructure identifies said first binding moiety.
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173. The method of claim 171, wherein encoded information in said nanowire heterostructure identifies said analyte.
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174. A method of detecting a plurality of target analytes in a sample, said method comprising:
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contacting said sample with a first plurality of binding moieties that specifically or non-specifically bind said target analytes; and
detecting a label associated with each species of target analyte, wherein said label comprises a nanowire heterostructure of claim 1, the nanowire heterostructure associated with each species of target analyte is distinguishable from the nanowire heterostructures associated with the other target analytes; and
said detecting indicates the presence and/or identity of each of said target analytes present analyte in said sample.
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175. The method of claim 174, wherein the first binding moieties comprise a plurality of different binding moieties each species of which specifically binds to one of said target analytes and each species of which is attached to a label comprising a nanowire heterostructure that uniquely identifies said species in said collection of species.
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176. The method of claim 174, wherein the nanowire heterostructure uniquely identifies the binding moiety associated therewith
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177. The method of claim 175, wherein the labels are attached to the first binding moieties by linkers.
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178. The method of claim 174, wherein the first binding moieties bind to and immobilize the target analytes and the target analytes are contacted with second binding moieties comprising a plurality of binding moiety species where said plurality comprises a collection of species of binding moiety that each specifically bind to one of said target analytes, each species being attached to a to a label comprising a nanowire heterostructure that uniquely identifies said species in said collection of species.
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179. The method of claim 174, wherein:
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the first binding moieties bind to and immobilize the target analytes;
the target analytes are contacted with second binding moieties second binding moieties comprising a plurality of binding moiety species where said plurality comprises a collection of species of binding moiety that each specifically bind to one of said target analytes; and
the second binding moieties are contacted with third binding moieties comprising a plurality of binding moiety species where said plurality comprises a collection of species of binding moiety that each specifically bind to one of the species of second binding moieties, each species of third binding moiety being attached to a to a label comprising a nanowire heterostructure that uniquely identifies said species in said collection of species third binding moieties.
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180. The method of claim 178 or 179, wherein the first binding moieties non-specifically bind said target analytes.
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181. The method of claim 178 or 179, wherein the first binding moieties specifically bind said target analytes.
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182. The method of claim 174, wherein the first binding moieties are selected from the group consisting of a nucleic acid, an antibody, a polypeptide, a sugar, a lectin, and a carbohydrate.
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183. The method of claim 178 or 179, wherein the second binding moieties are selected from the group consisting of a nucleic acid, an antibody, a polypeptide, a sugar, a lectin, and a carbohydrate.
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184. The method of claim 179, wherein the third binding moieties are selected from the group consisting of a nucleic acid, an antibody, a polypeptide, a sugar, a lectin, and a carbohydrate.
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185. The method of claim 174, wherein said sample is selected from the group consisting of a cell, a tissue, an organ, urine, blood, plasma, lymph, oral fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid.
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186. The method of claim 174, wherein said detecting comprises decoding the nanowire heterostructures to read the identity of the analytes.
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187. The method of claim 174, wherein said detecting comprises decoding the nanowire heterostructure to read the identity of the first binding moiety.
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188. The method of claim 174, wherein said detecting comprises decoding the nanowire heterostructure to read the identity of the assay.
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189. The method of claim 186, wherein said decoding comprises reading an electronic signature.
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190. The method of claim 186, wherein said decoding comprises reading an optical signature.
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191. The method of claim 186, wherein said decoding comprises reading a magnetic signature.
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192. The method of claim 186, wherein said decoding comprises determining an emission spectrum of one or more domains comprising the nanowire heterostructures.
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193. The method of claim 186, wherein said decoding comprises determining an absorption spectrum of one or more domains comprising the nanowire heterostructures.
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194. A method of detecting a plurality of target analytes, each present or suspected of being present in a sample, said method comprising:
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contacting said sample with a first plurality of binding moieties that specifically bind said target analytes, said binding moieties each associated with a nanowire heterostructure of claim 1;
the nanowire heterostructure associated with each type of binding moiety specific for a different analyte being distinguishable from the nanowire heterostructures associated with binding moieties specific for every other of the target analytes;
detecting a label associated with each species of target analyte, wherein said detecting indicates the presence, quantity and/or identity of each of said target analytes present in said sample.
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195. The method of claim 194, wherein encoded information in said nanowire heterostructures identifies said first binding moieties to which they are bound.
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196. The method of claim 194, wherein encoded information in said nanowire heterostructure identifies said analyte to which said binding moieties bound to said nanowire heterostructures bind specifically.
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197. A method of detecting the presence or quantity of a first target analyte, in a sample, said method comprising:
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providing a first detection element comprising a first nanowire heterostructure of claim 1 associated with a first specific binding moiety;
contacting said binding moiety with said sample whereby said binding moiety specifically binds said first target analyte if said first target analyte is present in said sample;
detecting binding of said first target analyte to said first detection element; and
reading the information encoded in said nanowire heterostructure to determine the identity of said first target analyte.
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198. The method of claim 197, wherein said method further comprises”
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providing at least a second detection element comprising a second nanowire heterostructure of claim 1 associated with a second specific binding moiety where said second biding moiety specifically binds a second target analyte different from said first target analyte;
contacting said binding moiety with said sample whereby said second binding moiety specifically binds said second target analyte if said second target analyte is present;
detecting binding of said second target analyte to said second detection element; and
reading the information encoded in said second nanowire heterostructure to determine the identity of said second target analyte.
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199. The method of claim 198, wherein said first and second target analytes are the same target analyte.
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200. The method of claim 198, wherein said method uses at least 10 different detection elements.
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201. The method of claim 197 or 198, wherein the third binding moieties are selected from the group consisting of a nucleic acid, an antibody, a polypeptide, a sugar, a lectin, and a carbohydrate.
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202. The method of claim 197 or 198, wherein said sample is selected from the group consisting of a cell, a tissue, an organ, urine, blood, plasma, lymph, oral fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid.
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203. The method of claim 197 or 198, wherein said reading comprises reading an electronic signature.
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204. The method of claim 197 or 198, wherein said reading comprises reading an optical signature.
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205. The method of claim 197 or 198, wherein said reading comprises reading a magnetic signature.
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206. The method of claim 197 or 198, wherein said reading comprises determining an emission spectrum of one or more domains comprising the nanowire heterostructures.
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207. The method of claim 197 or 198, wherein said reading comprises determining an absorption spectrum of one or more domains comprising the nanowire heterostructures.
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208. The method of claim 197, wherein detecting the binding of the first target analyte to the first detection element comprises detecting a label of attached to a detector moiety that specifically binds said first target analyte.
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209. A method of assembling a device, said method comprising:
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providing a collection of nanowire heterostructures according to claim 69;
assembling said nanowire heterostructures into a device; and
reading the information encoded in said nanowire heterostructures to determine which nanowire heterostructure is located at which location in said device.
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210. The method of claim 209, further comprising placing the identity and location of each active nanowire heterostructure in a lookup table.
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211. The method of claim 210, wherein said lookup table is an element of said device.
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212. The method of claim 210, wherein said lookup table is a component of a reader for said device.
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213. The method of claim 209, wherein said a collection of nanowire heterostructures comprises a plurality of species wherein each species being differently functionalized than the other species comprising said plurality and further wherein the functionalized species are uniquely identified by the information coded into the nanowire heterostructures.
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214. The method of claim 213, wherein the nanowire heterostructures are functionalized with binding moieties independently selected from the group consisting of a nucleic acid, an antibody, a polypeptide, a sugar, a lectin, and a carbohydrate.
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215. The method of claim 213, wherein the nanowire heterostructures are functionalized with functional groups independently selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl, an amino, a carboxyl, a thiol, and a halide.
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216. The method of claim 209, wherein said device is selected from the group consisting of a logic circuit, a sensor, a biodetection system, a nano-CHEM-FET array, an electrically addressable device, an optically addressable device, and an array.
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217. A method of detecting a label among a plurality of intermingled labels, said method comprising:
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providing a plurality of intermingled labels comprising nanowire heterostructures of claim 1, wherein different species of nanowire heterostructure encode a different signature;
decoding the signature of one of said nanowire heterostructures to identify said nanowire heterostructure whereby the label of said nanowire heterostructure is detected and distinguished from other labels comprising said plurality.
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218. A method of detecting the contacting, handling, or association of a first animal or a first composition or article of manufacture by a second animal or a second composition or article of manufacture, said method comprising:
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providing said first animal or composition or article of manufacture labeled with one or more of the nanowire heterostructures of claim 1;
andscanning a said second animal composition or article of manufacture suspected of contacting said first animal or composition or article of manufacture to detect said nanowire heterostructure, where the presence of said nanowire heterostructure on said second animal, composition, or article of manufacture, indicates that said second animal, composition or article of manufacture has contacted said first animal, composition, or article of manufacture.
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219. The method of claim 218, wherein said first animal is a human.
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220. The method of claim 218, wherein said second animal is a human.
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221. The method of claim 218, wherein said composition is selected from the group consisting of a toxic chemical, an explosive, a drug, and a bacterium.
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222. The method of claim 218, wherein said article of manufacture is selected from the group consisting of an insured item of value, a controlled substance, currency, and a weapon.
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223. An inventory label generating method comprising:
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generating a plurality of candidate labels wherein said labels comprise nanowire heterostructures according to claim 1;
selecting a plurality of acceptable distinguishable labels from among the candidate labels by reading the information encoded in said candidate labels and selecting labels having different and distinguishable codes.
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2. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 1, wherein said nanowire has a substantially uniform diameter of about 200 nm or less.
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111. A nanowire heterostructure comprising a plurality of domains, wherein said domains comprise at least two different material types, wherein said domains store coded information.
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149. A nanowire heterostructure attached to a linking agent.
- View Dependent Claims (150)
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150. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 149, further comprising an affinity reagent attached to said linking agent.
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150. The nanowire heterostructure of claim 149, further comprising an affinity reagent attached to said linking agent.
Specification
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Current AssigneeNanosys Incorporated (Shoei Electronic Materials, Inc.)
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Original AssigneeNanosys Incorporated (Shoei Electronic Materials, Inc.)
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InventorsEmpedocles, Stephen
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Application NumberUS10/405,914Publication NumberTime in Patent OfficeDaysField of SearchUS Class Current257/14CPC Class CodesB82Y 10/00 Nanotechnology for informat...B82Y 20/00 Nanooptics, e.g. quantum op...G11C 2213/81 Array wherein the array con...H01L 29/0688 characterised by the partic...H01L 29/165 in different semiconductor ...