Quantum dynamic discriminator for molecular agents

• US 20040128081A1
• Filed: 12/18/2002
• Published: 07/01/2004
• Est. Priority Date: 12/18/2002
• Status: Abandoned Application

• Current Assignee: The Trustees of Princeton University (Princeton University), Wayne State University
• Original Assignee: Wayne State University
• Inventors: Levis, Robert J., Schreiber, Elmar, Rabitz, Herschel
• Application Number:
  US10/322,693
• Publication Number:
  US 20040128081A1
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• US Class Current: 702/23
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/636 using an arrangement of pump beam and probe beam; using the measurement of optical non-linear properties; non-linear optics per se G02F1/35
• CPC Class Codes: G16C 20/20 Identification of molecular entities, parts thereof or of chemical compositions
• CPC Class Codes: G16C 99/00 Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
• CPC Class Codes: H01J 49/161 using photoionisation, e.g. by laser

Abstract

The disclosed invention is related to the field of quantum dynamic discriminators, sample identification systems, mass spectrometers and methods for identifying a component in a composition. Also disclosed are quantum dynamic discriminators and methods for ascertaining the quantum dynamic states of a component in a composition. Optimal identification devices and methods for ascertaining quantum Hamiltonians of quantum systems are further disclosed.

Claims

1. A quantum dynamic discriminator for analyzing a composition, comprising:

a. a tunable field pulse generator for generating a field pulse to manipulate at least one component of the composition;

b. a detector for detecting at least one signal arising from at least one interaction arising from the application of an observation field to the composition, the detected signal being correlated to at least one of the molecular structure of the at least one component, or the amounts of two or more components; and

c. a closed loop quantum controller for the tunable field pulse generator;

d. the controller being adapted with an optimal identification algorithm for iteratively changing the field pulse applied to the composition, the optimal identification algorithm operating to minimize the variance between the detected signal and at least one other detected signal in the iteration loop.

2. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 1 wherein the field pulse is controlled to manipulate the quantum dynamic state of at least one component in the composition.

3. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 1 wherein the field pulse is controlled to manipulate the amount of at least one component in the composition.

4. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 1 wherein the field pulse is controlled to manipulate the ionization state of at least one component in the composition.

5. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 1 wherein the field pulse is controlled to manipulate the detected signal for determining the molecular structure of at least one component in the composition.

6. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 1 wherein the observation field is generated by the tunable field pulse generator.

7. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 1 wherein the observation field is generated by a generator other than the tunable field pulse generator.

8. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 1 wherein the shape of the observation field is selected using a closed loop quantum controller employing an optimal identification algorithm.

9. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 1 wherein the tunable field pulse generator generates at least one electromagnetic pulse.

10. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 9 wherein the tunable field pulse generator is capable of tuning the frequency, wavelength, amplitude, phase, timing, duration, or any combination thereof, of the electromagnetic pulse.

11. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 9 wherein the tunable field pulse generator comprises a pulsed laser.

12. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 1 wherein the generator of the observation field comprises a continuous laser, a pulsed laser, a tunable pulsed laser, or any combination thereof.

13. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 1 wherein the closed loop quantum controller is capable of manipulating the constructive and destructive interferences of the field pulse and the quantum dynamic state of at least one component in the composition.

14. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 13 wherein the tunable field pulse induces at least one signal from at least one component in the composition while suppressing at least one signal from at least one other component in the composition.

15. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 1 wherein the detected signal comprises an electric field, a magnetic field, an electromagnetic field, an optical field, an acoustical field, a particle, an ionized particle, a magnetized particle, or any combination thereof.

16. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 1 wherein the signal is detected statically, dynamically, or both.

17. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 1 wherein multiple signals are detected.

18. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 17 wherein the multiple signals are averaged.

19. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 1 wherein the closed loop quantum controller comprises a genetic algorithm to control the tunable field pulse generator.

20. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 1 wherein the closed loop quantum controller varies at least one of frequency, wavelength, amplitude, phase, timing, or duration, of the electromagnetic pulse.

21. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 1 further comprising a sample chamber for holding the composition.

22. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 1 wherein the composition is exposed to the tunable field pulse in the sample chamber.

23. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 22 wherein the sample chamber is in fluid communication with a mass spectrometer.

24. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 1 wherein the quantum Hamiltonian of the component is estimated from a plurality of detected signals arising from interactions between the observation field and the component in the composition.

25. A sample identification system for ascertaining the identity of at least one component in a composition, comprising:

a. quantum dynamic discriminator for analyzing a composition, comprising;

i. a tunable field pulse generator for generating a field pulse to manipulate at least one component of the composition;

ii. a detector for detecting at least one signal arising from at least one interaction between an observation field applied to the composition; and

iii. a closed loop quantum controller for the tunable field pulse generator;

iv. the controller being adapted with an optimal identification algorithm for iteratively changing the field pulse applied to the composition, the optimal identification algorithm operating to minimize the variance between the detected signal and at least one other detected signal in the iteration loop; and

b. a data set correlating the characteristics of the shape of the field pulse shape, the detected signal, or both, to the presence or absence of the component in the composition.

26. The sample identification system of claim 25 wherein the field pulse is controlled to manipulate the quantum dynamic state of at least one component in the composition.

27. The sample identification system of claim 25 wherein the field pulse is controlled to manipulate the amount of at least one component in the composition.

28. The sample identification system of claim 25 wherein the field pulse is controlled to manipulate the ionization state of at least one component in the composition.

29. The sample identification system of claim 25 wherein the field pulse is controlled to manipulate the detected signal for determining the molecular structure of at least one component in the composition.

30. The sample identification system of claim 25 wherein the observation field is generated by the tunable field pulse generator.

31. A method for identifying at least one component of a composition, the method comprising:

a. manipulating the component in the composition with at least one field pulse;

b. detecting at least one signal arising from at least one interaction between an observation field applied to the composition, the detected signal being correlated to at least one of the molecular structure of the at least one component, or the amounts of two or more components;

c. repeating steps a and b under the control of a closed loop quantum controller; and

d. correlating the tunable field pulse and the detected signal to the presence or absence of the component in the composition.

32. The method of claim 31 wherein the manipulating step comprises constructive and destructive wave interferences of the quantum dynamic states of the component in the composition.

33. The method of claim 31 wherein the composition comprises molecules.

34. The method of claim 33 wherein the molecules have similar optical absorption spectra.

35. The method of claim 31 wherein the field pulse comprises electromagnetic radiation.

36. The method of claim 35 wherein the electromagnetic radiation comprises laser light.

37. The method of claim 36 wherein at least one of frequency, phase, amplitude, timing and duration of the laser light is tunable.

38. The method of claim 31 wherein the detected signal comprises an electric field, a magnetic field, an electromagnetic field, an optical field, an acoustical field, a particle, an ionized particle, a magnetized particle, or any combination thereof.

39. The method of claim 32 wherein the wavepacket motion of the quantum dynamic state of the component is manipulated by a tunable electromagnetic pulse, the wavepacket motion giving rise to at least one discriminating signal.

40. The method of claim 39 wherein the discriminating signal comprises an electric field, a magnetic field, an electromagnetic field, an optical field, an acoustical field, a particle, an ionized particle, a magnetized particle, or any combination thereof.

41. The method of claim 39 wherein the discriminating signal is correlated to the component in the composition.

42. The method of claim 31 wherein the correlating step deductively identifies the component in the composition.

43. The method of claim 31 wherein the correlating step inductively identifies the component in the composition.

44. The method of claim 39 further comprising:

a. detecting the at least one discriminating signal;

b. applying to the composition at least one additional tunable electromagnetic pulse, the additional tunable electromagnetic pulse being tuned under the control of a closed loop quantum controller in response to at least one prior discriminating signal;

c. correlating the at least one tunable electromagnetic pulse and the at least one discriminating signal to the presence or absence of the at least one component in the composition.

45. A device for ascertaining the molecular structure of a quantum system, comprising:

a. a quantum control/measurement component, comprising a control optimization manager, a tunable field pulse generator for generating field pulses to manipulate the quantum system, and a detector for detecting a plurality of signals arising from interactions between a plurality of observation pulses applied to the quantum system; and

b. an inversion component for inverting data received by the quantum control/measurement component, the inverted data estimating at least one aspect of the molecular structure;

c. the quantum control/measurement component and the inversion component being linked together in a closed-loop architecture, the closed-loop architecture comprising a feedback signal being determined from the quality of the emerging molecular structure of the quantum system.

46. The device of claim 45 wherein the at least one aspect of the molecular structure is atom type, number of atoms, bond length, bond angle, bond type, number of bonds, functional group type, number of functional groups, ionization state, molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, mass/charge ratio, nuclear isotope, electronic quantum state, macromolecular conformation, intra-molecular interactions, or intermolecular interactions.

47. A method for ascertaining the molecular structure of a quantum system, comprising:

a. manipulating a quantum system with at least one field pulse tuned with respect to at least one of frequency, phase, amplitude, timing and duration;

b. detecting at least one signal arising from at least one interaction between an observation field and the manipulated quantum system;

c. inverting the detected signal to estimate at least one aspect of the molecular structure and an inversion error; and

d. performing steps a, b and c iteratively;

e. the tuning of at least one field pulse being in response to the estimated molecular structure and the inversion error.

48. The device of claim 47 wherein the at least one aspect of the molecular structure is atom type, number of atoms, bond length, bond angle, bond type, number of bonds, functional group type, number of functional groups, ionization state, molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, mass/charge ratio, nuclear isotope, electronic quantum state, macromolecular conformation, intra-molecular interactions, or intermolecular interactions.

49. A method for controlling the peak intensity of a component of a sample in an analytical spectrometer, the method comprising:

a. dynamically discriminating the component of the sample from at least one other component in the sample; and

b. obtaining the analytical spectrum of the dynamically discriminated sample.

50. The method of claim 49 wherein the analytical spectrometer comprises a mass spectrometer, a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer, an optical spectrometer, a photoacoustic spectrometer, or any combination thereof.

51. The method of claim 49 wherein the dynamically discriminating step comprises:

i. manipulating the component in the sample with at least one field pulse;

ii. detecting at least one signal arising from at least one interaction between the field pulse or an observation field applied to the sample and the component of the sample; and

iii. repeating steps a and b under the control of a closed loop controller to control the peak intensity of the component in the spectrum.

52. The method of claim 51 wherein the manipulating step comprises constructive and destructive wave interferences of the quantum dynamic states of the component in the composition.

53. The method of claim 51 wherein the field pulse comprises electromagnetic radiation.

54. The method of claim 53 wherein the electromagnetic radiation comprises laser light.

55. The method of claim 54 wherein at least one of frequency, phase, amplitude, timing and duration of the laser light is tunable.

56. The method of claim 51 wherein the detected signal comprises an electric field, a magnetic field, an electromagnetic field, an optical field, an acoustical field, a particle, an ionized particle, a magnetized particle, or any combination thereof.

57. The method of claim 50 further comprising measuring the mass/charge ratio of at least one component of the composition with a mass spectrometer.

58. The method of claim 51 under the operative control of a computer.

59. The method of claim 58 wherein the computer uses a feedback learning algorithm to control the tuning.

60. The method of claim 59 wherein the feedback learning algorithm is a genetic algorithm.

61. The method of claim 51 wherein the interaction is detected as a molecular spin state.

62. The method of claim 51 wherein the interaction is detected as ionic fragmentation of the component.

63. The method of claim 49 wherein the presence of at least one unidentifiable peak indicates the presence of a suspicious agent.

64. The method of claim 51 wherein information derived from the detection steps is stored in at least one data set.

65. An optimal identification device for ascertaining the quantum Hamiltonian of a quantum system, comprising:

a. a quantum control/measurement component, comprising a control optimization manager, a tunable field pulse generator for generating field pulses to manipulate the quantum system, and a detector for detecting a plurality of signals arising from interactions between a plurality of observation pulses applied to the quantum system; and

b. a inversion component for inverting data received by the quantum control/measurement component to estimate the quantum Hamiltonian;

c. the quantum control/measurement component and the inversion component being linked together in a closed-loop architecture, the closed-loop architecture comprising a feedback signal being determined from the quality of the emerging quantum Hamiltonian of the quantum system.

66. A method for ascertaining the quantum Hamiltonian of a quantum system, comprising:

a. manipulating a quantum system with at least one field pulse tuned with respect to at least one of frequency, phase, amplitude, timing and duration;

b. detecting at least one signal arising from at least one interaction between an observation field and the manipulated quantum system;

c. inverting the detected signal to provide an estimated quantum Hamiltonian and an inversion error; and

d. performing steps a, b and c iteratively;

e. the tuning of at least one field pulse being in response to the estimated quantum Hamiltonian and the inversion error.

67. A quantum dynamic discriminator for analyzing a composition, comprising:

a. a tunable field pulse generator for generating a field pulse to manipulate at least one component of the composition;

b. a detector for detecting at least one signal arising from at least one interaction between an observation field applied to the composition; and

c. a closed loop quantum controller for the tunable field pulse generator;

d. the controller being adapted with an optimal identification algorithm for iteratively changing the field pulse applied to the composition, the optimal identification algorithm operating to minimize the variance between the detected signal and at least one other detected signal in the iteration loop.

68. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 67 wherein the field pulse is controlled to manipulate the quantum dynamic state of at least one component in the composition.

69. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 67 wherein the field pulse is controlled to manipulate the amount of at least one component in the composition.

70. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 67 wherein the field pulse is controlled to manipulate the ionization state of at least one component in the composition.

71. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 67 wherein the field pulse is controlled to manipulate the detected signal for determining the molecular structure of at least one component in the composition.

72. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 67 wherein the tunable field pulse generator generates at least one electromagnetic pulse.

73. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 72 wherein the tunable field pulse generator is capable of tuning the frequency, wavelength, amplitude, phase, timing, duration, or any combination thereof, of the electromagnetic pulse.

74. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 72 wherein the tunable field pulse generator comprises a pulsed laser.

75. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 67 wherein the observation field is generated by the tunable field pulse generator.

76. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 67 wherein the observation field is generated by a generator other than the tunable field pulse generator.

77. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 75 wherein the generator of the observation field comprises a continuous laser, a pulsed laser, a tunable pulsed laser, or any combination thereof.

78. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 67 wherein the closed loop quantum controller is capable of manipulating the constructive and destructive interferences of the field pulse and the quantum dynamic state of at least one component in the composition.

79. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 78 wherein the tunable field pulse induces at least one signal from at least one component in the composition while suppressing at least one signal from at least one other component in the composition.

80. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 67 wherein the detected signal comprises an electric field, a magnetic field, an electromagnetic field, an optical field, an acoustical field, a particle, an ionized particle, a magnetized particle, or any combination thereof.

81. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 67 wherein the signal is detected statically, dynamically, or both.

82. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 67 wherein multiple signals are detected.

83. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 82 wherein the multiple signals are averaged.

84. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 67 wherein the closed loop quantum controller comprises a genetic algorithm to control the tunable field pulse generator.

85. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 67 wherein the closed loop quantum controller varies at least one of frequency, wavelength, amplitude, phase, timing, or duration, of the electromagnetic pulse.

86. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 67 further comprising a sample chamber for holding the composition.

87. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 86 wherein the composition is exposed to the tunable field pulse in the sample chamber.

88. The quantum dynamic discriminator of claim 87 wherein the sample chamber is in fluid communication with a mass spectrometer.

89. A sample identification system for ascertaining an identifying characteristic of at least one component in a composition, comprising:

a. a quantum dynamic discriminator for analyzing at least one component in a composition, comprising

i. a tunable field pulse generator for generating a field pulse to manipulate the at least one component in the composition;

ii. a detector for detecting at least one signal arising from an interaction between the field pulse or an observation field applied to the composition and at least one component of the composition; and

iii. a closed loop quantum controller for the tunable field pulse generator;

iv. the controller being adapted for iteratively changing the field pulse applied to the composition in response to the signal arising from the interaction; and

b. a data set correlating the field pulse shape, the detected signal, or both, to the presence or absence of the identifying characteristic of the component in the composition.

90. The sample identification system of claim 89 wherein the identifying characteristic is the molecular structure of the component, the chemical composition of the component, the atomic composition of the component, the nuclear composition of the component, or any combination thereof.

91. The sample identification system of claim 89 wherein the field pulse is controlled to manipulate the quantum dynamic state of at least one component in the composition.

92. The sample identification system of claim 89 wherein the field pulse is controlled to manipulate the amount of at least one component in the composition.

93. The sample identification system of claim 89 wherein the field pulse is controlled to manipulate the ionization state of at least one component in the composition.

94. The sample identification system of claim 89 wherein the field pulse is controlled to manipulate the detected signal for determining the molecular structure of at least one component in the composition.

95. The sample identification system of claim 89 wherein the detected signal comprises an electric field, a magnetic field, an electromagnetic field, an optical field, an acoustical field, a particle, an ionized particle, a magnetized particle, or any combination thereof.

96. The sample identification system of claim 89, further comprising a mass spectrometer for measuring the mass/charge ratio of at least one component in the composition.

97. The sample identification system of claim 96 wherein the tunable field pulse ionizes at least a portion of the composition, the mass/charge ratio of the ions being measured by the mass spectrometer.

98. The sample identification system of claim 97 wherein the ions comprise products arising from dissociative ionization, coulomb explosion, molecular ionization, or any combination thereof.

99. The sample identification system of claim 98 wherein the tunable field pulse comprises laser radiation having an intensity of at least 10¹³ W cm⁻

2.

100. The sample identification system of claim 98 wherein the tunable field pulse comprises laser radiation having at least one wavelength in the range of from about 200 nanometers to about 10 microns.

101. The sample identification system of claim 96, further comprising a data set for correlating the mass/charge ratio information to the composition of the component in the composition.

102. A method for identifying at least one component of a composition, the method comprising dynamically discriminating the quantum dynamic state of the at least one component from the quantum dynamic state of at least one other component in the composition.

103. The method of claim 102 wherein the composition comprises a mixture of molecules.

104. The method of claim 102 wherein the dynamically discriminating step comprises:

a. manipulating the quantum dynamic state of the component in the composition with at least one field pulse;

b. detecting at least one signal arising from at least one interaction between the field pulse or an observation field applied to the composition and the component of the composition;

c. repeating steps a and b under the control of a closed loop quantum controller; and

d. correlating the tunable field pulse and the detected signal to the presence or absence of the component in the composition.

105. The method of claim 104 wherein the manipulating step comprises constructive and destructive wave interferences of the quantum dynamic states of the component in the composition.

106. The method of claim 104 wherein the field pulse comprises electromagnetic radiation.

107. The method of claim 106 wherein the electromagnetic radiation comprises laser light.

108. The method of claim 107 wherein at least one of frequency, phase, amplitude, timing and duration of the laser light is tunable.

109. The method of claim 104 wherein the detected signal comprises an electric field, a magnetic field, an electromagnetic field, an optical field, an acoustical field, a particle, an ionized particle, a magnetized particle, or any combination thereof.

110. The method of claim 102 wherein the wavepacket motion of the quantum dynamic state of the component is manipulated by a tunable electromagnetic pulse, the wavepacket motion giving rise to at least one discriminating signal.

111. The method of claim 110 wherein the discriminating signal comprises an electric field, a magnetic field, an electromagnetic field, an optical field, an acoustical field, a particle, an ionized particle, a magnetized particle, or any combination thereof.

112. The method of claim 110 wherein the discriminating signal is correlated to the component in the composition.

113. The method of claim 112 wherein the discriminating signal deductively identifies the component in the composition.

114. The method of claim 112 wherein the at least one discriminating signal inductively identifies the component in the composition.

115. The method of claim 110 further comprising:

a. detecting the at least one discriminating signal;

b. applying to the composition at least one additional tunable electromagnetic pulse, the additional tunable electromagnetic pulse being tuned under the control of a closed loop quantum controller in response to at least one prior discriminating signal;

c. correlating the at least one tunable electromagnetic pulse and the at least one discriminating signal to the presence or absence of the at least one component in the composition.

116. The method of claim 115 wherein the electromagnetic pulse is a laser pulse.

117. The method of claim 102 further comprising measuring the mass/charge ratio of at least one component of the composition with a mass spectrometer.

118. A mass spectrometer comprising:

a. a sample chamber;

b. a tunable field pulse generator for generating at least one field pulse; and

c. an ion detector for detecting ions,

the mass spectrometer being configured such that at least one of the field pulses is directed upon a sample in the sample chamber, at least one of the components of the sample being manipulated by at least one of the field pulses, at least a portion of the manipulated sample being detected by the ion detector, and altering the at least one tuned field pulse in response to a signal arising from the detected ion, a signal arising from the manipulated sample, or any combination thereof.

119. The mass spectrometer of claim 118 wherein the detection and alteration of tuning steps are performed iteratively.

120. The mass spectrometer of claim 118 wherein the detection and alteration of tuning steps are performed with a computer.

121. The mass spectrometer of claim 118 wherein the field pulse is controlled to manipulate the quantum dynamic state of at least one component in the composition.

122. The mass spectrometer of claim 118 wherein the field pulse is controlled to manipulate the amount of at least one component in the composition.

123. The mass spectrometer of claim 118 wherein the field pulse is controlled to manipulate the ionization state of at least one component in the composition.

124. The mass spectrometer of claim 118 wherein the field pulse is controlled to manipulate the detected signal for determining the molecular structure of at least one component in the composition.

125. The mass spectrometer of claim 118 further, comprising

d. a detector for detecting at least one signal arising from an interaction between the field pulse or an observation field applied to the sample and at least one component of the sample;

and

e. a closed loop quantum controller for the tunable field pulse generator;

f. the controller being adapted for iteratively changing the field pulse applied to the composition in response to the signal arising from the interaction.

126. The mass spectrometer of claim 125 wherein the observation field is generated by a generator other than the tunable field pulse generator.

127. The mass spectrometer of claim 125 wherein the shape of the observation field is selected using a closed loop quantum controller employing an optimal identification algorithm.

128. The mass spectrometer of claim 125 wherein the tunable field pulse generator generates at least one electromagnetic pulse.

129. The mass spectrometer of claim 125 wherein the tunable field pulse generator is capable of tuning the frequency, wavelength, amplitude, phase, timing, duration, or any combination thereof, of the electromagnetic pulse.

130. The mass spectrometer of claim 125 wherein the tunable field pulse generator comprises a pulsed laser.

131. The mass spectrometer of claim 125 wherein the generator of the observation field comprises a continuous laser, a pulsed laser, a tunable pulsed laser, or any combination thereof.

132. The mass spectrometer of claim 125 wherein the closed loop quantum controller is capable of manipulating the constructive and destructive interferences of the field pulse and the quantum dynamic state of at least one component in the composition.

133. The mass spectrometer of claim 118 wherein the tunable field pulse induces at least one signal from at least one component in the composition while suppressing at least one signal from at least one other component in the composition.

134. The mass spectrometer of claim 118 wherein the detected signal comprises an electric field, a magnetic field, an electromagnetic field, an optical field, an acoustical field, a particle, an ionized particle, a magnetized particle, or any combination thereof.

135. The mass spectrometer of claim 118 wherein the signal is detected statically, dynamically, or both.

136. The mass spectrometer of claim 118 wherein multiple signals are detected.

137. The mass spectrometer of claim 136 wherein the multiple signals are averaged.

138. The mass spectrometer of claim 125 wherein the closed loop quantum controller comprises a genetic algorithm to control the tunable field pulse generator.

139. The mass spectrometer of claim 125 wherein the closed loop quantum controller varies at least one of frequency, wavelength, amplitude, phase, timing, or duration, of the electromagnetic pulse.