ELECTRONIC DETECTION OF BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES USING THIN LAYERS
First Claim
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1. A molecular sensing apparatus comprising:
- a first electrode;
a second electrode;
an insulator between said first and said second electrode; and
a biological macromolecule connecting said first electrode to said second electrode.
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Abstract
This invention provides novel sensors that facilitate the detection of essentially any analyte. In general, the biosensors of this invention utilize a binding agent (e.g. biomolecule) to specifically bind to one or more target analytes. In preferred embodiments, the biomolecules spans a gap between two electrodes. Binding of the target analyte changes conductivity of the sensor thereby facilitating ready detection of the binding event and thus detection and/or quantitation of the bound analyte. A molecular sensing apparatus comprising.
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Citations
165 Claims
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1. A molecular sensing apparatus comprising:
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a first electrode;
a second electrode;
an insulator between said first and said second electrode; and
a biological macromolecule connecting said first electrode to said second electrode. - View Dependent Claims (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40)
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- 16. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the biological macromolecule is attached to the first electrode by a thiol group.
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41. A method of making a molecular sensing apparatus, said method comprising:
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providing a first electrode and a second electrode separated by an insulator;
contacting said first and said second electrode with a first solution comprising a biological macromolecule;
placing a charge on said first electrode to attract said biological macromolecule to said first electrode where said macromolecule attaches to said first electrode to form an attached macromolecule; and
placing a charge on said second electrode to attract a portion of said attached macromolecule to said second electrode where said macromolecule attaches to said second electrode. - View Dependent Claims (42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72)
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73. A method of detecting an analyte, said method comprising:
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i) providing molecular sensing apparatus comprising a first electrode and a second electrode separated by an insulator where said first electrode has a biological macromolecule attached thereto;
ii) contacting the attached macromolecule with said analyte whereby said analyte binds to said macromolecule thereby forming a macromolecule/analyte complex;
iii) placing a charge on said second electrode attract a portion of said bound analyte to said second electrode where said analyte is bound to said second electrode such that said macromolecule/analyte complex forms a connection between said first electrode and said second electrode; and
iv) detecting the connection between said first and said second electrode. - View Dependent Claims (74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101)
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102. A method of detecting an analyte, said method comprising:
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i) providing a molecular sensing apparatus comprising a first electrode and a second electrode separated by an insulator where said first electrode has a first biological macromolecule attached thereto and said second electrode has a second biological macromolecule attached thereto;
ii) contacting the first attached macromolecule and the second attached macromolecule with said analyte whereby said analyte binds to the first macromolecule and to the second macromolecule thereby forming a macromolecule/analyte complex forming a connection between said first electrode and said second electrode; and
iii) detecting the connection between said first and said second electrode. - View Dependent Claims (103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131)
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132. A method of detecting an analyte, said method comprising:
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i) providing a molecular sensing apparatus comprising a first electrode and a second electrode separated by an insulator where a biological macromolecule forms a connection between said first electrode and said second electrode;
ii) detecting the connection between said first and said second electrode;
iii) contacting the attached macromolecule with said analyte whereby said analyte binds to said macromolecule forming a macromolecule/analyte complex; and
iv) detecting the difference in the connection between said first electrode and said second electrode. - View Dependent Claims (133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165)
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Specification