System and method for dynamically determining the attitude of an author of a natural language document

• US 20040158454A1
• Filed: 02/11/2003
• Published: 08/12/2004
• Est. Priority Date: 02/11/2003
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Fuji Xerox Company Limited (Fujifilm Holdings Corporation)
• Original Assignee: Fuji Xerox Company Limited (Fujifilm Holdings Corporation)
• Inventors: Polanyi, Livia, Zaenen, Annie
• Granted Patent: US 7,369,985 B2
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• US Class Current: 704/4
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 40/253 Grammatical analysis; Style critique

Abstract

A method for adaptively analyzing a natural language document containing at least one lexical item, said analysis to determine an attitude of an author towards an entity, comprising determining at least one actual valence for the at least one lexical item by analyzing the at least one lexical item in context, determining the attitude based on the at least one actual valence, associating the author, the entity and the attitude, and wherein the at least one lexical item encodes attitude information about the entity.

Claims

1. A method for adaptively analyzing a natural language document containing at least one lexical item, said analysis to determine an attitude of an author towards an entity, comprising:

determining at least one actual valence for the at least one lexical item by analyzing the at least one lexical item in context;

determining the attitude based on the at least one actual valence;

associating the author, the entity and the attitude; and

wherein the at least one lexical item encodes attitude information about the entity.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

determining at least one base valence for the at least one lexical item.

3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

determining at least one base valence for the at least one lexical item; and

wherein analyzing the at least one lexical item in context includes adjusting the at least one base valence based on at least one contextual valence shifter (CVS).

4. The method of claim 3 wherein:

the at least one CVS is at least one of;

a negator, an intensifier, a presupposition, a connector, a modal, reported speech/thought, an elaboration, and a genre.

5. The method of claim 4 wherein:

the negator CVS is a word or phrase that can negate the at least one base valence.

6. The method of claim 4 wherein:

the intensifier CVS is a word or phrase used for emphasis or de-emphasis that can strengthen or weaken the at least one base valence, respectively.

7. The method of claim 4 wherein:

the presupposition CVS can have a negative impact on the at least one base valence if the consequences of a not born-out expectation are negative and can have a positive impact on the at least one base valence if the consequences of the not born-out expectation are positive.

8. The method of claim 4 wherein:

the connector CVS is a word or phrase that indicates a different point of view and can neutralize or negate the at least one base valence.

9. The method of claim 4 wherein:

the modal CVS is a word or phrase that establishes a condition wherein the condition can neutralize or negate the at least one base valence.

10. The method of claim 4 wherein:

the reported speech/thought or other linguistic device CVS describes a context in which attitude is ascribed to a second entity rather than the author and can neutralize the at least one base valence with respect to the author.

11. The method of claim 10 wherein:

the reported speech/thought CVS does not neutralize the at least one base valence if the author adopts the attitude ascribed to the document entity.

12. The method of claim 3 wherein:

the elaboration CVS adjusts the at least one base valence to reflect the valence of at least one elaborating lexical item that elaborates on the lexical item.

13. The method of claim 12 wherein:

a contradiction between the lexical item and the at least one elaborating lexical item can indicate irony.

14. The method of claim 4 wherein:

the genre CVS can adjust the base valence using knowledge of expected genre content.

15. The method of claim 14 wherein:

the genre can be a movie review.

16. The method of claim 2 wherein:

the at least one base valence represents positive or negative attitudinal information encoded in the lexical item.

17. The method of claim 2 wherein:

determining the at least one base valence is based on taking into account the domain in which the at least one lexical item occurs.

18. The method of claim 3 wherein:

the at least one lexical item can be a contextual valence shifter.

19. A method for adaptively analyzing a natural language document containing at least one lexical item, said analysis to determine an attitude of an author towards an entity, comprising:

determining at least one base valence for the at least one lexical item.

determining at least one actual valence for the at least one lexical item by adjusting the at least one base valence based on at least one contextual valence shifter (CVS);

determining the attitude based on the at least one actual valence;

associating the author, the entity and the attitude; and

wherein the at least one lexical item encodes attitude information about the entity.

20. The method of claim 19 wherein:

the at least one CVS is at least one of;

a negator, an intensifier, a presupposition, a connector, a modal, reported speech/thought, an elaboration, and a genre.

21. The method of claim 20 wherein:

the negator CVS is a word or phrase that can negate the at least one base valence.

22. The method of claim 20 wherein:

the intensifier CVS is a word or phrase used for emphasis or de-emphasis that can strengthen or weaken the at least one base valence, respectively.

23. The method of claim 20 wherein:

the presupposition CVS can have a negative impact on the at least one base valence if the consequences of a not born-out expectation are negative and can have a positive impact on the at least one base valence if the consequences of the not born-out expectation are positive.

24. The method of claim 20 wherein:

the connector CVS is a word or phrase that indicates a different point of view and can neutralize or negate the at least one base valence.

25. The method of claim 20 wherein:

the modal CVS is a word or phrase that establishes a condition wherein the condition can neutralize or negate the at least one base valence.

26. The method of claim 20 wherein:

the reported speech/thought or other linguistic device CVS describes a context in which attitude is ascribed to a second entity rather than the author and can neutralize the at least one base valence with respect to the author.

27. The method of claim 26 wherein:

the reported speech/thought CVS does not neutralize the at least one base valence if the author adopts the attitude ascribed to the document entity.

28. The method of claim 20 wherein:

the elaboration CVS adjusts the at least one base valence to reflect the valence of at least one elaborating lexical item that elaborates on the lexical item.

29. The method of claim 28 wherein:

a contradiction between the lexical item and the at least one elaborating lexical item can indicate irony.

30. The method of claim 20 wherein:

the genre CVS can adjust the base valence using knowledge of expected genre content.

31. The method of claim 30 wherein:

the genre can be a movie review.

32. The method of claim 19 wherein:

the at least one base valence represents positive or negative attitudinal information encoded in the lexical item.

33. The method of claim 19 wherein:

determining the at least one base valence is based on taking into account the domain in which the lexical item occurs.

34. The method of claim 19 wherein:

the at least one lexical item can be a contextual valence shifter.

35. A system for adaptively analyzing a natural language document containing at least one lexical item, said analysis to determine an attitude of an author towards an entity, comprising:

a base valence calculator to determine at least one base valence of the at least one lexical item;

a contextual valence adjuster coupled to the base valence calculator, the contextual valence adjuster to adjust the at least one base valence based on at least one contextual valence shifter (CVS);

an entity identifier to identity the entity;

an attitude mapper coupled to the entity identifier and the contextual valence adjuster, the attitude mapper to determine the attitude based on the at least one adjusted valence and to associate the author, the entity, and an attitude.

36. The system of claim 35 wherein:

the base valence calculator utilizes a lexical resource; and

wherein the lexical resource provides the at least one base valence of the at least one lexical item.

37. The system of claim 36 wherein:

the lexical resource uses domain information to determine the at least one base valence.

38. The system of claim 35 wherein:

the base valence calculator utilizes domain information to determine a domain for the at least one lexical item.

39. The system of claim 35 wherein:

the at least one CVS is at least one of;

a negator, an intensifier, a presupposition, a connector, a modal, reported speech/thought, an elaboration, and a genre.

40. The system of claim 39 wherein:

the negator CVS is a word or phrase that can negate the at least one base valence.

41. The system of claim 39 wherein:

the intensifier CVS is a word or phrase used for emphasis or de-emphasis that can strengthen or weaken the at least one base valence, respectively.

42. The system of claim 39 wherein:

the presupposition CVS can have a negative impact on the at least one base valence if the consequences of a not born-out expectation are negative and can have a positive impact on the at least one base valence if the consequences of the not born-out expectation are positive.

43. The system of claim 39 wherein:

the connector CVS is a word or phrase that indicates a different point of view and can neutralize or negate the at least one base valence.

44. The system of claim 39 wherein:

the modal CVS is a word or phrase that establishes a condition wherein the condition can neutralize or negate the at least one base valence.

45. The system of claim 39 wherein:

the reported speech/thought or other linguistic device CVS describes a context in which attitude is ascribed to a second entity rather than the author and can neutralize the at least one base valence with respect to the author.

46. The system of claim 45 wherein:

the reported speech/thought CVS does not neutralize the at least one base valence if the author adopts the attitude ascribed to the document entity.

47. The system of claim 39 wherein:

the elaboration CVS adjusts the at least one base valence to reflect the valence of at least one elaborating lexical item that elaborates on the lexical item.

48. The system of claim 47 wherein:

a contradiction between the lexical item and the at least one elaborating lexical item can indicate irony.

49. The system of claim 39 wherein:

the genre CVS can adjust the base valence using knowledge of expected genre content.

50. The system of claim 49 wherein:

the genre can be a movie review.

51. The system of claim 35 wherein:

the at least one base valence represents positive or negative attitudinal information encoded in the lexical item.

52. The system of claim 35 wherein:

the at least one lexical item can be a contextual valence shifter.

53. A machine readable medium having instructions stored thereon that when executed by a processor cause a system to:

determine at least one actual valence for the at least one lexical item by analyzing the at least one lexical item in context;

determine the attitude based on the at least one actual valence;

associate the author, the entity and the attitude; and

wherein the at least one lexical item encodes attitude information about the entity.

54. The machine readable medium of claim 53, further comprising:

determining at least one base valence for the at least one lexical item.

55. The machine readable medium of claim 53, further comprising:

determining at least one base valence for the at least one lexical item; and

wherein analyzing the at least one lexical item in context includes adjusting the at least one base valence based on at least one contextual valence shifter (CVS).

56. The machine readable medium of claim 53 wherein:

the at least one CVS is at least one of;

a negator, an intensifier, a presupposition, a connector, a modal, reported speech/thought, an elaboration, and a genre.

57. The machine readable medium of claim 56 wherein:

the negator CVS is a word or phrase that can negate the at least one base valence.

58. The machine readable medium of claim 56 wherein:

the intensifier CVS is a word or phrase used for emphasis or de-emphasis that can strengthen or weaken the at least one base valence, respectively.

59. The machine readable medium of claim 56 wherein:

the presupposition CVS can have a negative impact on the at least one base valence if the consequences of a not born-out expectation are negative and can have a positive impact on the at least one base valence if the consequences of the not borne-out expectation are positive.

60. The machine readable medium of claim 56 wherein:

the connector CVS is a word or phrase that indicates a different point of view and can neutralize or negate the at least one base valence.

61. The machine readable medium of claim 56 wherein:

the modal CVS is a word or phrase that establishes a condition wherein the condition can neutralize or negate the at least one base valence.

62. The machine readable medium of claim 56 wherein:

the reported speech/thought or other linguistic device CVS describes a context in which attitude is ascribed to a second entity rather than the author and can neutralize the at least one base valence with respect to the author.

63. The machine readable medium of claim 62 wherein:

the reported speech/thought CVS does not neutralize the at least one base valence if the author adopts the attitude ascribed to the document entity.

64. The machine readable medium of claim 56 wherein:

the elaboration CVS adjusts the at least one base valence to reflect the valence of at least one elaborating lexical item that elaborates on the lexical item.

65. The machine readable medium of claim 64 wherein:

a contradiction between the lexical item and the at least one elaborating lexical item can indicate irony.

66. The machine readable medium of claim 56 wherein:

the genre CVS can adjust the base valence using knowledge of expected genre content.

67. The machine readable medium of claim 66 wherein:

the genre can be a movie review.

68. The machine readable medium of claim 53 wherein:

the at least one base valence represents positive or negative attitudinal information encoded in the lexical item.

69. The machine readable medium of claim 54 wherein:

determining the at least one base valence is based on taking into account the domain in which the at least one lexical item occurs.

70. The machine readable medium of claim 53 wherein:

the at least one lexical item can be a contextual valence shifter.