Non-invasive measurement of blood analytes using photodynamics
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Abstract
The determination of blood glucose in an individual is carried out by projecting illuminating light into an eye of the individual to illuminate the retina with the light having wavelengths that are absorbed by rhodopsin and with the intensity of the light varying in a prescribed temporal manner. The light reflected from the retina is detected to provide a signal corresponding to the intensity of the detected light, and the detected light signal is analyzed to determine the changes in form from that of the illuminating light. For a biased sinusoidal illumination, these changes can be expressed in terms of harmonic content of the detected light. The changes in form of the detected light are related to the ability of rhodopsin to absorb light and regenerate, which in turn is related to the concentration of blood glucose, allowing a determination of the relative concentration of blood glucose. Other photoreactive analytes can similarly be determined by projecting time varying illuminating light into the eye, detecting the light reflected from the retina, and analyzing the detected light signal to determine changes in form of the signal due to changes in absorptivity of a photoreactive analyte.
257 Citations
119 Claims
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1-28. -28. (canceled)
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29. A method for use in the determination of the blood glucose concentration in an individual, comprising:
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(a) Non-invasively measuring the rate of a biochemical process of the body;
(b) Determining the blood glucose concentration from the measured rate. - View Dependent Claims (30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40)
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41. A method of determining the blood glucose concentration in an individual, comprising:
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(a) non-invasively measuring a formation rate of a substance in the individual; and
(b) determining the blood glucose concentration in the individual from the measured formation rate of the substance. - View Dependent Claims (42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50)
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51. A method for determining the blood glucose concentration of an individual, comprising:
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(a) measuring a formation rate of visual pigment in an eye of the individual; and
(b) determining the blood glucose concentration of the individual from the measured formation rate of visual pigment. - View Dependent Claims (52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65)
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66. A method for determining the blood glucose concentration of an individual, comprising:
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(a) Initiating a photodynamic process in the eye of a person;
(b) Measuring the glucose use rate of the photodynamic process; and
(c) Determining the blood glucose concentration of the person from the measured glucose use rate. - View Dependent Claims (67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78)
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79. An apparatus for glucose measurements, comprising:
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(a) An illuminating optics system adapted to provide illuminating light into the eye at a wavelength selected to initiate a photodynamic process in the eye;
(b) An optical detector configured to receive illuminating light reflected from the eye and output optical data relating to the photodynamic process; and
(c) An optical data analysis system configured to process the optical data to calculate the blood glucose level. - View Dependent Claims (80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113)
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101. A method of determining the blood glucose concentration in an individual, comprising:
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(a) non-invasively measuring a rate of depletion of a substance in the individual; and
(b) determining the blood glucose concentration in the individual from the measured depletion rate of the substance. - View Dependent Claims (102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107)
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114. A method for use in the determination of the blood glucose concentration in an individual, comprising:
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(a) Measuring an indicium of glucose metabolism;
(b) Determining the blood glucose concentration from the measured indicium. - View Dependent Claims (115, 116, 117, 118, 119)
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Specification