Compounds and method for coating surfaces in a haemocompatibe manner

• US 20050176678A1
• Filed: 04/15/2003
• Published: 08/11/2005
• Est. Priority Date: 05/09/2002
• Status: Abandoned Application

• Current Assignee: Hemoteq AG (Freudenberg & Company KG)
• Original Assignee: Hemoteq AG (Freudenberg & Company KG)
• Inventors: Di Baise, Donato, Linssen, Marita Katarina, Hoffmann, Michael, Horres, Roland, Faust, Volker, Hoffmann, Erika
• Application Number:
  US10/513,982
• Publication Number:
  US 20050176678A1
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• US Class Current: 514/54
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 31/045 Hydroxy compounds, e.g. alcohols; Salts thereof, e.g. alcoholates
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 31/075 Ethers or acetals
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 31/095 Sulfur, selenium, or tellurium compounds, e.g. thiols
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 31/11 Aldehydes
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 31/12 Ketones
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 31/13 Amines A61K31/04 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 31/21 Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 31/28 Compounds containing heavy metals
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 31/33 Heterocyclic compounds
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 31/722 Chitin, chitosan
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 31/727 Heparin; Heparan
• CPC Class Codes: A61L 31/10 Macromolecular materials
• CPC Class Codes: A61L 31/16 Biologically active materials, e.g. therapeutic substances A61L31/047 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: A61L 33/08 Polysaccharides
• CPC Class Codes: A61P 19/06 Antigout agents, e.g. antihyperuricemic or uricosuric agents
• CPC Class Codes: A61P 29/00 Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• CPC Class Codes: A61P 3/06 Antihyperlipidemics
• CPC Class Codes: A61P 35/00 Antineoplastic agents
• CPC Class Codes: A61P 37/06 Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection
• CPC Class Codes: A61P 7/02 Antithrombotic agents; Anticoagulants; Platelet aggregation inhibitors
• CPC Class Codes: C08B 37/0075 : Heparin; Heparan sulfate; Derivatives thereof, e.g. heparosan; Purification or extraction methods thereof
• CPC Class Codes: C08L 5/10 : Heparin; Derivatives thereof
• CPC Class Codes: C09D 105/08 : Chitin; Chondroitin sulfate; Hyaluronic acid; Derivatives thereof
• CPC Class Codes: Y02A 50/30 : Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Abstract

The invention concerns oligosaccharides and polysaccharides as well as the use of these oligosaccharides and/or polysaccharides, which contain the sugar unit N-acylglucosamine or N-acylgalactosamine for the production of hemocompatible surfaces as well as methods for the hemocompatible coating of surfaces with said oligosaccharides and/or polysaccharides, which imitate the common biosynthetic precursor substance of heparin, heparan sulphates and chitosan. The invention further describes methods for producing said oligosaccharides and/or polysaccharides and discloses various possibilities of using hemocompatibly coated surfaces. The invention relates particularly to the use of said oligosaccharides and/or polysaccharides on stents with at least one according to invention deposited hemocompatible coating, which contains an antiproliferative, antiinflammatory and/or antithrombotic active agent, methods for the preparation of said stents as well as the use of said stents for the prevention of restenosis.

Claims

1. Compounds of the general formulas Ia and Ib

2. The compounds of the general formula Ia according to claim 1, wherein Y and Z, independently of each other, represent the groups —

COCH₃, —

COC₂H₅, —

COC₃H₇, —

CH₂COO—

, —

C₂H₄COO—

, —

C₃H₆COO—

, as well as salts of said compounds.

3. The compounds of the general formula Ib according to claim 1, wherein Y represents the groups —

COCH₃, —

COC₂H₅, —

COC₃H₇, as well as salts of said compounds.

8. The compounds of the general formula Ia and/or Ib according to claim 1, characterized in, that the content of sulphate groups per disaccharide unit is less than 0.005.

9. The compounds of the general formula Ia and/or Ib according to claim 1, characterized in, that the content of free amino groups is less than 1% with respect to all of the —

NH—

Y groups.

10. The compounds of the general formula Ia and/or Ib according to claim 1, characterized in, that the sequence of the sugar units is substantially alternating.

11. The compounds of the general formula Ia according to claim 1, characterized in, that 45%-55% of all of the amino groups carry the group Y and the remaining amino groups carry the group Z.

21. Method for the hemocompatible coating of biological and/or artificial surfaces of medical devices comprising the following steps:

a) providing a surface of a medical device and

b) deposition of at least one oligosaccharide and/or polysaccharide according to claim 1 as hemocompatible layer on this surface and/or

b′

) deposition of a biostable layer on the surface of the medical device or the hemocompatible layer.

22. Method according to claim 21, wherein the hemocompatible layer or the biostable layer is coated via dipping or spraying method with at least one biodegradable and/or biostabile layer which comprises an active agent covalently and/or adhesively bound.

23. Method according to claim 21 comprising the further step c):

c. deposition of at least one active agent in and/or on the hemocompatible layer or the biostable layer.

24. Method according to claim 23, wherein the at least one active agent is implemented and/or deposited via dipping or spraying methods on and/or in the hemocompatible layer or the biostable layer and/or the at least one active agent is bound via covalent and/or adhesive coupling to the hemocompatible layer or the biostable layer.

25. Method according to claim 21 comprising the further step d):

d) deposition of at least one biodegradable layer and/or at least one biostable layer on the hemocompatible layer or the active agent layer, respectively, or

d′

) deposition of at least one oligosaccharide and/or polysaccharide according to one of the compounds of general formula Ia and/or Ib as hemocompatible layer on the biostable layer or the active agent layer, respectively.

26. Method according to claim 21 , comprising the further step e):

e) deposition of at least one active agent in and/or on the at least one biodegradable and/or biostable layer or the hemocompatible layer.

27. Method according to claim 26, wherein the at least one active agent is deposited and/or implemented via dipping or spraying methods on and/or in the at least one biodegradable and/or biostable layer or the hemocompatible layer and/or the at least one active agent is bound via covalent and/or adhesive coupling to the at least one biodegradable and/or biostable layer or the hemocompatible layer.

28. Method according to claim 25, wherein the biostable and/or biodegradable layer is covalently and/or adhesively bound on the surface of the medical device and the hemocompatible layer is covalently bound to the biostable layer and covers it completely or incompletely.

29. Method according to claim 21, characterized in, that the hemocompatible layer comprises heparin of native origin of regioselectively synthesized derivatives of different sulphation coefficients and acylation coefficients in the molecular weight range of the pentasaccharide, which is responsible for the antithrombotic activity, up to the standard molecular weight of the purchasable heparin of 13 kD, of heparansulphate and its derivatives, oligo- and polysaccharides of the erythrocytic glycocalix, desulphated and N-reac(et)ylated heparin, N-carboxymethylated and/or partially N-ac(et)ylated chitosan as well as mixtures of these substances.

30. Method according to claim 21, characterized in, that as biodegradable substances for the biodegradable layer polyvalerolactones, poly-ε

-decalactones, polylactonic acid, polyglycolic acid, polylactides, polyglycolides, copolymers of the polylactides and polyglycolides, poly-ε

-aprolactone, polyhydroxybutanoic acid, polyhydroxybutyrates, polyhydroxyvalerates, polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerates, poly(1,4-dioxane-2,3-diones), poly(1,3-dioxane-2-one), poly-para-dioxanones, polyanhydrides as polymaleic anhydrides, polyhydroxymethacrylates, fibrin, polycyanoacrylates, polycaprolactonedimethylacrylates, poly-b-maleic acid, polycaprolactonebutyl-acrylates, multiblock polymers such as from oligocaprolactonedioles and oligodioxanonedioles, polyetherester multiblock polymers such as PEG and poly(butyleneterephtalates), polypivotolactones, polyglycolic acid trimethyl-carbonates, polycaprolactone-glycolides, poly(g-ethylglutamate), poly(DTH-iminocarbonate), poly(DTE-co-DT-carbonate), poly(bisphenol-A-iminocarbonate), polyorthoesters, polyglycolic acid trimethyl-carbonates, polytrimethylcarbonates, polyiminocarbonates, poly(N-vinyl)-pyrrolidone, polyvinylalcoholes, polyesteramides, glycolated polyesters, polyphosphoesters, polyphosphazenes, poly[p-carboxyphenoxy)propane], polyhydroxypentane acid, polyanhydrides, polyethyleneoxide-propyleneoxide, soft polyurethanes, polyurethanes with amino acid rests in the backbone, polyetheresters such as polyethyleneoxide, polyalkeneoxalates, polyorthoesters as well as their copolymers, lipids, carrageenanes, fibrinogen, starch, collagen, protein based polymers, polyamino acids, synthetic polyamino acids, zein, modified zein, polyhydroxyalkanoates, pectic acid, actinic acid, modified and non modified fibrin and casein, carboxymethylsulphate, albumin, moreover hyaluronic acid, chitosane and its derivatives, heparansulphates and its derivatives, heparine, chondroitinesulphate, dextran, b-cyclodextrines, copolymers with PEG and polypropyleneglycol, gummi arabicum, guar, gelatine, collagen, collagen-N-Hydroxysuccinimide, lipids, phospholipids, modifications and copolymers and/or mixtures of these substances are used.

31. Method according to claim 21, characterized in, that as biostable substances for the biostable layer polyacrylic acid and polyacrylates such as polymethylmethacrylate, polybutylmethacrylate, polyacrylamide, polyacrylonitriles, polyamides, polyetheramides, polyethylenamine, polyimides, polycarbonates, polycarbourethanes, polyvinylketones, polyvinylhalogenides, polyvinylidenhalogenides, polyvinylethers, polyisobutylenes, polyvinylaromates, polyvinylesters, polyvinylpyrollidones, polyoxymethylenes, polytetramethyleneoxide, polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyurethanes, polyetherurethanes, silicone-polyetherurethanes, silicone-polyurethanes, silicone-polycarbonate-urethanes, polyolefine elastomeres, polyisobutylenes, EPDM gums, fluorosilicones, carboxymethylchitosanes, polyaryletheretherketones, polyetheretherketones, polyethylenterephthalate, polyvalerates, carboxymethylcellulose, cellulose, rayon, rayontriacetates, cellulosenitrates, celluloseacetates, hydroxyethylcellulose, cellulosebutyrates, celluloseacetatebutyrates, ethylvinylacetate copolymers, polysulphones, epoxy resins, ABS resins, EPDM gums, silicones such as polysiloxanes, polydimethylsiloxanes, polyvinylhalogenes and copolymers, celluloseethers, cellulosetriacetates, chitosanes and copolymers and/or mixtures of these substances are used.

32. Method according to claim 21, characterized in, that the active agents are chosen from the group which contains sirolimus (rapamycin), everolimus, pimecrolimus, somatostatin, tacrolimus, roxithromycin, dunaimycin, ascomycin, bafilomycin, erythromycin, midecamycin, josamycin, concanamycin, clarithromycin, troleandomycin, folimycin, cerivastatin, simvastatin, lovastatin, fluvastatin, rosuvastatin, atorvastatin, pravastatin, pitavastatin, vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, vinorelbine, etoboside, teniposide, nimustine, carmustine, lomustine, cyclophosphamide, 4-hydroxyoxycyclophosphamide, estramustine, melphalan, ifosfamide, tropfosfamide, thymosin α

-1, chlorambucil, bendamustine, dacarbazine, busulfan, procarbazine, treosulfan, tremozolomide, thiotepa, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, aclarubicin, epirubicin, mitoxantrone, idarubicin, bleomycin, mitomycin, dactinomycin, methotrexate, fludarabine, 2-methylthiazolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid, tialin-Na (sodium salt of tialin), fludarabine-5′

-dihydrogenphosphate, cladribine, mercaptopurine, thioguanine, cytarabine, fluorouracil, gemcitabine, capecitabine, docetaxel, carboplatin, cisplatin, oxaliplatin, amsacrine, irinotecan, topotecan, hydroxycarbamide, miltefosine, pentostatin, aldesleukin, tretinoin, asparaginase, pegasparase, anastrozole, exemestane, letrozole, formestane, aminoglutethemide, adriamycin, azithromycin, spiramycin, cepharantin, dermicidin, smc proliferation inhibitor-2w, epothilone A and B, mitoxantrone, azathioprine, mycophenolatmofetil, c-myc-antisense, b-myc-antisense, betulinic acid, camptothecin, PI-88 (sulphated oligosaccharide), melanocyte stimulating hormon (a -MSH), activated protein C, IL1-β

inhibitor, fumaric acid and its esters, calcipotriol, tacalcitol, lapachol, β

-lapachone, podophyllotoxin, betulin, podophyllic acid 2-ethylhydrazide, molgramostim (rhuGM-CSF), peginterferon α

-2b, lanograstim (r-HuG-CSF), filgrastim, macrogol, dacarbazine, exemestan, letrozol, goserelin, chephalomannin, basiliximab, trastuzumab, daclizumab, selectin (cytokine antagonist), CETP inhibitor, cadherines, cytokinin inhibitors, COX-2 inhibitor, NFkB, angiopeptin, ciprofloxacin, camptothecin, fluroblastin, monoclonal antibodies, which inhibit the muscle cell proliferation, bFGF antagonists, probucol, prostaglandins, 1,11-dimethoxycanthin-6-one, 1-hydroxy-11-methoxycanthin-6-one, scopolectin, colchicine, NO donors such as pentaerythritol tetranitrate and syndnoeimines, S-nitrosoderivatives, tamoxifen, staurosporine, β

-estradiol, α

-estradiol, estriol, estrone, ethinylestradiol, fosfestrol, medroxyprogesterone, estradiol cypionates, estradiol benzoates, tranilast, kamebakaurin and other terpenoids, which are applied in the therapy of cancer, verapamil, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (tyrphostines), cyclosporine A, paclitaxel and derivatives thereof such as 6-α

-hydroxy-paclitaxel, baccatin, taxotere and others, synthetically and from native sources obtained macrocyclic oligomers of carbon suboxide (MCS) and derivatives thereof, mofebutazone, acemetacin, diclofenac, lonazolac, dapsone, o-carbamoylphenoxyacetic acid, lidocaine, ketoprofen, mefenamic acid, piroxicam, meloxicam, chloroquine phosphate, penicillamine, hydroxychloroquine, auranofin, sodium aurothiomalate, oxaceprol, celecoxib, β

-sitosterin, ademetionine, myrtecaine, polidocanol, nonivamide, levomenthol, benzocaine, aescin, ellipticine, D-24851 (Calbiochem), colcemid, cytochalasin A-E, indanocine, nocadazole, S 100 protein, bacitracin, vitronectin receptor antagonists, azelastine, guanidyl cyclase stimulator tissue inhibitor of metal proteinase-1 and -2, free nucleic acids, nucleic acids incorporated into virus transmitters, DNA and RNA fragments, plaminogen activator inhibitor-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-2, antisense oligonucleotides, VEGF inhibitors, IGF-1, active agents from the group of antibiotics such as cefadroxil, cefazolin, cefaclor, cefotixin, tobramycin, gentamycin, penicillins such as dicloxacillin, oxacillin, sulfonamides, metronidazol, antithrombotics such as argatroban, aspirin, abciximab, synthetic antithrombin, bivalirudin, coumadin, enoxoparin, desulphated and N-reacetylated heparin, tissue plasminogen activator, GpIIb/IIIa platelet membrane receptor, factor Xα

inhibitor antibody, heparin, hirudin, r-hirudin, PPACK, protamin, thialin-Na, prourokinase, streptokinase, warfarin, urokinase, vasodilators such as dipyramidole, trapidil, nitroprussides, PDGF antagonists such as triazolopyrimidine and seramin, ACE inhibitors such as captopril, cilazapril, lisinopril, enalapril, losartan, thioprotease inhibitors, prostacyclin, vapiprost, interferon α

, β and

γ

, histamine antagonists, serotonin blockers, apoptosis inhibitors, apoptosis regulators such as p65, NF-kB or Bcl-xL antisense oligonucleotides, halofuginone, nifedipine, tocopherol, vitamin B1,B2, B6 and B12, folic acid, tranirast, molsidomine, tea polyphenols, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin gallate, Boswellic acids and derivatives thereof, leflunomide, anakinra, etanercept, sulfasalazine, etoposide, dicloxacillin, tetracycline, triamcinolone, mutamycin, procainimid, retinoic acid, quinidine, disopyrimide, flecainide, propafenone, sotolol, amidorone, natural and synthetically obtained steroids such as bryophyllin A, inotodiol, maquiroside A, ghalakinoside, mansonine, strebloside, hydrocortisone, betamethasone, dexamethasone, non-steroidal substances (NSAIDS) such as fenoporfen, ibuprofen, indomethacin, naproxen, phenylbutazone and other antiviral agents such as acyclovir, ganciclovir and zidovudine, antimycotics such as clotrimazole, flucytosine, griseofulvin, ketoconazole, miconazole, nystatin, terbinafine, antiprozoal agents such as chloroquine, mefloquine, quinine, moreover natural terpenoids such as hippocaesculin, barringtogenol-C21-angelate, 14-dehydroagrostistachin, agroskerin, agrostistachin, 17-hydroxyagrostistachin, ovatodiolids, 4,7-oxycycloanisomelic acid, baccharinoids B1, B2, B3 and B7, tubeimoside, bruceanol A, B and C, bruceantinoside C, yadanziosides N and P, isodeoxyelephantopin, tomenphantopin A and B, coronarin A, B, C and D, ursolic acid, hyptatic acid A, zeorin, iso-iridogermanal, maytenfoliol, effusantin A, excisanin A and B, longikaurin B, sculponeatin C, kamebaunin, leukamenin A and B, 13,18-dehydro-6-α

-senecioyloxychaparrin, taxamairin A and B, regenilol, triptolide, moreover cymarin, apocymarin, aristolochic acid, anopterin, hydroxyanopterin, anemonin, protoanemonin, berberine, cheliburin chloride, cictoxin, sinococuline, bombrestatin A and B, cudraisoflavone A, curcumin, dihydronitidine, nitidine chloride, 12-β

-hydroxypregnadien-3,20-dione, bilobol, ginkgol, ginkgolic acid, helenalin, indicine, indicine-N-oxide, lasiocarpine, inotodiol, glycoside la, podophyllotoxin, justicidin A and B, larreatin, malloterin, mallotochromanol, isobutyrylmallotochromanol, maquiroside A, marchantin A, maytansine, lycoridicin, margetine, pancratistatin, liriodenine, bisparthenolidine, oxoushinsunine, aristolactam-AII, bisparthenolidine, periplocoside A, ghalakinoside, ursolic acid, deoxypsorospermin, psycorubin, ricin A, sanguinarine, manwu wheat acid, methylsorbifolin, melanocyte stimulating hormon (alpha-MSH), sphatheliachromen, stizophyllin, mansonine, strebloside, akagerine, dihydrousambaraensine, hydroxyusambarine, strychnopentamine, strychnophylline, usambarine, usambarensine, berberine, liriodenine, oxoushinsunine, daphnoretin, lariciresinol, methoxylariciresinol, syringaresinol, umbelliferon, afromoson, acetylvismione B, desacetylvismione A, vismione A and B.

33. Method according to claim 21 one of the claims 21, characterized in, that the deposition or the immobilisation of the oligosaccharides and/or polysaccharides according to one the general formula Ia and/or Ib is achieved via hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals forces, electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonds, ionic interactions, cross-linking and/or covalent bonding.

34. Medical device available by one method according to claim 21.

35. Medical device, wherein the surface of the medical device is coated directly and/or via at least one interjacent biostable and/or biodegradable layer and/or active agent layer with a hemocompatible layer comprising at least one oligosaccharide and/or polysaccharide according to claim 1.

36. Medical device according to claim 35, wherein under the hemocompatible layer or between two hemocompatible layers at least one biostable and/or biodegradable layer is present.

37. Medical device according to claim 35, wherein the hemocompatible layer is coated completely and/or incompletely with at least another, suprajacent biostable and/or biodegradable layer.

38. Medical device according to claim 36, wherein at least one active agent layer is present between the biostable and/or biodegradable layer and the hemocompatible layer, which comprises at least one antiproliferative, antiinflammatory and/or antithrombotic active agent covalently and/or adhesively bound.

39. Medical device according to claim 35, wherein at least one antiproliferative, antiinflammatory and/or antithrombotic active agent is bound covalently and/or adhesively in and/or on the hemocompatible layer and/or the biostable and/or biodegradable layer.

40. Medical device according to claim 35, characterized in, that the used active agents are chosen from the group, which contains sirolimus (rapamycin), everolimus, pimecrolimus, somatostatin, tacrolimus, roxithromycin, dunaimycin, ascomycin, bafilomycin, erythromycin, midecamycin, josamycin, concanamycin, clarithromycin, troleandomycin, folimycin, cerivastatin, simvastatin, lovastatin, fluvastatin, rosuvastatin, atorvastatin, pravastatin, pitavastatin, vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, vinorelbine, etoboside, teniposide, nimustine, carmustine, lomustine, cyclophosphamide, 4-hydroxyoxycyclophosphamide, estramustine, melphalan, ifosfamide, tropfosfamide, chlorambucil, bendamustine, dacarbazine, busulfan, procarbazine, treosulfan, thymosin α

-1, tremozolomide, thiotepa, tialin (2-methylthiazolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid), tialin-Na (sodium salt of tialin), aunorubicin, doxorubicin, aclarubicin, epirubicin, mitoxantrone, idarubicin, bleomycin, mitomycin, dactinomycin, methotrexate, fludarabine, fludarabine-5′

-dihydrogenphosphate, cladribine, mercaptopurine, thioguanine, cytarabine, fluorouracil, gemcitabine, capecitabine, docetaxel, carboplatin, cisplatin, oxaliplatin, amsacrine, irinotecan, topotecan, hydroxycarbamide, miltefosine, pentostatin, aldesleukin, tretinoin, asparaginase, pegasparase, anastrozole, exemestane, letrozole, formestane, aminoglutethemide, adriamycin, azithromycin, spiramycin, cepharantin, smc proliferation inhibitor-2w, epothilone A and B, mitoxantrone, azathioprine, mycophenolatmofetil, c-myc-antisense, b-myc-antisense, betulinic acid, camptothecin, PI-88 (sulphated oligosaccharide), melanocyte stimulating hormon (α

-MSH), activated protein C, IL1-β

inhibitor, fumaric acid and its esters, dermicidin, calcipotriol, tacalcitol, lapachol, β

-lapachone, podophyllotoxin, betulin, podophyllic acid 2-ethylhydrazide, molgramostim (rhuGM-CSF), peginterferon α

-2b, lanograstim (r-HuG-CSF), filgrastim, macrogol, dacarbazine, letrozol, goserelin, chephalomannin, trastuzumab, exemestan, basiliximab, daclizumab, selectin (cytokine antagonist), CETP inhibitor, cadherines, cytokinin inhibitors, COX-2 inhibitor, NFkB, angiopeptin, ciprofloxacin, camptothecin, fluroblastin, monoclonal antibodies, which inhibit the muscle cell proliferation, bFGF antagonists, probucol, prostaglandins, 1,11-dimethoxycanthin-6-one, 1-hydroxy-11-methoxycanthin-6-one, scopolectin, colchicine, NO donors such as pentaerythritol tetranitrate and syndnoeimines, S-nitrosoderivatives, tamoxifen, staurosporine, β

-estradiol, α

-estradiol, estriol, estrone, ethinylestradiol, fosfestrol, medroxyprogesterone, estradiol cypionates, estradiol benzoates, tranilast, kamebakaurin and other terpenoids, which are applied in the therapy of cancer, verapamil, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (tyrphostines), cyclosporine A, paclitaxel and derivatives thereof such as 6-α

-hydroxy-paclitaxel, baccatin, taxotere and others, synthetically and from native sources obtained macrocyclic oligomers of carbon suboxide (MCS) and derivatives thereof, mofebutazone, acemetacin, diclofenac, lonazolac, dapsone, o-carbamoylphenoxyacetic acid, lidocaine, ketoprofen, mefenamic acid, piroxicam, meloxicam, chloroquine phosphate, penicillamine, hydroxychloroquine, auranofin, sodium aurothiomalate, oxaceprol, celecoxib, β

-sitosterin, ademetionine, myrtecaine, polidocanol, nonivamide, levomenthol, benzocaine, aescin, ellipticine, D-24851 (Calbiochem), colcemid, cytochalasin A-E, indanocine, nocadazole, S 100 protein, bacitracin, vitronectin receptor antagonists, azelastine, guanidyl cyclase stimulator tissue inhibitor of metal proteinase-1 and -2, free nucleic acids, nucleic acids incorporated into virus transmitters, DNA and RNA fragments, plaminogen activator inhibitor-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-2, antisense oligonucleotides, VEGF inhibitors, IGF-1, active agents from the group of antibiotics such as cefadroxil, cefazolin, cefaclor, cefotixin, tobramycin, gentamycin, penicillins such as dicloxacillin, oxacillin, sulfonamides, metronidazol, antithrombotics such as argatroban, aspirin, abciximab, synthetic antithrombin, bivalirudin, coumadin, enoxoparin, desulphated and N-reacetylated heparin, tissue plasminogen activator, GpIIb/IIIa platelet membrane receptor, factor X_a inhibitor antibody, heparin, hirudin, r-hirudin, PPACK, protamin, prourokinase, streptokinase, warfarin, urokinase, vasodilators such as dipyramidole, trapidil, nitroprussides, PDGF antagonists such as triazolopyrimidine and seramin, ACE inhibitors such as captopril, cilazapril, lisinopril, enalapril, losartan, thioprotease inhibitors, prostacyclin, vapiprost, interferon a, β and

γ

, histamine antagonists, serotonin blockers, apoptosis inhibitors, apoptosis regulators such as p65, NF-kB or Bcl-xL antisense oligonucleotides, halofuginone, nifedipine, tocopherol, tranirast, molsidomine, tea polyphenols, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin gallate, Boswellic acids and derivatives thereof, leflunomide, anakinra, etanercept, sulfasalazine, etoposide, dicloxacillin, tetracycline, triamcinolone, mutamycin, procainimid, retinoic acid, quinidine, disopyrimide, flecainide, propafenone, sotolol, amidorone, natural and synthetically obtained steroids such as bryophyllin A, inotodiol, maquiroside A, ghalakinoside, mansonine, strebloside, hydrocortisone, betamethasone, dexamethasone, non-steroidal substances (NSAIDS) such as fenoporfen, ibuprofen, indomethacin, naproxen, phenylbutazone and other antiviral agents such as acyclovir, ganciclovir and zidovudine, antimycotics such as clotrimazole, flucytosine, griseofulvin, ketoconazole, miconazole, nystatin, terbinafine, antiprozoal agents such as chloroquine, mefloquine, quinine, moreover natural terpenoids such as hippocaesculin, barringtogenol-C21-angelate, 14-dehydroagrostistachin, agroskerin, agrostistachin, 17-hydroxyagrostistachin, ovatodiolids, 4,7-oxycycloanisomelic acid, baccharinoids B1, B2, B3 and B7, tubeimoside, bruceanol A, B and C, bruceantinoside C, yadanziosides N and P, isodeoxyelephantopin, tomenphantopin A and B, coronarin A, B, C and D, ursolic acid, hyptatic acid A, zeorin, iso-iridogermanal, maytenfoliol, effusantin A, excisanin A and B, longikaurin B, sculponeatin C, kamebaunin, leukamenin A and B, 13,18-dehydro-6-α

-senecioyloxychaparrin, taxamairin A and B, regenilol, triptolide, moreover cymarin, apocymarin, aristolochic acid, anopterin, hydroxyanopterin, anemonin, protoanemonin, berberine, cheliburin chloride, cictoxin, sinococuline, bombrestatin A and B, cudraisoflavone A, curcumin, dihydronitidine, nitidine chloride, 12-β

-hydroxypregnadien-3,20-dione, bilobol, ginkgol, ginkgolic acid, helenalin, indicine, indicine-N-oxide, lasiocarpine, inotodiol, glycoside 1a, podophyllotoxin, justicidin A and B, larreatin, malloterin, mallotochromanol, isobutyrylmallotochromanol, maquiroside A, marchantin A, maytansine, lycoridicin, margetine, pancratistatin, liriodenine, bisparthenolidine, oxoushinsunine, aristolactam-AII, bisparthenolidine, periplocoside A, ghalakinoside, ursolic acid, deoxypsorospermin, psycorubin, ricin A, sanguinarine, manwu wheat acid, methylsorbifolin, sphatheliachromen, stizophyllin, mansonine, strebloside, akagerine, dihydrousambaraensine, hydroxyusambarine, strychnopentamine, strychnophylline, usambarine, usambarensine, berberine, liriodenine, oxoushinsunine, daphnoretin, lariciresinol, methoxylariciresinol, syringaresinol, umbelliferon, afromoson, acetylvismione B, desacetylvismione A, vismione A and B.

41. Medical device according to claim 40, characterized in, that in the case of the used active agents tacrolimus, pimecrolimus, PI 88, thymosin α

-1, PETN, baccatine and its derivatives, docetaxel, colchicin, paclitaxel and its derivatives, trapidil, α

- and β

-estradiol, dermicidin, tialin-sodium, simvastatin, macrocyclic suboxide (MCS) and its derivatives, sirolimus, tyrphostine, D24851, colchicin, fumaric acid and its esters, activated protein C (aPC), interleukin 1β

inhibitors and melanocyte stimulating hormon (α

-MSH) as well as mixtures of these active agents are concerned.

42. Medical device accordig to claim 34, characterized in, that the medical device comprises prostheses, organs, vessels, aortas, heart valves, tubes, organ spare parts, implants, fibers, hollow fibers, stents, hollow needles, syringes, membranes, tinned goods, blood containers, titrimetric plates, pacemakers, adsorbing media, chromatography media, chromatography columns, dialyzers, connexion parts, sensors, valves, centrifugal chambers, recuperators, endoscopes, filters, pump chambers.

43. Medical device according to claim 42, characterised in, that the medical device is a stent.

44. Stents according to claim 43, wherein the polymer is deposited in amounts between 0.01 mg to 3 mg/layer, preferred between 0.20 mg to 1 mg and especially preferred between 0.2 mg to 0.5 mg/layer.

45. Stent according to claim 43, characterized in, that the antiproliferative, antiinflammatory and/or antithrombotic active agent is comprised in a pharmaceutically active concentration of 0.001-10 mg per cm² stent surface.

46. Use of the stent according to claim 43 for the prevention or reduction of restenosis.

47. Use of the stent according to claim 1 for continuous release of at least an antiproliferative, antiinflammatory and/or antithrombotic active agent.

48. Use of the medical devices according to claim 34 for the direct contact with blood.

49. Use of the medical devices according to claim 34 for prevention or reduction of the adhesion of proteins on the coated surfaces of the medical devices.

50. The use according to claim 48, characterized in that the hemocompatibly coated surface of microtiter plates or other carrier media used for diagnostic detection methods prevents or reduces the unspecific deposition of proteins.

51. The use according to claim 48, characterized in that the hemocompatibly coated surface of adsorber media or chromatography media prevents or reduces the unspecific deposition of proteins.

4. A process for the production of the compounds of the general formula Ia, characterized in that heparan sulphate and/or heparan sulphate heparin is substantially entirely desulphated and subsequently N-acylated via an acid.

7. The compounds of the general formula Ia and/or Ib obtainable according to a process according to claim 4.

5. A process for the production of the compounds of the general formula Ib, characterized in that

a) chitosan is partially N-carboxyalkylated and then N-acylated, or

b) chitosan is partially N-acylated and then N-carboxyalkylated, or

c) chitin is partially deacetylated and then N-carboxyalkylated.

6. The process according to claim 5, characterized in that substantially the half of the amino groups of chitosan or chitin are acylated and the other half thereof are carboxyalkylated.

12. Use of the compounds of the general formula Ia and/or Ib for the production of hemocompatible surfaces of medical devices.

13. Use according to claim 12, characterized in, that the the compounds of the general formula Ia and/or Ib are bound covalently to the surface.

19. The use according to claim 12, characterized in that the sequence of said sugar units is substantially alternating.

14. Use of oligosaccharides and/or polysaccharides for the hemocompatible coating of surfaces, characterized in, that of the oligosaccharides and/or polysaccharides contain the sugar unit N-acylglucosamine or N-acylgalactosamine between 40% and 60%, and substantially the remaining sugar units have one carboxyl group per sugar unit.

15. The use according to claim 14, characterized in that substantially each second sugar unit of the oligosaccharides and/or polysaccharides is N-acylglucosamine or N-acylgalactosamine.

16. The use according to claim 14, characterized in that in the case of N-acylglucosamine N-acetylglucosamine and in the case of N-acylgalactosamine N-acetylgalactosamine is concerned.

17. The use according to claim 14, characterized in that the remaining sugar units are uronic acids.

18. The use according to claim 17, characterized in that the uronic acids are substantially D-glucuronic acid and L-iduronic acid.

20. The use according to claim 14, characterized in that the oligosaccharides and/or polysaccharides comprise substantially desulphated and substantially N-acylated heparan sulphate as well as partially N-carboxyalkylated and N-acylated chitosan.