Cassette-based dialysis medical fluid therapy systems, apparatuses and methods

• US 20050209563A1
• Filed: 03/16/2005
• Published: 09/22/2005
• Est. Priority Date: 03/19/2004
• Status: Abandoned Application

• Current Assignee: Baxter Healthcare SA (Baxter International Inc.), Baxter International Inc.
• Original Assignee: Baxter Healthcare SA (Baxter International Inc.), Baxter International Inc.
• Inventors: Sorensen, Ted, Lo, Ying-Cheng, Shang, Sherwin, Kienman, Rick, Hopping, Peter, Johnson, Tom, Castellanos, Rafael A., Marcquenski, Dan
• Application Number:
  US11/082,147
• Publication Number:
  US 20050209563A1
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• US Class Current: 604/151
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 1/1522 the interface being evacuated interfaces to enhance contact
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 1/1524 the interface providing means for actuating on functional elements of the cassette, e.g. plungers
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 1/154 with sensing means or components thereof
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 1/155 with treatment-fluid pumping means or components thereof
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 1/1561 at least one cassette surface or portion thereof being flexible, e.g. the cassette having a rigid base portion with preformed channels and being covered with a foil
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 1/1565 Details of valves
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 1/159 specially adapted for peritoneal dialysis
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 1/1607 before use, i.e. upstream of dialyser
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 1/1664 with temperature control
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 1/28 Peritoneal dialysis ; Other peritoneal treatment, e.g. oxygenation
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 1/281 Instillation other than by gravity
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 1/282 Operational modes
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 1/288 Priming priming in extracorporeal blood circuits A61M1/3643
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 2205/122 using evacuated interfaces to enhance contact
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 2205/128 with incorporated valves
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 2205/14 Detection of the presence or absence of a tube, a connector or a container in an apparatus
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 2205/3344 Measuring or controlling pressure at the body treatment site
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 2205/3351 Controlling upstream pump pressure
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 2205/3355 Controlling downstream pump pressure
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 2205/3653 by Joule effect, i.e. electric resistance

Abstract

Improved cassette-based medical fluid therapy systems, apparatuses and methods are provided. In one aspect, various peristaltic pump tubing materials are provided. Cassette and membrane materials, configurations and manufacturing improvements are provided. Various aspects of the invention include: a head height sensing and compensating method and apparatus; an admixing method and apparatus; a pH measuring method and apparatus; an air detecting and removal methods and apparatuses; an active priming apparatus and method; and a volumetric accuracy improvement apparatus and method.

Claims

1. A peristaltic pump comprising:

a member that is moved across a section of tubing to compress the tubing and thereby move fluid through the tubing; and

wherein the tubing has a Shore A Hardness in a range of about 50 to about 85 and a tear resistance of about 110 to about 480 in-lb/in.

2. The peristaltic pump of claim 1, wherein the tubing is selected from the group consisting of:

high quality silicone, silicone blend, ethylene propylene diene monomer (“

EPDM”

), polyurethane (“

PU”

), polyvinylchloride (“

PVC”

), ultra-high molecular weight PVC (“

UHMWPVC”

), styrene block copolymer, metallocene-catalyzed ultra-low density polyethylene (“

m-ULDPE”

), polytetrafluoroethylene (“

PTFE”

) and any combination thereof.

3. The peristaltic pump of claim 1, wherein the tubing exhibits at least one fluid volume accuracy selected from the group consisting of:

(i) at least about 90 percent for a fluid having a pH of about 9.0 and after being pumped for at least about 12 hours;

(ii) at least about 90 percent for a fluid having a pH of about 2.0 and after being pumped for at least about 12 hours; and

(iii) at least about 90 percent for a fluid being pumped from a head height of at least about ±

0.5 meters.

4. The peristaltic pump of claim 1, wherein the tubing has at least one characteristic selected from the group consisting of:

(i) a substantially uniform diameter, (ii) a substantially consistent wall thickness, (iii) is accurate over a temperature range of about 40°

C., (iv) a compression set in a range of about 20% to about 85% at 73°

C. and 22 hours, and (v) is sealable to a disposable cassette.

5. A peristaltic pump comprising:

a member that is moved across a section of tubing, enabling the tubing to be compressed and expanded, thereby moving fluid through the tubing; and

wherein the tubing exhibits a fluid volume accuracy of at least ninety percent for a fluid having a pH of about 2.0 to about 9.0, and wherein the fluid has been pumped through the tubing from a head height of at least about ±

0.5 meters for at least 12 hours.

6. The peristaltic pump of claim 5, wherein the tubing is selected from the group consisting of:

high quality silicone, silicone blend, ethylene propylene diene monomer (“

EPDM”

), polyurethane (“

PU”

), polyvinylchloride (“

PVC”

), ultra-high molecular weight PVC (“

UHMWPVC”

), styrene block copolymer, metallocene based on ultra-low density polyethylene (“

m-ULDPE”

), polytetrafluoroethylene (“

PTFE”

) and any combination thereof.

7. The peristaltic pump of claim 5, wherein the tubing has at least one characteristic selected from the group consisting of:

(i) a Shore A Hardness in a range of about fifty to about 85, (ii) a tear resistance of about 110 to about 480 in-lb/in, (iii) is accurate over a temperature range of about 40°

C. and a compression set in a range of about 20% to about 85% at 73°

C. and 22 hours, and (iv) is sealable to a disposable cassette.

8. A disposable dialysis apparatus comprising:

a disposable cassette providing at least one flow path, at least one valve chamber in fluid communication with the flow path, and a plurality of ports; and

tubing in fluid communication with the ports, the tubing forming a loop operable with a peristaltic pump, and wherein the tubing has a Shore A Hardness in a range of about fifty to about 85 and a tear resistance of about 110 to about 480 in-lb/in.

9. The disposable dialysis apparatus of claim 8, wherein at least one of the tubing and the disposable cassette is sterilized via a process selected from the group consisting of:

an ethylene oxide rinse and radiation.

10. The disposable dialysis apparatus of claim 8, wherein the tubing is mated to the ports via at least one process selected from the group consisting of:

molding, extrusion molding, solvent bonding, friction fitting, radio frequency sealing, heat sealing, laser welding and any combination thereof.

11. The disposable dialysis apparatus of claim 8, wherein the tubing is selected from the group consisting of:

high quality silicone, silicone blend, ethylene propylene diene monomer (“

EPDM”

), polyurethane (“

PU”

), polyvinylchloride (“

PVC”

), ultra-high molecular weight PVC (“

UHMWPVC”

), styrene block copolymer, metallocene based on ultra-low density polyethylene (“

m-ULDPE”

), polytetrafluoroethylene (“

PTFE”

) and any combination thereof.

12. The disposable dialysis apparatus of claim 8, wherein the tubing exhibits at least one fluid volume accuracy selected from the group consisting of:

(i) at least about ninety percent for a fluid having a pH of about 9.0 and after being pumped for at least about 12 hours;

(ii) at least about 90 percent for a fluid having a pH of about 2.0 and after being pumped for at least about four hours; and

(iii) at least about 90 percent for a fluid being pumped from a head height of at least about ±

0.5 meters.

13. The disposable dialysis apparatus of claim 8, wherein the tubing has at least one characteristic selected from the group consisting of:

(i) a substantially uniform diameter, (ii) a substantially consistent wall thickness, (iii) a compression set in a range of about 20% to about 85% at 73°

C. and 22 hours, and (iv) is accurate over a temperature range of about 40°

C.

14. A disposable dialysis apparatus comprising:

a disposable cassette providing;

(i) at least one flow path, (ii) at least one valve chamber in communication with the flow path, (iii) a pair of ports, and (iv) an air trap; and

tubing in fluid communication with the ports, the tubing forming a loop that operates with a peristaltic pump, wherein the pump is operable to pump fluid exiting the cassette, and wherein air from the fluid is collected in the air trap.

15. The disposable dialysis apparatus of claim 14, wherein the tubing (i) is selected from the group consisting of:

high quality silicone, silicone blend, ethylene propylene diene monomer (“

EPDM”

), polyurethane (“

PU”

), polyvinylchloride (“

PVC”

), ultra-high molecular weight PVC (“

UHMWPVC”

), styrene block copolymer, metallocene-catalyzed ultra-low density polyethylene (“

m-ULDPE”

), polytetrafluoroethylene (“

PTFE”

) and any combination thereof, (ii) has at least one characteristic selected from the group consisting of;

a Shore A Hardness in a range of about fifty to about 85, a tear resistance of about 110 to about 480 in-lb/in, a substantially uniform diameter, a substantially consistent wall thickness, a particulate matter (“

PM”

) level that is less than the PM level exhibited by silicone tubing, a compression set in a range of about 20% to about 85% at 73°

C. and 22 hours and is accurate over a temperature range of about 40°

C.; and

(iii) exhibits a fluid volume accuracy over at least about twelve hours of at least about ninety percent for a fluid having a pH of about 2.0 to about 9.0, and wherein a fluid pumped through the tubing has been pumped from a head height of at least about ±

0.5 meters.

16. The disposable dialysis apparatus of claim 14, wherein the tubing is mated to the ports via a process selected from the group consisting of:

molding, extrusion molding, solvent bonding, friction fitting, radio frequency sealing, heat sealing, laser welding and any combination thereof.

17. The disposable dialysis apparatus of claim 14, which includes at least one characteristic selected from the group consisting of:

(i) the air trap being located elevationally above a valve port leading to the patient;

(ii) each valve port being located on a same side of the cassette; and

(iii) each valve chamber being part of a zone capable of being fluidly separated from each other zone.

18. A medical fluid apparatus operable with a fluid pump, the apparatus comprising:

a disposable cassette, the cassette including a body and a flexible membrane, the body and membrane enclosing a chamber in the cassette, the chamber having a fluid inlet and a fluid outlet;

a pressure sensor coupled operably with a portion of the membrane, so as to sense pressure fluctuations of a fluid flowing through the chamber; and

electronics configured to;

(i) receive a signal from the pressure sensor, the signal indicative of a head height of a patient, and (ii) use the signal to determine a pressure at which to operate the pump.

19. The medical fluid apparatus of claim 18, wherein the desired pressure is a function of at least one of:

flow rate maximization and pressure limit adherence.

20. The medical fluid apparatus of claim 18, wherein the electronics have at least one characteristic selected from the group consisting of:

(i) being configured to determine the operating pressure based on the pressure signal and a factor corresponding to a predicted pressure drop due to at least one flow restriction between the pump and the patient;

(ii) being housed in a unit coupled with the disposable cassette; and

(iii) being housed in a unit that additionally includes a pump driving mechanism.

21. The medical fluid apparatus of claim 20, wherein the driving mechanism is mechanically activated or pneumatically activated.

22. The medical fluid apparatus of claim 18, wherein the pump is a peristaltic pump and the cassette includes a tube that is coupled operably with a driving mechanism of the peristaltic pump.

23. The medical fluid apparatus of claim 22, wherein the tube:

(i) is made of a material selected from the group consisting of;

high quality silicone, silicone blend, ethylene propylene diene monomer (“

EPDM”

), polyurethane (“

PU”

), polyvinylchloride (“

PVC”

), ultra-high molecular weight PVC (“

UHMWPVC”

), styrene block copolymer, metallocene-catalyzed ultra-low density polyethylene (“

m-ULDPE”

), polytetrafluoroethylene (“

PTFE”

) and any combination thereof; and

(ii) has at least one characteristic selected from the group consisting of;

a Shore A Hardness in a range of about fifty to about 85, a tear resistance of about 110 to about 480 in-lb/in, a substantially uniform diameter, a substantially consistent wall thickness, a particulate matter (“

PM”

) level that is less than the PM level exhibited by silicone tubing, and a compression set in a range of about 20% to about 85% at 73°

C. and 22 hours.

24. The medical fluid apparatus of claim 18, wherein (i) when the pressure due to head height is positive, the electronics are configured to set a positive operating pressure at the pump higher than a desired positive pressure at the patient to fill the patient at the desired positive pressure and to set a negative operating pressure at the pump lower than a desired negative pressure at the patient to drain the patient at the desired negative pressure and (ii) when the pressure due to head height is negative, the electronics are configured to set a positive operating pressure at the pump lower than a desired positive pressure at the patient to fill the patient and to set a negative operating pressure at the pump lower than a desired negative pressure at the patient to drain the patient at the desired negative pressure.

25. The medical fluid apparatus of claim 18, wherein the chamber is a pumping chamber of the pump.

26. A medical fluid apparatus comprising:

a pump driving mechanism;

a pressure sensor; and

electronics configured to (i) receive a signal from the pressure sensor indicative of a head height of a patient and (ii) use the signal to determine an operating level at which to operate the driving mechanism.

27. The medical fluid apparatus of claim 26, wherein the operating level is a function of at least one of:

flow rate maximization and pressure limit adherence.

28. The medical fluid apparatus of claim 26, wherein the electronics are configured to determine the operating level based on the pressure signal and a factor corresponding to a predicted pressure drop due to at least one flow restriction between the pump and the patient.

29. The medical fluid apparatus of claim 26, wherein the pump is a peristaltic pump and the driving mechanism includes a head that rotates against a fluid carrying tube, and wherein the operating level is a level at which the head rotates against the tube.

30. The medical fluid apparatus of claim 26, wherein (i) when the pressure due to head height is positive, the electronics are configured to set a positive operating level at the mechanism higher than the desired positive level to fill the patient at the desired positive level and to set a negative operating level at the mechanism higher than a desired negative level at the patient to drain the patient at the desired negative level;

and (ii) when the pressure due to head height is negative, the electronics are configured to set a positive operating level at the mechanism lower than a desired positive level to fill the patient at the desired positive level and to set a negative operating level at the mechanism higher than a desired negative level at the patient to drain the patient at the desired negative level.

31. A medical fluid apparatus operable with a fluid pump that pumps a fluid volume V per pumping increment, the apparatus comprising:

a mixing chamber;

first and second fluid supplies holding different first and second fluids;

a fluid path having a first end fluidly connected to an inlet of the chamber, the fluid path having a volume P, which is a predetermined portion of the volume V; and

first and second valves placed at a second end of the fluid path and controlling flow of the first and second fluids, the valves alternated so that (i) a volume P of the first fluid is pumped to the flow path and a volume V-P of the first fluid is pumped to the mixing chamber in a first pumping increment and (ii) a volume P of the second fluid is pumped to the flow path and a volume V-P of the second fluid is pumped to the mixing chamber in a second pumping increment.

32. The medical fluid apparatus of claim 31, wherein the mixing chamber is also a pumping chamber of the fluid pump.

33. The medical fluid apparatus of claim 31, wherein the pump is of a type selected from the group consisting of:

a diaphragm pump and a peristaltic pump.

34. The medical fluid apparatus of claim 31, wherein the pump is a peristaltic pump having at least one of the following characteristics:

(i) being located upstream of the chamber and fluid path;

(ii) being located downstream of the chamber and fluid path;

(iii) being operable so that the pump increments are portions of a revolution of a drive shaft;

(iv) being operable so that the pump increments are a full revolution of the drive shaft; and

(v) being operable so that the pump increments are multiple revolutions of the drive shaft.

35. The medical fluid apparatus of claim 31, wherein the volume P is substantially one-half the volume V.

36. The medical fluid apparatus of claim 31, wherein a volume defined by the chamber is substantially equal to the volume V.

37. The medical fluid apparatus of claim 31, wherein the valves are controlled to produce a mixture of the first and second fluids in other than a one-to-one ratio.

38. The medical fluid apparatus of claim 31, wherein the first increment is a first percentage of a complete pump cycle and the second increment is a second percentage of the pump cycle, the first and second percentages chosen to create a desired overall ratio of first and second fluids.

39. A medical fluid apparatus comprising:

a mixing chamber;

first and second fluid supplies holding different first and second fluids, the supplies in fluid communication with the mixing chamber;

a fluid pump; and

first and second valves controlling flow of the first and second liquids, the valves and the pump configured to alternatingly partially fill the chamber with the first fluid and then partially fill the chamber with the second fluid and simultaneously remove some but not all of the first fluid from the chamber.

40. The medical fluid apparatus of claim 39, which includes a pressure sensor operably coupled to a flexible membrane portion of the mixing chamber, the sensor measuring a pressure due to a relative head height position between the pump and a patient fluid connection.

41. The medical fluid apparatus of claim 39, wherein the first and second supplies are tied together to a common inlet fluid path running to the mixing chamber.

42. A medical fluid apparatus comprising:

a rigid body defining multiple flow paths, multiple valve chambers and multiple fluid ports;

a tube connected in a loop with the body, the loop sized to fit around a roller pumping head assembly of a peristaltic pump, the assembly configured to be engaged and positively and abutingly driven by a member moved by a pump motor; and

a flexible membrane sealed and coupled in a tamper proof manner to the body and enclosing the fluid paths and the valve chambers, the seal and coupling made prior to a time when the body is loaded into a pump and valve actuation instrument.

43. The medical fluid apparatus of claim 42, which includes at least one characteristic selected from the group consisting of:

(i) the membrane being coupled to the body by a process selected from the group consisting of;

sonic welding and mechanical snap-fitting and (ii) the body being acrylic and the membrane being polyvinyl chloride.

44. The medical fluid apparatus of claim 42, wherein at least one of:

(i) the flow paths is defined at least in part by sealing ribs projecting from the body, the ribs configured to provide an airtight seal when contacted by the membrane;

(ii) the ribs configured to provide multiple airtight seals that cooperate with the valve chambers to form isolated fluid zones; and

(iii) at least one of the zones defines an air trap.

45. The medical fluid apparatus of claim 42, wherein the assembly includes features that interface with mating features of the member moved by the pump motor.

46. A medical fluid apparatus comprising:

a disposable cassette defining multiple flow paths, multiple valve chambers and multiple fluid ports;

a supply container connected fluidly to a first one of the fluid ports;

a drain line connected fluidly to a second one of the fluid ports;

a patient fill line connected fluidly to a third one of the fluid ports;

a peristaltic pump configured to pump fluid from the supply bag to the patient fill line or the drain line based on which valve chambers are opened and closed; and

an air sensor positioned relative to the valve chambers so that fluid from the supply container can be diverted to drain instead of being pumped to the patient if air in the fluid is detected by the air sensor.

47. The medical fluid apparatus of claim 46, wherein the air sensor includes at least one characteristic selected from the group consisting of:

(i) being positioned directly upstream to or downstream from the peristaltic pump;

(ii) being coupled operably to the cassette;

(iii) being coupled operably to a supply line connecting the supply container to the cassette; and

(iv) being a first air sensor and which includes a second air sensor coupled operably to the patient fill line.

48. A medical fluid system comprising:

a disposable cassette defining multiple flow paths, multiple valve chambers and multiple fluid ports;

a tube connected to one of the fluid ports, the tube including a conductive portion, the conductive portion configured to enable a reading indicative of the pH value of a fluid traveling within the tube to be taken; and

a processor configured to input the reading and determine if the pH value for the fluid is acceptable.

49. The medical fluid system of claim 48, wherein the conductive portion includes a conductive fitting coupled to at least one section of the tube.

50. The medical fluid system of claim 48, which includes a housing that encloses the processor and to which the cassette is mounted, the housing including a coupler configured to receive and hold the conductive portion.

51. A medical fluid system comprising:

a disposable cassette defining multiple flow paths, multiple valve chambers and multiple fluid ports;

a peristaltic pump connected fluidly to the cassette;

a patient line connected to one of the fluid ports;

a patient line holder into which the patient line is placed and held;

a sensor cooperating with the holder to send a signal indicating that;

(i) the patient line has not been placed in the holder, (ii) that the patient line has been placed in the holder and fluid has not yet reached a sensible level, and (iii) that the patient line has been placed in the holder and fluid has reached a sensible level; and

a processor configured to input the signal and make at least one determination based on the signal.

52. The medical fluid system of claim 51, which includes a connector placed at the end of the patient line, the connector aiding a person to position the tube properly in the holder.

53. The medical fluid system of claim 51, wherein the sensor is an optical, ultrasonic, capacitive or inductive sensor.

54. The medical fluid system of claim 51, wherein the holder is a first holder and which includes additional holders organized to aid a person to properly initiate therapy.

55. A method of performing a dialysis procedure comprising the steps of:

installing a disposable cassette so that tubing held by the cassette is operably coupled with a pump head of a pump; and

causing the tubing to be made from a non-silicon material that enables fluid to be pumped by moving the pump head against the tubing at an accuracy of at least ninety percent over the entire dialysis procedure.

58. The method of claim 55, wherein performing the dialysis procedure includes performing in-center hemodialysis, home hemodialysis, in-center peritoneal dialysis, home hemodialysis, in-center hemodiafiltration, home hemodiafiltration, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, automated peritoneal dialysis, tidal flow peritoneal dialysis, congestive heart failure therapy or any combination thereof.

59. The method of claim 55, which includes at least one of:

(i) operating the pump at a head height of at least ±

0.5 meters;

(ii) maintaining a pH of the fluid outside of a range of greater than 2.0 and less than 9.0; and

(iii) maintaining the volumetric accuracy by controlling at least one of the following characteristics of the tubing;

(a) controlling a thickness of the tubing to be uniform, (b) controlling a diameter of the tubing to be consistent, (c) controlling a length of the tubing to be consistent, (d) controlling an inner surface of the tubing to be smooth, and (e) controlling at least one of a tear resistance and compression set of the tubing so that the tubing does not deform significantly via contact with the pump head over the entire dialysis procedure.

60. A method of performing a dialysis procedure comprising the steps of:

selecting a desired fluid pressure at the patient;

sensing a pressure at a fluid pump due to a patient'"'"'s head height position relative to the pump;

controlling an output pressure of the pump to compensate for the pressure; and

pumping fluid at the output level to deliver the fluid to the patient at the desired fluid pressure.

61. The method of claim 60, wherein controlling an output pressure of the pump includes at least one of:

(i) operating within safe positive and negative operating limits; and

(ii) compensating for pressure drop due to at least one flow restriction between the pump and the patient.

62. The method of claim 60, wherein (i) controlling the output pressure when the pressure due to head height is positive includes setting a positive operating pressure at the pump higher than the desired positive pressure to fill the patient at the desired positive pressure and setting a negative operating pressure at the pump higher than a desired negative pressure to drain the patient at the desired negative pressure;

and (ii) controlling the output pressure when the pressure due to head height is negative includes setting a positive operating pressure at the pump lower than a desired positive pressure to fill the patient at the desired positive pressure and setting a negative operating pressure at the pump lower than a desired negative pressure to drain the patient at the desired negative pressure.

63. A method for performing a dialysis treatment comprising the steps of:

pumping a first fluid into a mixing chamber;

pumping a second fluid, different from the first fluid, into the mixing chamber and displacing some of the first fluid to produce a first mixture;

pumping the first fluid into the mixing chamber and displacing some of the first mixture to create a second mixture, wherein the second mixture has a proportion of first and second fluids different than that of the first mixture; and

delivering an overall volume of mixed fluid to a patient, the overall volume having at least substantially a desired proportion of first and second fluids to a patient.

64. The method of claim 63, which includes at least one additional step selected from the group consisting of:

(i) measuring fluid pressure in the mixing chamber and using the measured pressure to compensate for a pressure due to head height in determining a pumping pressure; and

(ii) pumping the first and second liquids through a common line to the mixing chamber.

65. The method of claim 64, which includes structuring the common line to (i) define a volume in a desired proportion to a volume defined by the mixing chamber;

or (ii) define a volume in a desired proportion to a volume of fluid delivered in a controllable pumping increment.

66. The method of claim 63, wherein the mixing chamber is additionally a pumping chamber, and the pumping increment is at least a portion of a stroke of a diaphragm between walls of the chamber.

67. The method of claim 63, wherein the pumping increment is at least a portion of a rotation of a drive shaft or roller of a peristaltic pump.

68. A method for improving the volumetric accuracy in a dialysate pumping system, the method comprising the steps of:

identifying a factor causing volumetric error in pumping dialysate;

isolating the factor and empirically determining a relationship between the factor and volume of dialysate pumped;

determining a constant K for the factor using the empirically determined relationship; and

modifying an overall equation for calculating a volume of dialysate pumped by a product of the constant K and a value for the factor.

69. The volumetric accuracy improvement method of claim 68, wherein the value for the factor is measured or entered.

70. The volumetric accuracy improvement method of claim 68, wherein the pumping system is (i) a diaphragm pumping system and the factor is selected from the group consisting of:

a position of a pump diaphragm, a pressure differential across the diaphragm, a material for the diaphragm, stress and strain characteristics of the diaphragm and any combination thereof;

or (ii) a peristaltic pumping system and the factor is selected from the group consisting of;

inlet pressure to a peristaltic pumping tube, outlet pressure to the peristaltic pumping tube, material of the peristaltic pumping tube, tubing temperature, pumping head wear, tubing dimensions and any combination thereof.