Chemical microreactor and method thereof

• US 20060057039A1
• Filed: 08/02/2005
• Published: 03/16/2006
• Est. Priority Date: 12/05/2001
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Lawrence Livermore National Security LLC (Government of the United States of America)
• Original Assignee: Regents of the University of California (University of California)
• Inventors: Jankowski, Alan, Morse, Jeffrey D.
• Granted Patent: US 7,534,402 B2
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• US Class Current: 422/198
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 19/0093 Microreactors, e.g. miniaturised or microfabricated reactors laboratory containers with capillary fluid transport in microfabricated channels or chambers B01L3/5027
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2219/00783 Laminate assemblies, i.e. the reactor comprising a stack of plates
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2219/00824 Ceramic
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2219/00828 Silicon wafers or plates
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2219/00831 Glass
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2219/00835 Comprising catalytically active material
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2219/00844 Comprising porous material
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2219/00871 Modular assembly
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2219/00873 Heat exchange
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/50 Fuel cells

Abstract

Disclosed is a chemical microreactor that provides a means to generate hydrogen fuel from liquid sources such as ammonia, methanol, and butane through steam reforming processes when mixed with an appropriate amount of water. The microreactor contains capillary microchannels with integrated resistive heaters to facilitate the occurrence of catalytic steam reforming reactions. Two distinct embodiment styles are discussed. One embodiment style employs a packed catalyst capillary microchannel and at least one porous membrane. Another embodiment style employs a porous membrane with a large surface area or a porous membrane support structure containing a plurality of porous membranes having a large surface area in the aggregate, i.e., greater than about 1 m²/cm³. Various methods to form packed catalyst capillary microchannels, porous membranes and porous membrane support structures are also disclosed.

Claims

1. A method for forming a chemical microreactor comprising:

forming at least one capillary microchannel within a substrate having at least one inlet and at least one outlet,

forming at least one porous membrane,

imbedding the porous membrane with at least one catalyst material,

integrating at least one heater into the chemical microreactor,

interfacing the capillary microchannel with a liquid chemical reservoir at the inlet of the capillary microchannel,

interfacing the capillary microchannel with the porous membrane at the outlet of the capillary microchannel, such that gas flow moves in a horizontal direction from the inlet through the microchannel and moves in a vertical direction from the microchannel through the outlet.

2. The method of claim 1, additionally including forming the porous membrane using at least one of the techniques selected from the group consisting of thin film deposition, thick film formation, electrochemical etching, plasma etching and selective chemical etching.

3. The method of claim 1, additionally including imbedding the catalyst material within the porous membrane by a thin film deposition technique.

4. The method of claim 1, additionally including imbedding the catalyst material by ion exchange.

5. The method of claim 1, additionally including imbedding the catalyst material by solgel doping.

6. The method of claim 1 producing a chemical microreactor comprising:

a plurality of separate reaction microchannels within a silicon substrate, each reaction microchannel within a silicon substrate, each reaction microchannel having at least one inlet and at least one outlet,

at least one of the reaction microchannels comprising a steam reformer for a hydrogen-containing fuel having a reforming catalyst material between the at least one inlet and the at least one outlet, and

at least one other of the reaction microchannels comprising an integrated catalytic microcombustion heater having at least one heater catalyst material between the at least one inlet and the at least one outlet,

wherein at least one of the at least one inlet and the at least one outlet for each of the plurality of separate reaction microchannels is an additional non-reaction microchannel oriented non-parallel to the corresponding reaction microchannel,

whereby a fully integrated silicon chemically heated steam reforming microreactor that maintains gas separation between the reformer and heater microchannels is provided.

7. The method of claim 6 further comprising:

at least one porous membrane located between said reformer inlet and said outlet.

8. The method of claim 6 wherein said catalyst material is selected from the group consisting of platinum, platinum-ruthenium, nickel, palladium, copper, copper oxide, ceria, zinc oxide, alumina, combinations thereof and alloys thereof.

9. The method of claim 6, wherein the said reformer outlet connects to a manifold of a fuel cell.

10. The method of claim 6, wherein said at least one catalyst material located between said inlet and said outlet is packed into said reformer microchannel.

11. The method of claim 7, wherein said at least one catalyst material located between said inlet and said outlet are imbedded in said porous membrane in said reformer microchannel.

12. The method of claim 6, wherein said reformer microchannel inlet connects to a liquid fuel reservoir.

13. The method of claim 7, wherein said reformer microchannel is interfaced with said porous membrane such that fuel flow moves in a horizontal direction from said reformer microchannel inlet through said reformer microchannel and moves in a vertical direction from said reformer microchannel through said reformer microchannel outlet.

14. The method of claim 6, wherein said heater is integrated at said inlet.

15. The method of claim 6, wherein said heater is integrated along said reformer microchannel.

16. The method of claim 7, wherein said heater is integrated at said porous membrane.

17. The method of claim 7, wherein said porous membrane comprises a porous thick film selected from the group consisting of porous silicon, anodic alumina, zerogel, glass and combinations thereof.

18. The method of claim 7, wherein the catalyst material covers a surface area of the porous membrane measuring about 1 m²/cm³ or greater.

19. The method of claim 6, wherein the microchannels support a fuel flow rate in the range of about 1 microliter/minute to about 600 microliters/minute.

20. The method of claim 7, further comprising:

a porous getter structure located at the exit side of said porous membrane.

21. The method of claim 20, wherein the surface area and volume of the getter structure is about 1 m²/cm³ or greater.

22. The method of claim 6, wherein said microreactor is configured to process more than one type of liquid fuel component into hydrogen fuel.