Method and system for thermochemical heat energy storage and recovery

• US 20060080960A1
• Filed: 10/19/2004
• Published: 04/20/2006
• Est. Priority Date: 10/19/2004
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: General Electric Company
• Original Assignee: General Electric Company
• Inventors: Balan, Chellappa, Wetzel, Todd Garrett, Byrd, Charles Max, Keramati, Bahram, Rajendran, Veera Palanivelu
• Granted Patent: US 7,347,049 B2
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• US Class Current: 60/649
• CPC Class Codes: F01K 25/065 with an absorption fluid remaining at least partly in the liquid state, e.g. water for ammonia F01K5/00 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 20/16 Combined cycle power plant [CCPP], or combined cycle gas turbine [CCGT]

Abstract

Disclosed herein is a system for generating energy, comprising a first heat exchanger in communication with a first heat source; wherein the first heat exchanger contacts a transfer fluid that comprises a working fluid and an associating composition; and a first energy conversion device comprising a moving surface, wherein the first heat exchanger is in communication with the moveable surface of the first energy conversion device; and wherein a dissociation of the transfer fluid in the first heat exchanger generates a vapor of the working fluid that contacts the moving surface of the first energy conversion device.

Claims

1. A system for generating energy, comprising:

a first heat exchanger in communication with a first heat source;

wherein the first heat exchanger contacts a transfer fluid that comprises a working fluid and an associating composition; and

a first energy conversion device comprising a moving surface, wherein the first heat exchanger is in communication with the moveable surface of the first energy conversion device; and

wherein a dissociation of the transfer fluid in the first heat exchanger generates a vapor of the working fluid that contacts the moving surface of the first energy conversion device.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the communication is thermal communication, fluid communication, or a combination of thermal and fluid communication and wherein the thermal communication, fluid communication, or a combination of thermal and fluid communication between the first heat source and the first heat exchanger is capable of being independently interrupted.

3. The system of claim 1, further comprising a first absorber, wherein the first absorber is located downstream of the first energy conversion device, and wherein the first absorber is used for promoting association of the working fluid with the associating composition.

4. The system of claim 3, further comprising a first pump located upstream of and in thermal communication, fluid communication, or a combination of thermal and fluid communication with the first heat exchanger;

and a pressure regulator disposed between the heat first exchanger and a first absorber, wherein the pressure regulator is located upstream of the first heat exchanger.

5. The system of claim 4, further comprising a first regenerator in thermal communication, fluid communication, or a combination of thermal and fluid communication with the first heat exchanger, wherein the first regenerator heats a transfer fluid after the fluid exits the first absorber and prior to an entry of the transfer fluid into the first heat exchanger.

6. The system of claim 5, further comprising a first separator in thermal communication, fluid communication, or a combination of thermal and fluid communication with the first heat exchanger and a first energy conversion device, wherein the first separator is located downstream of first heat exchanger, and wherein the first separator facilitates the separation of the working fluid from the associating composition.

7. The system of claim 1, further comprising a first superheater in thermal communication, fluid communication, or a combination of thermal and fluid communication with the first heat exchanger and the first energy conversion device.

8. The system of claim 1, further comprising a second energy conversion and optionally a third energy conversion device in thermal communication, fluid communication, or a combination of thermal and fluid communication with the first energy conversion device.

9. The system of claim 1, further comprising a second heat exchanger and an optional third heat exchanger, wherein the second heat exchanger and the third heat exchanger are in thermal communication, fluid communication, or a combination of thermal and fluid communication with a first source of heat;

and wherein a first absorber is in thermal communication, fluid communication, or a combination of thermal and fluid communication with the first heat exchanger, the second heat exchanger and the third heat exchanger; and

wherein the absorber is also in thermal communication, fluid communication, or a combination of thermal and fluid communication with a first energy conversion device and a second energy conversion device.

10. The system of claim 9, further comprising an intercooler;

wherein the intercooler is a supplementary heat exchanger adapted to heat a portion of the transfer fluid flowing from the first absorber.

11. The system of claim 10, wherein the intercooler is in thermal communication, fluid communication, or a combination of thermal and fluid communication with a supplementary heat source.

12. The system of claim 11, wherein the supplementary heat source uses heat derived from a braking system, exhaust of an internal combustion engine, exhaust from a chemical reactor, heat from a nuclear reactor, a geothermal source, gas turbine exhaust, incinerators, annealing furnaces, cement kilns, oxidation processes for ammonia, copper reverberatory furnaces, forge heating furnaces, billet-heating furnaces, open-hearth steel furnaces, oxygen furnaces, sulfur ore processors, glass melting furnaces, zinc fuming processors, furnaces, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing processes.

13. The system of claim 10, wherein the intercooler uses the compressed air of a turbocharger.

14. The system of claim 1, further comprising a first energy storage unit configured to receive vapor from the first heat exchanger.

15. The system of claim 1, wherein the first heat source and the first heat exchanger are part of a closed loop.

16. The system of claim 15, wherein the closed loop comprises a first fluid, and wherein the first fluid contacts a geothermal source of heat located below the earth surface.

17. The system of claim 1, wherein the first heat exchanger is in thermal communication, fluid communication, or a combination of thermal and fluid communication with a first energy conversion device via a first separator and a first superheater, and wherein the first heat exchanger is upstream of the first separator and the first superheater.

18. The system of claim 17, wherein the first energy conversion device is in thermal communication, fluid communication, or a combination of thermal and fluid communication with an absorber, and wherein the absorber is downstream of the first energy conversion device.

19. The system of claim 17, wherein the first energy conversion device is in thermal communication, fluid communication, or a combination of thermal and fluid communication with an absorber, via a second separator, a second superheater and a second energy conversion device, wherein the second separator, the second superheater and the second energy conversion device are downstream of the first energy conversion device.

20. The system of claim 19, wherein the absorber is in thermal communication, fluid communication, or a combination of thermal and fluid communication with a first heat exchanger and/or a second heat exchanger via a regenerator, wherein the regenerator heats the transfer fluid after the transfer fluid exits the absorber.

21. The system of claim 19, wherein the absorber is in thermal communication, fluid communication, or a combination of thermal and fluid communication with a first heat exchanger via a first regenerator and wherein the absorber is in thermal communication, fluid communication, or a combination of thermal and fluid communication with a second heat exchanger via a second regenerator, wherein the first heat exchanger is down stream of the first regenerator and wherein the second heat exchanger is downstream of the second regenerator, wherein the regenerator heats the transfer fluid after the transfer fluid exits the absorber.

22. A system for generating energy, comprising:

a first heat exchanger in thermal communication, fluid communication, or a combination of thermal and fluid communication with a first heat source, wherein the first heat exchanger heats a transfer fluid that comprises a working fluid and an associating composition, wherein the working fluid and the associating composition are capable of reversible associating with each other and wherein heating of the transfer fluid in the first heat exchanger generates a vapor comprising the working fluid;

a first separator in thermal communication, fluid communication, or a combination of thermal and fluid communication with the first heat exchanger and downstream of the first heat exchanger;

a first superheater in thermal communication, fluid communication, or a combination of thermal and fluid communication with the first separator and downstream of the first heat exchanger;

a first energy conversion device in thermal communication, fluid communication, or a combination of thermal and fluid communication with the first superheater and downstream of first superheater, wherein the first energy conversion device comprises a moving surface that is contacted by the vapor generated in the first heat exchanger;

an absorber downstream of the first energy conversion device and in thermal communication, fluid communication, or a combination of thermal and fluid communication with the energy conversion device, wherein the absorber is adapted to receive the vapor that has passed through the energy conversion device and to receive the associating composition that has passed through the heat exchanger;

a first regenerator located upstream of the absorber and in thermal communication, fluid communication, or a combination of thermal and fluid communication with the absorber, wherein the regenerator is adapted to receive the transfer fluid from the absorber and allows the transfer fluid to return to the first heat exchanger; and

a pump in thermal communication,-fluid communication, or a combination of thermal and fluid communication with the first heat exchanger.

23. The system of claim 22, wherein the first heat source is a geothermal source of heat, a solar source of heat, an exhaust system of a locomotive, a braking system of a locomotive, an exhaust system of a chemical reactor, heat of a nuclear reactor, gas turbine exhaust, an incinerator, an annealing furnace, a cement kiln, an oxidation processes for ammonia, a copper reverberatory furnace, a forge furnace, a billet-heating furnace, an open-hearth steel furnace, an oxygen furnace, a sulfur ore processor, a glass melting furnace, a zinc fuming furnace, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing sources of heat.

24. The system of claim 23, wherein the geothermal source of heat is a heat source located at a depth of greater than or equal to about 1500 meters below the earth'"'"'s surface and wherein the heat source can cover a volume of greater than or equal to about 1 cubic kilometer.

25. The system of claim 22, wherein the first heat source supplies heat to a first fluid that comprises a fluidized solid, a liquid or a gas.

26. The system of claim 22, wherein the first heat source supplies heat to a first fluid that comprises an aprotic polar solvent, a polar protic solvent, a non-polar solvents or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing fluids.

27. The system of claim 26, wherein the first fluid is water.

28. The system of claim 22, wherein the transfer fluid comprises a complex derived from the absorption, adsorption, chemisorption, ionic bonding, covalent bonding, or the formation of ligands by the working fluid onto the associating composition.

29. The system of claim 28, wherein the associating composition comprises a salt and wherein the working fluid comprises a fluid that can undergo a thermally reversible association and/or dissociation with the salt.

30. The system of claim 28, wherein the associating composition comprises zeolites, clay, activated coal, room temperature ionic liquids or carbon.

31. The system of claim 30, wherein the room temperature ionic liquids are trimethylphenylammonium bistrifluoride, 1,3-butylmethylpyrrolidinium bistriflamide, 1,3-butylmethylimidazolium bistriflamide, 1,3-ethylmethylimidazolium bistriflamide, 1,3-ethylmethylpyrrolidinium bistriflamide, 1,3-trihexyltetradecanephosphonium bistriflate, butylmethylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, butylmethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, ethylmethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide, ethylmethylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfone, and ethylmethylimidazolium dicyanamide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-butylpyridinum chloride, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing room temperature ionic liquids.

32. The system of claim 29, wherein the salt is strontium bromide, strontium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, ammonium chloride, berrylium chloride, magnesium bromide, magnesium hypochlorite;

calcium bromide, sodium bromide, calcium hypochlorite, barium bromide, barium chloride, manganese chloride, manganese bromide, ferric chloride, ferric bromide, cobalt chloride, cobalt bromide, nickel chloride, nickel bromide, nickel hypochlorite, chromium chloride, cadmium bromide, tantalum chloride, rhenium chloride, rhenium bromide, tin chloride, sodium tetrachloroaluminate, ammonium tetrachloroaluminate, potassium tetrachloroaluminate, ammonium tetrachlorozincate, (NH₄)₃ZnCl₅, potassium tetrachlorozincate, CsCuCl₃, K₂FeCl₅, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing salts.

33. The system of claim 29, wherein the working fluid is ammonia, an alcohol;

water;

carbon dioxide;

hydrogen;

an amine;

a sebacate;

a phthalate;

an aldehydes;

a formamide;

a ketone;

acetonitrile;

a sulfoxide;

a sulfone;

an acetate;

an amide;

or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing working fluids.

34. The system of claim 28, wherein the complexes are BeCl₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 2 and 4;

MgCl₂.X(NH₃) wherein X is between 2 and 6;

MgBr₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 2 and 6;

Mg(ClO₄)₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 0 and −

6;

CaCl₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 2 and 4;

CaCl₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 4 and 8;

CaBr₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 2 and 6;

Ca(ClO₄)₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 2 and 6;

SrCl₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 1 and 8;

SrBr₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 2 and 8;

Sr(ClO)₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 0 and 6;

BaBr₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 4 and 8;

BaCl₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 0 and 8;

MnCl₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 2 and 6;

MnBr.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 2 and 6;

FeCl₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 3 and 6;

FeBr₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 2 and 6;

CoCl₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 2 and 6;

CoBr₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 2 and 6;

NiCl₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 2 and 6;

NiBr₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 2 and 6;

Ni(ClO₃)₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 0 and 6;

CrCl₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 0 and 3 and between 3 and 6;

CdBr₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 2 and 6;

TaCl₃.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 0 and 7;

ReCl₃.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 0 and 6;

ReBr₃.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 0 and 7;

SnCl₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 0 and 2.5;

NH₄AlCl₄.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 0 and 6;

NaAlCl₄.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 0 and 6;

KAlCl₄.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 0 and 6;

(NH₄)₂ZnCl₄.(NH₃), wherein X is between 0 and 4;

(NH₄)₃ZnCl₅.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 0 and 6;

K₂ZnCl₄.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 0 and 5;

K₂ZnCl₄.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 5 and 12;

CsCuCl₃.X(MH₃), wherein X is between 2 and 5;

K₂FeCl₅.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 2 and 5;

NH₄Cl.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 0 and 3;

NaBr.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 0 and 5.25;

CaCl₂.XH₂O, wherein X is between 1 and 4;

or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing complexes.

35. The system of claim 22, wherein the transfer fluid further comprises a carrier fluid.

36. The system of claim 35, wherein the carrier fluid is a long chain alcohols having at least seven carbon atoms and the isomers thereof, an ether, a glycol, a perfluorocarbon, a glycol ether;

a sebacate;

a phthalate;

an aldehydes;

a ketones;

or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing carrier fluids.

37. The system of claim 36, wherein the carrier fluid along with a vapor of the working fluid can be expanded in a energy conversion device to generate energy.

38. The system of claim 22, wherein the pump located upstream of and thermal communication, fluid communication, or a combination of thermal and fluid communication with the first heat exchanger;

and wherein a pressure regulator is disposed between the heat first exchanger and the absorber, wherein the pressure regulator is located downstream of the first heat exchanger.

39. The system of claim 22, wherein the first regenerator heats the transfer fluid after the fluid exits the first absorber and prior to an entry of the transfer fluid into the first heat exchangers.

40. The system of claim 22, further comprising a second energy conversion and/or a third energy conversion device in thermal communication, fluid communication, or a combination of thermal and fluid communication with the first energy conversion device.

41. The system of claim 40, wherein the first heat exchanger, the second heat exchanger and/or the third heat exchanger are in thermal communication, fluid communication, or a combination of thermal and fluid communication with a first source of heat;

and wherein a first absorber is in thermal communication, fluid communication, or a combination of thermal and fluid communication with the first heat exchanger, the second heat exchanger and/or the third heat exchanger; and

wherein the absorber is also in thermal communication, fluid communication, or a combination of thermal and fluid communication with a first energy conversion device and a second energy conversion device.

42. The system of claim 41, further comprising an intercooler;

wherein the intercooler is a supplementary heat exchanger adapted to heat a portion of the transfer fluid flowing from the first absorber.

43. The system of claim 42, wherein the intercooler is in thermal communication, fluid communication, or a combination of thermal and fluid communication with a supplementary heat source.

44. The system of claim 43, wherein the supplementary heat source uses heat derived from a braking system, exhaust of an internal combustion engine, exhaust from a chemical reactor, exhaust from a nuclear reactor, a geothermal source, gas turbine exhaust, incinerators, annealing furnaces, cement kilns, oxidation processes for ammonia, copper reverberatory furnaces, forge heating furnaces, billet-heating furnaces, open-hearth steel furnaces, oxygen furnaces, sulfur ore processors, glass melting furnaces, zinc fuming processors, furnaces, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing heat sources.

45. The system of claim 42, wherein the intercooler is the compressed air of a turbocharger.

46. The system of claim 22, further comprising a first energy storage unit configured to receive vapor from the first heat exchanger.

47. The system of claim 22, wherein the first heat source and the first heat exchanger are part of a closed loop.

48. The system of claim 22, wherein the first energy conversion device is in thermal communication, fluid communication, or a combination of thermal and fluid communication with an absorber, via a second separator, a second superheater and a second energy conversion device, wherein the second separator, the second superheater and the second energy conversion device are downstream of the first energy conversion device.

49. The system of claim 48, wherein the absorber is in thermal communication, fluid communication, or a combination of thermal and fluid communication with a first heat exchanger and/or a second heat exchanger via a regenerator, wherein the regenerator heats the transfer fluid after the transfer fluid exits the absorber.

50. The system of claim 48, wherein the absorber is in thermal communication, fluid communication, or a combination of thermal and fluid communication with a first heat exchanger via a first regenerator and wherein the absorber is in thermal communication, fluid communication, or a combination of thermal and fluid communication with a second heat exchanger via a second regenerator, wherein the first heat exchanger is down stream of the first regenerator and wherein the second heat exchanger is downstream of the second regenerator, wherein the regenerator heats the transfer fluid after the transfer fluid exits the absorber.

51. A method for the generation of energy comprising:

dissociating a transfer fluid that comprises a working fluid and an associating composition;

producing a vapor of the working fluid; and

contacting a moving surface of an energy conversion device with the vapor of the working fluid to convert thermal energy to electrical energy.

52. The method of claim 51, wherein the dissociating is brought about by heat absorbed in a first heat exchanger and/or a second heat exchanger.

53. The method of claim 51, wherein the dissociating comprises desorption, breaking of covalent bonds, ionic bonds, ligands, hydrogen bonds or the overcoming of Van der Waals forces.

54. The method of claim 52, wherein the first heat exchanger comprises a fluidized bed.

55. The method of claim 52, wherein the heat absorbed in the first heat exchanger and/or a second heat exchanger is heat obtained from a geothermal source of heat, a solar source of heat, an exhaust system of a locomotive, a braking system of a locomotive, an exhaust system of a chemical reactor, an exhaust system of a nuclear reactor, a geothermal source, gas turbine exhaust, incinerators, annealing furnaces, cement kilns, oxidation processes for ammonia, copper reverberatory furnaces, forge heating furnaces, billet-heating furnaces, open-hearth steel furnaces, oxygen furnaces, sulfur ore processors, glass melting furnaces, zinc fuming processors, furnaces, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing heat sources.

56. The method of claim 51, wherein the moving surface of the energy conversion device is a turbine blade or a piston in slideable communication with a cylinder.

57. The method of claim 51, further comprising associating the vapor of the working fluid with the associating composition in an absorber.

58. The method of claim 51, further comprising associating the vapor of the working fluid with the associating composition in a first heat exchanger or a second heat exchanger

59. The method of claim 58, wherein the first heat exchanger is the same as the second heat exchanger.

60. The method of claim 59, wherein the first heat exchanger is not the same as the second heat exchanger.

61. The method of claim 60, wherein the associating and dissociating are alternated between the first heat exchanger and the second heat exchanger.

62. The method of claim 60, wherein the associating and dissociating are conducted simultaneously in the first heat exchanger and the second heat exchanger.

63. The method of claim 57, wherein the associating comprises absorption, adsorption, chemisorption, formation of covalent bonds, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonding, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing.

64. The method of claim 58, wherein an associating composition is transferred from the first heat exchanger to the second heat exchanger and vice-versa.

65. The method of claim 51, wherein the associating composition comprises a salt and wherein the working fluid comprises a fluid that can undergo a thermally reversible association and/or dissociation with the salt.

66. The method of claim 51, wherein the associating composition comprises zeolites, clay, activated coal, room temperature ionic fluids or carbon.

67. The method of claim 65, wherein the salt is strontium bromide, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, ammonium chloride, berrylium chloride, magnesium bromide, magnesium hypochlorite;

calcium bromide, sodium bromide, calcium hypochlorite, barium bromide, barium chloride, manganese chloride, manganese bromide, ferric chloride, ferric bromide, cobalt chloride, cobalt bromide, nickel chloride, nickel bromide, nickel hypochlorite, chromium chloride, cadmium bromide, tantalum chloride, rhenium chloride, rhenium bromide, tin chloride, sodium tetrachloroaluminate, ammonium tetrachloroaluminate, potassium tetrachloroaluminate, ammonium tetrachlorozincate, (NH₄)₃ZnCl₅, potassium tetrachlorozincate, CsCuCl₃, K₂FeCl₅, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing salts.

68. The method of claim 65, wherein the working fluid is ammonia, an alcohol;

water;

carbon dioxide;

hydrogen;

an amine;

a sebacate;

a phthalate;

an aldehydes;

a formamide;

a ketone;

acetonitrile;

a sulfoxide;

a sulfone;

an acetate;

an amide;

or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing working fluids.

69. The method of claim 51, wherein the transfer fluid comprises BeCl₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 2 and 4;

MgCl₂.X(NH₃) wherein X is between 2 and 6;

MgBr₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 2 and 6;

Mg(ClO₄)₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 0 and −

6;

CaCl₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 2 and 4;

CaCl₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 4 and 8;

CaBr₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 2 and 6;

Ca(ClO₄)₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 2 and 6;

SrCl₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 1 and 8;

SrBr₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 2 and 8;

Sr(ClO)₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 0 and 6;

BaBr₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 4 and 8;

BaCl₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 0 and 8;

MnCl₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 2 and 6;

MnBr.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 2 and 6;

FeCl₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 3 and 6;

FeBr₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 2 and 6;

CoCl₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 2 and 6;

CoBr₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 2 and 6;

NiCl₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 2 and 6;

NiBr₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 2 and 6;

Ni(ClO₃)₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 0 and 6;

CrCl₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 0 and 3 and between 3 and 6;

CdBr₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 2 and 6;

TaCl₃.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 0 and 7;

ReCl₃.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 0 and 6;

ReBr₃.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 0 and 7;

SnCl₂.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 0 and 2.5;

NH₄AlCl₄.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 0 and 6;

NaAlCl₄.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 0 and 6;

KAlCl₄.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 0 and 6;

(NH₄)₂ZnCl₄.(NH₃), wherein X is between 0 and 4;

(NH₄)₃ZnCl₅.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 0 and 6;

K₂ZnCl₄.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 0 and 5;

K₂ZnCl₄.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 5 and 12;

CsCuCl₃.X(MH₃), wherein X is between 2 and 5;

K₂FeCl₅.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 2 and 5;

NH₄Cl.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 0 and 3;

NaBr.X(NH₃), wherein X is between 0 and 5.25;

CaCl₂.XH₂O, wherein X is between 1 and 4;

or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing transfer fluids.

70. The method of claim 51, further comprising condensing the vapor of the working fluid into a liquid.

71. The method of claim 70, further comprising storing the liquid in a storage device.

72. The method of claim 71, further comprising associating the liquid with an associating composition in a first heat exchanger to generate heat.

73. The method of claim 51, wherein the transfer fluid further comprises a carrier fluid.

74. The method of claim 51, wherein the vapor that contacts the moving surface of the energy conversion device comprises vapors of a carrier fluid.

75. The method of claim 72, wherein the heat can be used as energy.

76. A system employing the method of claim 51.