Magnetic field response measurement acquisition system

• US 20060124740A1
• Filed: 12/16/2005
• Published: 06/15/2006
• Est. Priority Date: 04/30/2003
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: The United States of America As Represented By The Secretary of Agriculture
• Original Assignee: U.S.A. as represented by the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
• Inventors: Taylor, Bryant D., Woodard, Stanley E.
• Granted Patent: US 7,159,774 B2
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• US Class Current: 235/449
• CPC Class Codes: B60C 11/243 Tread wear sensors, e.g. electronic sensors
• CPC Class Codes: B60C 23/0449 Passive transducers, e.g. using surface acoustic waves, backscatter technology or pressure sensitive resonators near field passive transducers B60C23/0428
• CPC Class Codes: G01D 21/00 Measuring or testing not otherwise provided for
• CPC Class Codes: G01F 23/26 by measuring variations of capacity or inductance of capacitors or inductors arising from the presence of liquid or fluent solid material in the electric or electromagnetic fields
• CPC Class Codes: G01F 23/263 by measuring variations in capacitance of capacitors
• CPC Class Codes: G01F 23/268 mounting arrangements of probes
• CPC Class Codes: G01F 23/284 Electromagnetic waves
• CPC Class Codes: G01L 19/086 for remote indication
• CPC Class Codes: H01Q 1/2208 associated with components used in interrogation type services, i.e. in systems for information exchange between an interrogator/reader and a tag/transponder, e.g. in Radio Frequency Identification [RFID] systems methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns G06K7/00; record carrier for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings G06K19/00

Abstract

Magnetic field response sensors designed as passive inductor-capacitor circuits produce magnetic field responses whose harmonic frequencies correspond to states of physical properties for which the sensors measure. Power to the sensing element is acquired using Faraday induction. A radio frequency antenna produces the time varying magnetic field used for powering the sensor, as well as receiving the magnetic field response of the sensor. An interrogation architecture for discerning changes in sensor'"'"'s response frequency, resistance and amplitude is integral to the method thus enabling a variety of measurements. Multiple sensors can be interrogated using this method, thus eliminating the need to have a data acquisition channel dedicated to each sensor. The method does not require the sensors to be in proximity to any form of acquisition hardware. A vast array of sensors can be used as interchangeable parts in an overall sensing system.

Claims

1. A magnetic field response measurement acquisition system, comprising:

one or more inductively powered magnetic field response sensors, wherein one or more attributes of the one or more sensor responses correspond to one or more measured unrelated physical states and further wherein said one or more attributes are selected from the group consisting of amplitude, frequency and bandwidth;

antenna means for transmitting magnetic fields to power said one or more sensors and for receiving magnetic field responses from said one or more sensors;

an interrogation means for regulating said magnetic field transmission from and reception to said antenna means, and for analyzing said one or more sensor response attributes received from said one or more sensors, wherein said interrogation means can interrogate multiple sensors concurrently using a single acquisition channel, does not require that said signals from said one or more sensors be transmitted as modulated signals on a radio frequency carrier, and can concurrently acquire measurements of more than one unrelated physical state from each said sensor;

wherein said antenna means is a single switching antenna, and further wherein said interrogation means comprises the following steps;

(a) at the lower limit of a predetermined range, transmitting a radio frequency harmonic for a predetermined length of time from said antenna;

(b) switching said transmission mode of said antenna off;

(c) turning the receiving mode of said antenna on;

(d) rectifying the received response from said sensor to determine its amplitude;

(e) storing the amplitude, A_i(t), of said rectified response and the frequency, ω

_i(t) , of said transmitted radio frequency harmonic;

(f) switching the receiving mode off and the transmission mode on;

(g) shifting the transmitted radio frequency harmonic by a predetermined amount;

(h) transmitting the harmonic for a predetermined length of time;

(i) switching the transmission mode off;

(j) switching the receiving mode on;

(k) rectifying the received response from said sensor to determine its amplitude;

(l) storing the amplitude, Ai(t), of said rectified response and the frequency, ω

_i(t) , of said transmitted radio frequency harmonic;

(m) comparing said amplitude, A_i, to the two previously recorded amplitudes, A<sub>i−

1</sub> and A<sub>i−

2</sub>;

(n) if said previous amplitude, A<sub>i−

l</sub>, is greater than said amplitude, A_i, and the previous amplitude, A<sub>i−

1</sub>, is greater than the amplitude prior to it, A<sub>1−

2</sub>, storing said amplitude, A<sub>i−

1</sub>, as the amplitude inflection and the corresponding frequency, ω

<sub>i−

1</sub>, for the current frequency sweep;

(o) subtracting A_n(t), obtained n harmonic steps prior to that of i−

2, from amplitude inflection, A<sub>1−

1</sub>(t), obtained in step (n) and storing inverse 1/(A_i−

(t)-A_n(t)) as corresponding to response bandwidth;

(p) comparing said attributes of amplitude, frequency and the value corresponding to bandwidth steps (n) and (o) with attributes of next subsequent sweep of said sensor; and

(q) once amplitude inflection has been reached, continuing the sweep to said next sensor.

2. The acquisition system of claim 1, wherein the sweep rate for each said sensor is dependent on the rate of change of the physical state being measured.

3. The acquisition system of claim 1, wherein said sensors have one or more different frequency resolutions.

4. The acquisition system of claim 1, wherein the frequency resolution of one or more sensors is not fixed.

5. The acquisition system of claim 1, wherein dynamic measurements are obtained by taking the variation in one or more response attributes selected from the group consisting of frequency, amplitude and the value corresponding to bandwidth of a current sweep with those of prior sweeps and referencing the variations to the elapsed time between current sweep and prior sweeps.

6. The acquisition system of claim 1, wherein a change in position of a sensor is obtained from comparison of amplitude variations of successive sweeps.

7. The acquisition system of claim 1, wherein said interrogation means determines amplitude, frequency and the value corresponding to bandwidth variation with time.

8. The acquisition system of claim 1, wherein said first sweep determines all resonant frequencies and corresponding amplitudes and all values corresponding to bandwidth.

17. The acquisition system of claim 1, wherein said sensors comprise inductor-capacitor circuits and one or more of the parameters selected from the group consisting of capacitance, inductance and resistance is variable.

18. The acquisition system of claim 1, wherein said sensors comprise inductor-capacitor-resistor circuits and one or more of the parameters selected from the group consisting of capacitance, inductance and resistance is variable.

9. A magnetic field response measurement acquisition system, comprising:

one or more inductively powered magnetic field response sensors, wherein one or more attributes of the one or more sensor responses correspond to one or more measured unrelated physical states and further wherein said one or more attributes are selected from the group consisting of amplitude, frequency and bandwidth;

antenna means for transmitting magnetic fields to power said one or more sensors and for receiving magnetic field responses from said one or more sensors;

an interrogation means for regulating said magnetic field transmission from and reception to said antenna means, and for analyzing said one or more sensor response attributes received from said one or more sensors, wherein said interrogation means can interrogate multiple sensors concurrently using a single acquisition channel, does not require that said signals from said one or more sensors be transmitted as modulated signals on a radio frequency carrier, and can concurrently acquire measurements of more than one unrelated physical state from each said sensor;

wherein said antenna means is separate transmission and receiving antennae; and

further wherein said interrogation means comprises the following steps;

(a) at the lower limit of a predetermined range, transmitting a radio frequency harmonic for a predetermined length of time from said antenna;

(b) turning said transmission antenna off;

(c) turning said receiving antenna on;

(d) rectifying the received response from said sensor to determine its amplitude;

(e) storing the amplitude, A_i(t), of said rectified response and the frequency, ω

_i(t) , of said transmitted radio frequency harmonic;

(f) turning said receiving antenna off and transmission antenna on;

(g) shifting the transmitted radio frequency harmonic by a predetermined amount;

(h) transmitting the harmonic for a predetermined length of time;

(i) turning said transmission antenna off;

(j) turning said receiving antenna on;

(k) rectifying the received response from said sensor to determine its amplitude;

(l) storing said current amplitude, A_i(t), of said rectified response, and said frequency, ω

_i(t), of said transmitted radio frequency harmonic;

(m)comparing said amplitude, A_i, to the two previously recorded amplitudes, A<sub>i−

1</sub> and A<sub>i−

2</sub>;

(n) if said previous amplitude, A<sub>i−

1</sub>, is greater than said amplitude, A_i, and the previous amplitude, A<sub>i−

1</sub>, is greater than the amplitude prior to it, A<sub>i−

2</sub>, storing said amplitude, A<sub>i−

1</sub>, as the amplitude inflection and the corresponding frequency, ω

<sub>i−

1</sub>, for the current frequency sweep;

(o) subtracting A_n(t), obtained n harmonic steps prior to that of i−

2, from amplitude inflection, A<sub>1−

1</sub>(t), obtained in step (n) and storing inverse 1/(A<sub>i−

1</sub>(t)-A_n(t)) as corresponding to response bandwidth;

(p) comparing said attributes of amplitude, frequency and the value corresponding to bandwidth steps (n) and (o) with attributes of next subsequent sweep of said sensor; and

(q) once amplitude inflection has been reached, continuing the sweep to said next sensor.

10. The acquisition system of claim 9, wherein the sweep rate for each said sensor is dependent on the rate of change of the physical state being measured.

11. The acquisition system of claim 9, wherein said sensors have one or more different frequency resolutions.

12. The acquisition system of claim 9, wherein the frequency resolution of one or more sensors is not fixed.

13. The acquisition system of claim 9, wherein dynamic measurements are obtained by taking the variation in one or more response attributes selected from the group consisting of frequency, amplitude and the value corresponding to bandwidth of a current sweep with those of prior sweeps and referencing the variations to the elapsed time between current sweep and prior sweeps.

14. The acquisition system of claim 9, wherein a change in position of a sensor is obtained from comparison of amplitude variations of successive sweeps.

15. The acquisition system of claim 9, wherein said interrogation means determines amplitude, frequency and the value corresponding to bandwidth variation with time.

16. The acquisition system of claim 9, wherein said first sweep determines all resonant frequencies and corresponding amplitudes and all values corresponding to bandwidth.

19. The acquisition system of claim 9, wherein said sensors comprise inductor-capacitor circuits and one or more of the parameters selected from the group consisting of capacitance, inductance and resistance is variable.

20. The acquisition system of claim 9, wherein said sensors comprise inductor-capacitor-resistor circuits and one or more of the parameters selected from the group consisting of capacitance, inductance and resistance is variable.