Inspection Device

• US 20070044559A1
• Filed: 07/18/2006
• Published: 03/01/2007
• Est. Priority Date: 07/20/2005
• Status: Abandoned Application

• Current Assignee: David Andrews
• Original Assignee: David Andrews
• Inventors: Andrews, David
• Application Number:
  US11/458,221
• Publication Number:
  US 20070044559A1
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• US Class Current: 73/584
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2291/012 Phase angle
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2291/105 two or more emitters, two or more receivers
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/4427 with stored values, e.g. threshold values
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 33/383 Concrete or cement

Abstract

An inspection device uses sound waves or ultrasound waves to generate images of the interior of structures under test, with particular application to heterogeneous materials, such as concrete. Images of the interior of the structure under test are created by repeatedly combining signals from transmitters and receivers at a plurality of different locations to reduce the effect of random scattering from the grain particles in the heterogeneous material. The device includes means for efficiently managing the movement of transducers between different test locations so that tests can be done quickly and consequently at low-cost and with means to process echo-signals to create images.

Claims

1. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of structures, including structures made of heterogeneous materials, using sound waves or ultrasound waves and their echoes from components within the structure, with:

(a) means for geometrically arranging one or more but few sonic or ultrasonic electro-mechanical conversion transducers, (b) means to select any of the transducers and means to cause any one or a few at a time of the selected transducers to generate sound waves and/or ultrasound waves and means to select any of the transducers and means to collect electrical signals received from any one or a few at a time of the selected transducers caused by the impingement of sound waves and/or ultrasound waves echoing from the structure under inspection;

(c) the aforementioned transducers with some or possibly all able to generate and/or receive substantially compression sound waves or ultrasound waves, or with possibly some or possibly all of the aforementioned transducers able to generate and/or receive substantially shear sound waves or ultrasound waves;

(d) with the direction or plane of shear polarization of the aforementioned shear-transducers all being known and constrained either parallel or of a known pattern of polarization between each individual transducer;

(e) each aforementioned transducer with an aperture that is preferably not larger and possibly much smaller in actuating dimension than a representative wavelength of sound wave and/or ultrasound wave used for inspection;

(f) all the aforementioned transducers with average actuating surface level, when in use, being possibly co-planar or possibly profiled to match the profile of the surface of the structure to be inspected, and possibly with means to adapt the profile to the profile of the surface of the structure;

(g) the aforementioned transducers provided with means to register the position of each transducer on the surface of the structure when a test is performed so that this information can be used along with the received echoes from the structure to form images of the interior of the structure;

(h) the aforementioned transducers provided with means to allow them to move or slide substantially perpendicular to the surface under test and to be engaged with and to disengage from the testing surface of the structure under inspection;

(i) means to couple or transfer sound wave or ultrasound wave energy between each aforementioned transducer and the surface of the structure under inspection, when engaged thereupon;

(j) means for creating and applying excitation patterns to a transducer selected to transmit;

(k) means for collecting and storing representations of signals received by selected transducers;

(l) means for processing the signals from receivers to create an image to represent the interior of the structure under test based upon echoes from sound waves or ultrasound waves emitted into the structure by the inspection device;

(m) means to display information about the interior of the structure under test for an operator to view;

(n) means to allow an operator to control the conditions of testing;

(o) means to provide power to the inspection device;

(p) means to allow the inspection device to be used quickly and easily to inspect a structure.

2. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claim 1 that is portable, lightweight and capable of performing tests quickly and continuing to work for sufficient time to allow at least one inspection to be performed on a structure and preferably but not essentially continuing to work for several hours.

3. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 and 2 wherein there is a group or groups of transducers mechanically held together in one or more housings, to make transducer assemblies, such that the group consists of at least two or more transducers in a line, with a space between each of approximately one transducer width or commensurate with the wavelength of sound wave or ultrasound wave used in testing.

4. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 3 wherein there is at least one or more and preferably three groups of transducers mechanically held together in a housing, thereby creating a transducer assembly, such that each group of transducers consists of at least two or more in a line, with a space between each transducer, and the lines parallel and kept close together;

one group of transducers would be preferably but not essentially, substantially sensitive to compression waves, a second group would be preferably but not essentially substantially sensitive to shear waves each with their plane of polarization parallel to the line of the transducers, a third group would be preferably but not essentially be substantially sensitive to shear waves each with their plane of polarization perpendicular to the line of the transducers;

in this preferred embodiment the inspecting device can be operated in up to nine different inspection modes;

transmitting compression waves and receiving shear parallel waves, transmitting compression waves and receiving shear perpendicular waves, transmitting compression waves and receiving compression waves, transmitting shear parallel waves and receiving compression waves, transmitting shear parallel waves and receiving shear perpendicular waves, transmitting shear parallel waves and receiving shear parallel waves, transmitting shear perpendicular waves and receiving compression waves, transmitting shear perpendicular waves and receiving shear parallel waves and transmitting shear perpendicular waves and receiving shear perpendicular waves, with each mode being used at the operator'"'"'s wish to create an image of the interior of the structure under test.

5. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 4 wherein there is a mechanical lifting device or arm used for lifting and moving possibly but not essentially heavier embodiments of the inspection device or parts thereof, or an arm possibly but not essentially in the form of a pantograph that can be used to register the position and orientation of the transducer assembly relative to the surface under test.

6. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 5 wherein the transducer assembly is portable, lightweight and capable of being held by an operator.

7. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 6 wherein some or possibly all of any electrical circuits and any batteries are held in an enclosure separate from the any transducer assembly.

8. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 7 with a hand-held transducer assembly having relatively few transducers that are mostly or all relatively lightweight.

9. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 8 with a hand-held transducer assembly having an array of approximately four to ten transducers in a line (a linear array), which by rotating its orientation can be used on structures containing internal or surface components or flaws or features of linear shape to discover the orientation of the interior linear features from the surface.

10. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 9 with a plurality of transducers in one or more linear arrays but each transducer with the capability to move substantially perpendicular to the line of the array and substantially perpendicular the surface under test and for each transducer to move substantially independently, which motion allows the linear array of transducers to be used on different test surfaces, including:

flat surfaces, cylindrical surfaces, many other surface profiles and rough surfaces.

11. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 10 with means to combine signals received from transducers at two or more positions to create an image of the interior of the structure under test and in so doing to reduce substantially the otherwise obfuscating effect of scattering of sound waves or ultrasound waves, particularly the random scattering found in heterogeneous materials.

12. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 11 with means for creating an image which is at a focal plane located in the interior of the structure under test, chosen by an operator, with the focal plane divided into a plurality of focal points, possibly again chosen by the operator;

for each focal point as many stored echo signals as possible, or as many as thought desirable by the operator, are processed and appropriate parts of them added together, the appropriate parts chosen with regard to compensating time-delays chosen to compensate for the geometrical distances travelled by sound waves or ultrasound waves in the structure to create a focussed intensity at each focal point and by repeating the process for every focal point in the focal plane a focussed image is developed over the entire focal plane which is substantially sharp;

by setting a focal plane inside the structure and at different depths or orientations, different images of the interior of the structure can be viewed by the operator.

13. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 12 with a linear array of transducers in which the total extent of the distance covered by the transducers along the line is, preferably but not essentially, several times longer than the grain size of the material under inspection and, possibly but not necessarily, several times longer than the wavelength of the shortest wavelength of sound wave or ultrasound wave transmitted in an inspection by the inspection device, with a spacing between transducer centres of either the aperture distance or roughly one or at most a few wavelengths representative of the sound waves or ultrasound waves generally used for inspection by the inspection device.

14. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure, possibly but not necessarily a concrete structure, from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 13 with a linear array of transducers for use on concrete, of length not substantially less than 100 millimetre and not substantially more than 500 millimetre long.

15. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 14 with an assembly of two or more transducers that can be moved over the surface of the structure under test so that a plurality of testing locations using sound waves or ultrasound waves can be accessed, with means to measure the test locations of the transducers.

16. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 15 with an assembly of two or more transducers that can be moved over the surface of the structure under test using one or more wheels or rollers or track mechanisms or similar moving means at opposite ends of the assembly of transducers, with the wheels or rollers or track mechanisms or similar moving means in contact with the surface of the structure under test and with means for the revolving of the wheels or rollers or track mechanisms or similar moving means to be measured, so that it is possible to determine the relative position of each and every transducer in the assembly at the various test locations and means for the transducers to engage with the surface under test, possibly but not necessarily, using a sliding mechanism acting in a direction substantially perpendicular to the test surface.

17. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 16 with an assembly of two or more transducers that can be moved over the surface of the structure under test, with, attached to the assembly, at least one but preferably two or more sonic or ultrasonic transducers working in air and with two or more and preferably four sonic or ultrasonic transducers working in air substantially fixed temporarily at two or more or preferably four known positions on the surface of the structure under test and suitably separated by known distances to allow the transducer assembly to be used substantially within the extent of the fixed transducers at as many positions as desired by the operator for one region of interest on the structure under test, all with means for the transducers to pass sound waves or ultrasound between them in air and to pass electrical signals by cable and to electronic circuits for signal processing to determine the position of the transducer assembly using the time taken for the sound waves or ultrasound waves to travel in air between the several aforementioned transducers with an accuracy of measuring the position of the mobile transducer assembly substantially smaller than the smallest wavelength of sound wave or ultrasound wave transmitted into the sample under test.

18. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 17 with an assembly of two or more transducers that can be moved over the surface of the structure under test, with attached to the assembly at least one but preferably two or more radio-wave transceivers and with, preferably but not essentially, two or more and preferably four radio-wave transceivers substantially fixed temporarily at two or more or preferably four known positions on the surface of the structure under test and suitably separated by distances to allow the transducer assembly to be used substantially within the extent of any fixed transceivers at as many positions as desired by the operator for one region of interest on the structure under test, all with means for the radio-wave transceivers to pass signals in air by electromagnetic waves and by electrical signals through cables to electronic circuits and signal processing to determine the position of the transducer assembly using the time taken for the radio waves to travel between the several aforementioned radio transceivers with an accuracy of measuring the position of the mobile transducer assembly substantially smaller than the smallest wavelength of sound wave or ultrasound wave transmitted into the structure under inspection.

19. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 18 with means for coupling or transferring ultrasonic energy between each transducer and the surface under test, using point contact.

20. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 19 with means for coupling or transferring ultrasonic energy between each transducer and the surface under test, using solid or substantially solid but pliable materials including:

adhesives, fast-setting mortar and deformable solid materials.

21. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 20 with transducers with an aperture size that is not substantially greater than one wavelength of the highest frequency of sound or ultrasound used in an inspection of a structure.

22. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a concrete structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 21 with transducers with an aperture size that is not substantially greater than 50 millimetre and preferably not substantially greater than 20 millimetre.

23. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 22 with transducers with acoustic impedance of the material forming the transmitting surface matched to the acoustic impedance of the structure under test and made of a material that is compatible with any coupling material.

24. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 23 with transducers with a small dome or protrusion or a plurality of possible protruding shapes of characteristic size commensurate or slightly greater than the surface roughness of the surface under test, which provides means for point-contact coupling while remaining compatible for use with liquid coupling materials, adhesives and substantially solid coupling materials, so that the operator has a choice of coupling material to use to suit the prevailing test requirements and conditions of the surface to be tested.

25. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 24 with means to avoid using transducers simultaneously as receivers and transmitters thereby retaining maximum information from the interior of the structure under test.

26. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 25 with means to process the resulting signals and display the results to the operator preferably but not essentially within a few seconds of performing a test, in order to reduce the time that the operator or any other mechanical means holds a transducer array in contact with the test surface and so that the operator or inspection engineer is able to assess the information resulting from any given test quickly, without leaving the site to create images away from the structure, and to decide if testing at another location is desirable, thereby enabling an interactive and more efficacious procedure of inspection.

27. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 26 with preferably but not essentially relatively few electronic channels with which to amplify signals to and from transducers so that preferably but not essentially only one transducer is a transmitter and preferably but not essentially only one transducer is a receiver at a time in order to reduce the replication of electronic circuits thereby to reduce the cost and weight of the device.

28. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 27 with means to drive transmitter transducers with electrical excitation in a controlled pattern, which pattern is chosen to suit the requirements of the inspection, the material under test and capabilities of the transducers, in particular the useful frequency bandwidth but otherwise, preferably but not essentially, having as wide a range of frequencies as possible.

29. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 28 with means to drive transmitter transducers with electrical excitation substantially in the form of swept-frequency chirps, comprising bursts of sine waves lasting at least the time of one sine cycle during which time the frequency of the sine wave is changed or swept.

30. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a concrete structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 29 with means to drive transmitter transducers with swept-frequency chirps of duration in the range 30 to 300 microseconds, within which time and the frequency sweeps between two frequencies somewhere in the range 200 kHz to 10 kHz.

31. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 30 with means to process echo-signals from receiver transducers to detect occurrences of any pattern sent out by transmitter transducers and to provide an event marker with more precise timing than the duration of the original pattern.

32. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 31 with means to process echo-signals from receiver transducers to detect occurrences of patterns sent from transmitter transducers, in which the processing means is a signal processing algorithm sometimes called matched filtering, a form of cross-correlation, and which uses as the basis of the pattern recognition either a copy of the electrical excitation signal pattern or a recording of a pattern transmitted in a calibrating test on a suitable material using substantially the same transducers and the same excitation chirp as are used in the inspection device on the structure under inspection, so that any modifications to or distortions of the pattern, either caused by the transmitter or by the receiver, can be included in the pattern to be recognized and thereby contribute to a sharper image of the interior of the structure.

33. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 32 with matched filtering or other pattern recognition means to process echo-signals from receiver transducers to detect occurrences of any kind of regular excitation used to drive transmitter transducers, including sharp spike excitation, which results in echo-signals with characteristic patterns that can be recorded in a calibration experiment and using that part of the recording containing the pattern as the basis of the matched filter or other pattern recognition means.

34. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 33 with means to process signals, preferably but not essentially after pattern recognition, and convert them from a bipolar form into a unipolar form, to eliminate phase-cancelling or subtraction in later processing, preferably but not essentially, using the magnitude of the analytic function of the signal or simple rectification or taking the magnitude of the signal to perform unipolar conversion, the latter two methods preferably but not essentially followed by low-pass or band-pass filtering to smooth the signal.

35. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 34 with means to process signals, preferably but not essentially after unipolar conversion, to detect peaks in the signal using a time-varying threshold based upon the statistics of one or more signals received from substantially similar random scattering materials as those that may be in the structure under inspection and, preferably but not essentially, by adjusting the parameters of the statistics to provide a degree of control over the sensitivity of peak detection.

36. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 35 with means to process signals, preferably but not essentially after unipolar conversion, to detect peaks in the signal using a time-varying threshold, preferably but not necessarily, based upon the Weibull or Rayleigh mathematical distributions and by adjusting the parameters of the chosen distribution to provide a degree of control over the sensitivity of peak detection.

37. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 36 with means to process signals derived from receiver signals to identify any reverberations or resonances therein and with means to measure the frequency of those resonances and means to locate where in a structure under test is the probable source of resonance and means to display the position and other characteristics of the resonance on a display to the operator.

38. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 37 with means to process signals to identify therein any harmonics or sub-harmonics of the excitation pattern used to drive transmitter transducers and means to locate where in the structure under test is the probable source of harmonics and means to display the position and other characteristics of the harmonics on a display to the operator.

39. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 38 with a power cable to a source of electrical energy or with its own a source of electrical energy, possibly but not necessarily a re-chargeable battery or batteries, being substantially lightweight so that it or they can be carried by an operator with sufficient energy in one charge to perform at least one inspection and preferably but not essentially sufficient energy in one charge for an inspection device to be used for some hours with the operator substantially free to move about the structure during an inspection, all with relatively little time spent in gathering-up parts of the inspection device.

40. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 39 with means for the operator comfortably to view an image created from a test or tests on a display panel mounted, preferably but not essentially, on the inspection device or possibly held by means of a hat or a band onto the operator'"'"'s head, preferably but not necessarily while the operator is still holding the transducer assembly in contact with the surface of the structure under test.

41. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 40 with a lightweight display panel mounted on the transducer assembly.

42. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 41 with a lightweight display panel mounted on the transducer assembly that can be adjusted in angle to suit the operator while the inspection device is in use.

43. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 42 with means to measure the speed of sound or ultrasound of compression and/or shear waves in the structure under test using the inspection device, with means for the operator to enter into the inspection device a dimension value on the structure penetrated by the sound wave or ultrasound wave in question or by connecting a secondary or roving transmitter of sound or ultrasound waves to the inspection device and using it to send a wave through a known distance in the sample under test to the inspection device, with the secondary device or devices placed at a known distance from the hand-held unit so that the inspection device can make timing measurements of the wave crossing the known dimension and thereby calculate the speed of sound and subsequently to use the result to scale or size images of the interior of the structure under test.

44. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 43 with means to place a mark or marks on the surface of the structure under inspection at a time and position chosen by the operator.

45. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 44 with means to engage and disengage some or all of the transducers in the transducer assembly from the surface of the structure under inspection, while still maintaining registration of its position and means to move the transducer assembly as one unit over the surface to a new position, preferably but not necessarily nearby, and means to cause the transducer array to re-engage with the surface so that more tests can be done and means to measure the relative distance and orientation of the transducers at the two positions of being engaged.

46. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 45 with means to hold the transducer assembly, such as a handle.

47. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 46 with means to hold the transducer assembly, such as a handle, and further means to adjust the position of the holding means or handle relative to the transducer assembly to suit the needs of the operator or the test.

48. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 47 with one or possibly a plurality of data processing devices in an inspection device, preferably but not necessarily:

a computer or a microprocessor or a digital signal processor or a microcontroller or combinations of the aforementioned devices along with suitable memory and other electrical circuits and means needed for an inspection device;

the said data processing devices preferably but not necessarily with means to control some or all of the following functions;

the transmission of any sound and ultrasonic waves, the receiving of any sound or ultrasound waves, the conversion of any received waves into electrical signals and preferably but not necessarily into digital signals, recording of signals, the processing of signals, the creation of images, selection of transducers in any arrays for transmitting and receiving, calculating the position of any transducer array, responding to button presses by the operator and any other processing needed by an inspection device.

49. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 48 with means for enclosing, preferably but not necessarily in a sealed enclosure, the electronic circuits and related components not included in the transducer assembly so that the circuits and components therein can operate correctly under differing weather and environmental conditions including rain and dust.

50. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 49 with means for enclosing the electronic circuits and related components not included in the transducer assembly, in an enclosure held in a back-pack that can be carried conveniently by the operator in all weather and environmental conditions and, preferably but not essentially, with means to hold the enclosure away a short distance from the operator'"'"'s back to permit air to circulate all around the enclosure and thereby help to keep down both the temperature of the enclosure and the operator.

51. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 50 with means to position a few transducers, not less than two at various test locations, and with means to set the transducers at specific locations, preferably but not necessarily at random or semi-random positions having spacing greater than the aperture of the transducers, with the operator or some mechanical means moving the transducers to different positions and with means to provide information about the precise locations of transducers during tests.

52. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 51 with a sheet of material with holes at random or semi-random positions, into which a few transducers, not less than two at a time can be inserted therein by an operator or by mechanical means.

53. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 52 with a display unit, possibly separate from the transducer assembly, forming a component in a mobile computer, which would also perform some, or all, of the signal processing used to create an image.

54. A device for inspecting the mechanical integrity and operational worthiness of a structure from a single surface substantially as claimed in claims 1 to 53 and substantially as described hereinbefore, especially with reference to one or more of the Figures shown in the accompanying drawings.