Methods and materials for controlling the electrochemistry of analyte sensors
First Claim
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1. A method of performing an electrochemical reaction within an analyte sensor, the method comprising:
- using an analyte sensor constructed to perform an electrochemical reaction when exposed to an analyte, wherein;
the analyte sensor includes at least one electrode disposed upon a base substrate; and
the base substrate includes a geometric feature selected to increase the surface area of an electrochemically reactive surface on the electrode disposed thereon such that surface area to volume ratio of the electrochemically reactive surface area of the electrode disposed on the geometric feature is greater than surface area-to-volume ratio of the reactive surface of the electrode when disposed on a flat surface; and
exposing the analyte sensor to an analyte so that a electrochemical reaction is performed within the analyte sensor.
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Abstract
Embodiments of the invention provide electrochemical analyte sensors having elements designed to modulate their electrochemical reactions as well as methods for making and using such sensors.
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Citations
50 Claims
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1. A method of performing an electrochemical reaction within an analyte sensor, the method comprising:
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using an analyte sensor constructed to perform an electrochemical reaction when exposed to an analyte, wherein; the analyte sensor includes at least one electrode disposed upon a base substrate; and the base substrate includes a geometric feature selected to increase the surface area of an electrochemically reactive surface on the electrode disposed thereon such that surface area to volume ratio of the electrochemically reactive surface area of the electrode disposed on the geometric feature is greater than surface area-to-volume ratio of the reactive surface of the electrode when disposed on a flat surface; and exposing the analyte sensor to an analyte so that a electrochemical reaction is performed within the analyte sensor. - View Dependent Claims (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13)
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14. An analyte sensor for detecting an analyte in a fluid, the apparatus comprising:
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at least one electrode disposed upon a base substrate, wherein the base substrate includes a geometric feature selected to increase the surface area of an electrochemically reactive surface on the electrode deposited thereon such that surface area to volume ratio of the electrochemically reactive surface area of the electrode disposed on the geometric feature is greater than surface area-to-volume ratio of the reactive surface of the electrode when disposed on a flat surface. - View Dependent Claims (15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20)
an optional protein layer disposed on the analyte sensing layer; an adhesion promoting layer disposed on the analyte sensing layer or the optional protein layer, wherein the adhesion promoting layer promotes the adhesion between the analyte sensing layer and an analyte modulating layer disposed on the analyte sensing layer; and an analyte modulating layer disposed on the analyte sensing layer, wherein the analyte modulating layer modulates the diffusion of the analyte therethrough; and an optional cover layer disposed on at least a portion of the analyte modulating layer, wherein the cover layer further includes an aperture over at least a portion of the analyte modulating layer.
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21. A method of modulating electrochemical reactions within an implantable analyte sensor, the method comprising performing electrochemical reactions within an implantable analyte sensor comprising:
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a working electrode having a reactive surface area, wherein during analyte sensing, the working electrode generates electrons that reduce a plurality of composition species in the electrochemical reaction including oxygen (O2); and a counter electrode having a reactive surface area, wherein the size of the reactive surface area of the counter electrode is selected so as to control the reduction of the plurality of composition species in the electrochemical reaction so that oxygen (O2) is the predominant composition species reduced by the electrons generated at the working electrode; so that electrochemical reactions within the implantable analyte sensor are modulated. - View Dependent Claims (22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29)
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30. An implantable electrochemical analyte sensor comprising:
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a working electrode having a reactive surface area, wherein during analyte sensing, the working electrode generates electrons that reduce a plurality of composition species in the electrochemical reaction including oxygen (O2); and a counter electrode having a reactive surface area, wherein the size of the reactive surface area of the counter electrode is selected so as to control the reduction of the plurality of composition species in the electrochemical reaction so that oxygen (O2) is the predominant composition species reduced by the electrons generated at the working electrode; an analyte sensing layer disposed on the working electrode, wherein the analyte sensing layer detectably alters the electrical current at the working electrode in the presence of an analyte; an adhesion promoting layer disposed on the analyte sensing layer or the protein layer, wherein the adhesion promoting layer promotes the adhesion between the analyte sensing layer and an analyte modulating layer disposed on the analyte sensing layer; and an analyte modulating layer disposed on the analyte sensing layer, wherein the analyte modulating layer modulates the diffusion of the analyte therethrough; and a cover layer disposed on at least a portion of the analyte modulating layer, wherein the cover layer further includes an aperture over at least a portion of the analyte modulating layer.
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31. A method of making a metallic electrode using cycles of differing electroplating conditions, the method comprising:
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(a) electroplating a metal composition onto a substrate under a first set of conditions selected to produce a first metal layer having a first surface area and a first adhesion strength between the substrate and the first metal layer; and (b) electroplating a metal composition onto the first metal layer under a second set of conditions selected to produce a second metal layer having a second surface area and a second adhesion strength between the first metal layer and the second metal layer, wherein; (i) the second set of conditions produces a second metal layer having a second surface area that is greater than the first surface area of the first metal layer produced by the first set of conditions; and (ii) the second set of conditions produces a second metal layer having an adhesion with the first metal layer that is greater than the adhesion between the first metal layer and the substrate produced by the first set of conditions; so that the metallic electrode is made using cycles of differing electroplating conditions. - View Dependent Claims (32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 48, 50)
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45. An implantable biosensor comprising:
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(a) an electrode comprising a plurality of electrodeposited metal layers including; (ii) a first metal layer having a first surface area and a first adhesion strength with a substrate on which the first layer is electrodeposited; and (ii) a second metal layer deposited on the first metal layer, the second metal layer having a second surface area and a second adhesion strength with the first layer on which the second layer is electrodeposited, wherein the second surface area is greater than the first surface area and the second adhesion strength is greater than the first adhesion strength; and (b) an enzyme layer disposed on the electrode, wherein an enzyme in the enzyme layer is capable of reacting with and/or producing a molecule whose change in concentration can be measured by measuring a change in the current at the electrode. - View Dependent Claims (46, 47)
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49. An electrode comprising a plurality of electrodeposited metal layers comprising:
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(a) a first metal layer having a first surface area; (b) a second metal layer deposited on the first metal layer, the second metal layer having a second surface area that is greater than the first surface area of the first metal layer; and (c) a third metal layer deposited on the second metal layer, the third metal layer having a greater density than the density of the second metal layer.
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Specification