Microfluidic devices and methods of use thereof
First Claim
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1. A method of pairing sample fluids to form a droplet or nanoreactor comprising:
- a) providing a microfluidic substrate comprising at least two inlet channels adapted to carry at least two dispersed phase sample fluids and at least one main channel adapted to carry at least one continuous phase fluid;
b) flowing a first sample fluid through a first inlet channel which is in fluid communication with said main channel at a junction, wherein said junction comprises a first fluidic nozzle designed for flow focusing such that said first sample fluid forms a plurality of highly uniform, monodisperse droplets of a first size in said continuous phase;
c) flowing a second sample fluid through a second inlet channel which is in fluid communication with said main channel at a junction, wherein said junction comprises a second fluidic nozzle designed for flow focusing such that said second sample fluid forms a plurality of highly uniform, monodisperse droplets of a second size in said continuous phase, wherein the size of the droplets of the second sample fluid are smaller than the size of the droplets of the first sample fluid;
d) providing a flow and droplet formation rate of the first and second sample fluids wherein the droplets are interdigitized such that a first sample fluid droplet is followed by and paired with a second sample fluid droplet;
e) providing channel dimensions such that the paired first sample fluid and the second sample fluid droplet are brought into proximity;
f) coalescing the paired first and second sample droplets as the paired droplets pass through an electric field, thereby producing a droplet or nanoreactor.
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Abstract
The present invention provides novel microfluidic substrates and methods that are useful for performing biological, chemical and diagnostic assays. The substrates can include a plurality of electrically addressable, channel bearing fluidic modules integrally arranged such that a continuous channel is provided for flow of immiscible fluids.
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Citations
199 Claims
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1. A method of pairing sample fluids to form a droplet or nanoreactor comprising:
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a) providing a microfluidic substrate comprising at least two inlet channels adapted to carry at least two dispersed phase sample fluids and at least one main channel adapted to carry at least one continuous phase fluid;
b) flowing a first sample fluid through a first inlet channel which is in fluid communication with said main channel at a junction, wherein said junction comprises a first fluidic nozzle designed for flow focusing such that said first sample fluid forms a plurality of highly uniform, monodisperse droplets of a first size in said continuous phase;
c) flowing a second sample fluid through a second inlet channel which is in fluid communication with said main channel at a junction, wherein said junction comprises a second fluidic nozzle designed for flow focusing such that said second sample fluid forms a plurality of highly uniform, monodisperse droplets of a second size in said continuous phase, wherein the size of the droplets of the second sample fluid are smaller than the size of the droplets of the first sample fluid;
d) providing a flow and droplet formation rate of the first and second sample fluids wherein the droplets are interdigitized such that a first sample fluid droplet is followed by and paired with a second sample fluid droplet;
e) providing channel dimensions such that the paired first sample fluid and the second sample fluid droplet are brought into proximity;
f) coalescing the paired first and second sample droplets as the paired droplets pass through an electric field, thereby producing a droplet or nanoreactor. - View Dependent Claims (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28)
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29. A method of forming a droplet emulsion library of a sample fluid comprising:
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a) providing at least one first channel adapted to carry at least one dispersed phase sample fluid and at least one second channel adapted to carry at least one continuous phase fluid;
b) flowing said sample fluid through said first channel which is in fluid communication with said second channel at a junction, wherein said junction comprises a fluidic nozzle such that said sample fluid forms a plurality of highly uniform, monodisperse droplets of a predetermined size in said continuous phase, wherein the fluidic nozzle is isolated from the dispersed phase fluid, has a three dimensional design to permit flow focusing and eliminates surface wetting. - View Dependent Claims (33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48)
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30. A method of forming a droplet emulsion library of a sample fluid comprising:
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a) providing a microfluidic substrate comprising at least one first channel adapted to carry at least one dispersed phase sample fluid and at least one second channel adapted to carry at least one continuous phase fluid;
b) flowing said sample fluid through said first channel which is in fluid communication with said second channel at a junction, wherein said junction comprises a fluidic nozzle such that said sample fluid forms a plurality of highly uniform, monodisperse droplets of a predetermined size in said continuous phase.
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31. A method of forming a droplet emulsion library of a sample fluid comprising:
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a) providing a microfluidic substrate comprising at least one first channel adapted to carry at least one dispersed phase sample fluid and at least one channel adapted to carry at least one continuous phase fluid;
b) providing a means for storing said sample fluid wherein said storage means is in fluid communication with said first channel and provides means for introducing said sample fluid to said inlet channel, wherein the storage means contains an immiscible phase fluid with a density less than that of the sample fluid;
c) introducing the sample fluid into the storage means wherein said sample fluid flows through the less dense immiscible fluid such that the sample fluid settles at the bottom of the storage means and is subsequently introduced into the first channel;
d) flowing said sample fluid through said first channel which is in fluid communication with said second channel at a junction, wherein said junction comprises a fluidic nozzle such that said sample fluid forms a plurality of highly uniform, monodisperse droplets of a predetermined size in said continuous phase. - View Dependent Claims (49)
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32. A method of forming a droplet emulsion library of a sample fluid comprising:
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a) providing a microfluidic substrate comprising at least one first channel adapted to carry at least one dispersed phase sample fluid and at least one channel adapted to carry at least one continuous phase fluid;
b) providing a means for storing said sample fluid wherein said storage means is in fluid communication with said first channel and provides means for introducing said sample fluid to said inlet channel, wherein the storage means contains an immiscible phase fluid with a density greater than that of the sample fluid;
c) inserting a sample fluid introduction apparatus into the storage means wherein said sample fluid is forced through the more dense immiscible fluid by the introduction apparatus such that the sample fluid is subsequently introduced into the first channel;
d) flowing said sample fluid through said first channel which is in fluid communication with said second channel at a junction, wherein said junction comprises a fluidic nozzle such that said sample fluid forms a plurality of highly uniform, monodisperse droplets of a predetermined size in said continuous phase. - View Dependent Claims (50)
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51. A method of forming a uniformed sized droplet emulsion library comprising:
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a) providing a means for separating droplets of similar sizes, wherein said means comprises a periodic array of geometric parameters defining an obstacle matrix;
b) introducing at least one sample fluid containing various sized droplets to said separating means;
c) subjecting said sample fluid to laminar flow through the microscale obstacles within the separating means, wherein said sample fluids do not mix; and
d) separating and isolating uniformed sized droplets from within said sample fluid by deterministic lateral displacement. - View Dependent Claims (52)
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53. A method for solidifying a droplet or nanoreactor comprising:
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a) providing a microfluidic substrate comprising at least one inlet channel adapted to carry at least one dispersed phase sample fluid and at least one main channel adapted to carry at least one continuous phase fluid;
b) incorporating at least one solidifying agent within a sample fluid;
c) flowing the sample fluid through a first inlet channel which is in fluid communication with said main channel at a junction, such that said first sample fluid forms a plurality of highly uniform, monodisperse droplets in said continuous phase;
d) providing a means which activates the solidifying agent such that the droplet or nanoreactor forms a matrix.
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54. A method for solidifying a droplet or nanoreactor comprising:
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a) providing a microfluidic substrate comprising at least two inlet channels adapted to carry at least two dispersed phase sample fluids and at least one main channel adapted to carry at least one continuous phase fluid;
b) incorporating at least one solidifying agent within at least one sample fluid;
c) flowing a first sample fluid through a first inlet channel which is in fluid communication with said main channel at a junction, such that said first sample fluid forms a plurality of highly uniform, monodisperse droplets in said continuous phase;
d) flowing a second sample fluid through a second inlet channel which is in fluid communication with said main channel at a junction, such that said second sample fluid forms a plurality of highly uniform, monodisperse droplets in said continuous phase;
e) coalescing at least one droplet formed in step (c) with at least one droplet formed in step (d) as the droplets pass through an electric field, thereby producing a droplet or nanoreactor; and
f) providing a means which activates the solidifying agent such that the droplet or nanoreactor forms a matrix. - View Dependent Claims (55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83)
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84. A method for introducing sample fluid to a microfluidic substrate comprising:
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a) providing a microfluidic substrate comprising at least one inlet channel adapted to carry at least one dispersed phase sample fluid and at least one main channel adapted to carry at least one continuous phase fluid;
b) providing a means for storing said sample fluid, wherein said storage means is in fluid communication with said inlet channel and provides a means for introducing said sample fluid into said inlet channel;
c) combining the sample fluid with at least one immiscible phase fluid within the storage means, wherein the immiscible phase fluid has a density different from that of the sample fluid such that the fluids separate into distinct layers;
d) providing a force such that the immiscible phase fluid forces the sample fluid completely into the inlet channel of the microfluidic substrate. - View Dependent Claims (86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 130, 131, 132, 133)
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85. A method for introducing sample fluid to a microfluidic substrate comprising:
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a) providing a microfluidic substrate comprising at least one inlet channel adapted to carry at least one dispersed phase sample fluid and at least one main channel adapted to carry at least one continuous phase fluid;
b) providing a means for storing said sample fluid, wherein said storage means is in fluid communication with said inlet channel and provides a means for introducing said sample fluid into said inlet channel;
c) combining the sample fluid with at least two immiscible phase fluids within the storage means, wherein a first immiscible phase fluid has a density greater than that of the sample fluid and a second immiscible phase fluid has a density less than that of the sample fluid such that the fluids separate into distinct layers with the sample fluid layer residing between the two immiscible phase layers;
d) providing a force such that the more dense immiscible phase fluid forces the less dense immiscible phase fluid and the sample fluid completely into the inlet channel of the microfluidic substrate.
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103. A method of extracting biological or chemical material from within a droplet or nanoreactor comprising:
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a) providing one or more droplets or nanoreactors formed within a microfluidic substrate;
b) combining the droplets or nanoreactors with a first immiscible fluid with a density greater than that of the droplets or nanoreactors such that said droplets or nanoreactors and immiscible fluid form separate layers;
c) removing the droplet or nanoreactor layer formed in step (b);
d) combining and mixing the droplet or nanoreactor layer with a second immiscible fluid comprising a destabilizing surfactant such that the droplets or nanoreactors and immiscible fluid form separate layers; and
e) removing the resulting aqueous layer formed step (d), thereby extracting the biological or chemical material from within the droplet or nanoreactor. - View Dependent Claims (104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110)
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111. A method of amplifying DNA comprising:
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a) providing a microfluidic substrate comprising at least one inlet channel adapted to carry at least one dispersed phase sample fluid and at least one main channel adapted to carry at least one continuous phase fluid, wherein the main channel comprises a serpentine line with heating and cooling regions;
b) flowing a sample fluid comprising one more target DNA molecules to be amplified, PCR primer pair sets, dNTPs, enzymes and buffer components effective to permit PCR amplification through an inlet channel which is in fluid communication with said main channel at a junction, such that said sample fluid forms a plurality of highly uniform, monodisperse droplets in said continuous phase, wherein said junction is heated to 95°
C. to provide a hot start, wherein a portion of at least one of the PCR primer pair sets is attached to a semi-solid substrate;
c) reacting the contents of the droplets for at least twenty heating and cooling cycles to permit the PCR amplification of the target DNA molecules, such that the amplified target DNA molecules are attached to a semi-solid substrate. - View Dependent Claims (117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129, 138)
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112. A method of amplifying DNA comprising:
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a) providing a microfluidic substrate comprising at least two inlet channels adapted to carry at least two dispersed phase sample fluids and at least one main channel adapted to carry at least one continuous phase fluid, wherein the main channel comprises a serpentine line with heating and cooling regions;
b) flowing a first sample fluid comprising one more target DNA molecules to be amplified through a first inlet channel which is in fluid communication with said main channel at a junction, such that said first sample fluid forms a plurality of highly uniform, monodisperse droplets in said continuous phase;
c) flowing a second sample fluid comprising PCR primer pair sets, dNTPs, enzymes and buffer components effective to permit PCR amplification through a second inlet channel which is in fluid communication with said main channel at a junction, such that said second sample fluid forms a plurality of highly uniform, monodisperse droplets in said continuous phase, wherein said junction is heated to 95°
C. to provide a hot start and wherein a portion of at least one of the PCR primer pair sets is attached to a semi-solid substrate;
d) coalescing the droplets comprising the DNA molecules from step (b) with the droplets comprising the PCR primer pair sets, dNTPs, enzymes and buffer components from step (c) within an electric field;
e) reacting the contents of the droplets for at least twenty heating and cooling cycles to permit the PCR amplification of the target DNA molecules, such that the amplified target DNA molecules are attached to a semi-solid substrate. - View Dependent Claims (134)
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113. A method of amplifying DNA comprising:
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a) providing a microfluidic substrate comprising at least one inlet channel adapted to carry at least one dispersed phase sample fluid and at least one main channel adapted to carry at least one continuous phase fluid, wherein the main channel comprises a serpentine line with heating and cooling regions;
b) flowing a sample fluid comprising one more target DNA molecules to be sequenced, primer pair sets, dNTPs, enzymes and buffer components effective to permit isothermal amplification through an inlet channel which is in fluid communication with said main channel at a junction, such that said sample fluid forms a plurality of highly uniform, monodisperse droplets in said continuous phase, wherein a portion of at least one of the primer pair sets is attached to a semi-solid substrate;
c) reacting the contents of the droplets to permit the isothermal amplification of the target DNA molecules, such that the amplified target DNA molecules are attached to a semi-solid substrate.
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114. A method of amplifying DNA comprising:
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a) providing a microfluidic substrate comprising at least two inlet channels adapted to carry at least two dispersed phase sample fluids and at least one main channel adapted to carry at least one continuous phase fluid, wherein the main channel comprises a serpentine line with heating and cooling regions;
b) flowing a first sample fluid comprising one more target DNA molecules to be amplified through a first inlet channel which is in fluid communication with said main channel at a junction, such that said first sample fluid forms a plurality of highly uniform, monodisperse droplets in said continuous phase;
c) flowing a second sample fluid comprising primer pair sets, dNTPs, enzymes and buffer components effective to permit isothermal amplification through a second inlet channel which is in fluid communication with said main channel at a junction, such that said second sample fluid forms a plurality of highly uniform, monodisperse droplets in said continuous phase, wherein a portion of at least one of the primer pair sets is attached to a semi-solid substrate;
d) coalescing the droplets comprising the DNA molecules from step (b) with the droplets comprising the primer pair sets, dNTPs, enzymes and buffer components from step (c) within an electric field;
e) reacting the contents of the droplets for at least twenty heating and cooling cycles to permit the isothermal amplification of the target DNA molecules, such that the amplified target DNA molecules are attached to a semi-solid substrate.
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115. A method of sequencing DNA comprising:
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a) providing a microfluidic substrate comprising at least two inlet channels adapted to carry at least two dispersed phase sample fluids and at least one main channel adapted to carry at least one continuous phase fluid, wherein the main channel comprises a serpentine line with heating and cooling regions;
b) flowing a first sample fluid comprising one more target DNA molecules to be sequenced, PCR primer pair sets, dNTPs, enzymes and buffer components effective to permit PCR amplification through a first inlet channel which is in fluid communication with said main channel at a junction, such that said first sample fluid forms a plurality of highly uniform, monodisperse droplets in said continuous phase, wherein said junction is heated to 95°
C. to provide a hot start;
c) reacting the contents of the droplets for at least twenty heating and cooling cycles to permit the PCR amplification of the target DNA molecules;
d) flowing a second sample fluid comprising shrimp alkaline phosphatase and exonuclease I through a second inlet channel which is in fluid communication with said main channel at a junction, such that said second sample fluid forms a plurality of highly uniform, monodisperse droplets in said continuous phase;
e) coalescing the droplets comprising the amplified DNA molecules from step (c) with the droplets comprising the shrimp alkaline phosphatase and exonuclease I from step (d) within an electric field and reacting the contents of the combined droplets at 37°
C.;
f) inactivating the enzymes within the droplets to terminate the reaction from step (e) by heating the reacted droplets to 95°
C.;
g) flowing a third sample fluid comprising universal sequencing primers, labeled ddNTPs and buffer effective to permit nucleotide sequencing through a third inlet channel which is in fluid communication with said main channel at a junction, such that said third sample fluid forms a plurality of highly uniform, monodisperse droplets in said continuous phase;
h) coalescing the droplets comprising the amplified DNA molecules from step (f) with the droplets comprising the universal sequencing primers, labeled ddNTPs and sequencing buffer from step (g) within an electric field;
i) reacting the contents of the coalesced droplets for at least twenty heating and cooling cycles to permit the sequencing reaction to proceed; and
j) analyzing the sequencing reaction to determine the nucleic acid sequence of the target DNA. - View Dependent Claims (128, 135, 136, 137)
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116. A method of sequencing DNA comprising:
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a) providing a microfluidic substrate comprising at least two inlet channels adapted to carry at least two dispersed phase sample fluids and at least one main channel adapted to carry at least one continuous phase fluid, wherein the main channel comprises a serpentine line with heating and cooling regions;
b) flowing a first sample fluid comprising one more target DNA molecules to be sequenced, primer pair sets, dNTPs, enzymes and buffer components effective to permit isothermal amplification through a first inlet channel which is in fluid communication with said main channel at a junction, such that said first sample fluid forms a plurality of highly uniform, monodisperse droplets in said continuous phase;
c) reacting the contents of the droplets to permit the isothermal amplification of the target DNA molecules;
d) flowing a second sample fluid comprising shrimp alkaline phosphatase and exonuclease I through a second inlet channel which is in fluid communication with said main channel at a junction, such that said second sample fluid forms a plurality of highly uniform, monodisperse droplets in said continuous phase;
e) coalescing the droplets comprising the amplified DNA molecules from step (c) with the droplets comprising the shrimp alkaline phosphatase and exonuclease I from step (d) within an electric field and reacting the contents of the combined droplets at 37°
C.;
f) inactivating the enzymes within the droplets to terminate the reaction from step (e) by heating the reacted droplets to 95°
C.;
g) flowing a third sample fluid comprising universal sequencing primers, labeled ddNTPs and buffer effective to permit nucleotide sequencing through a third inlet channel which is in fluid communication with said main channel at a junction, such that said third sample fluid forms a plurality of highly uniform, monodisperse droplets in said continuous phase;
h) coalescing the droplets comprising the amplified DNA molecules from step (f) with the droplets comprising the universal sequencing primers, labeled ddNTPs and sequencing buffer from step (g) within an electric field;
i) reacting the contents of the coalesced droplets for at least twenty heating and cooling cycles to permit the sequencing reaction to proceed; and
j) analyzing the sequencing reaction to determine the nucleic acid sequence of the target DNA.
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139. A method of detecting a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) comprising:
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a) providing a microfluidic substrate comprising at least one inlet channel adapted to carry at least one dispersed phase sample fluid and at least one main channel adapted to carry at least one continuous phase fluid, wherein the main channel comprises a serpentine line with heating and cooling regions;
b) flowing a sample fluid comprising one more target DNA molecules to be analyzed, labeled PCR primer pair sets, dNTPs, enzymes and buffer components effective to permit PCR amplification through an inlet channel which is in fluid communication with said main channel at a junction, such that said sample fluid forms a plurality of highly uniform, monodisperse droplets in said continuous phase, wherein said junction is heated to 95°
C. to provide a hot start;
c) reacting the contents of the droplets for at least twenty heating and cooling cycles to permit the PCR amplification of the target DNA molecules; and
d) analyzing the reaction to determine the presence of absence of a SNP. - View Dependent Claims (140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156)
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157. A method of forming enzyme emulsions comprising:
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a) providing a microfluidic substrate comprising at least one inlet channel adapted to carry at least one dispersed phase fluid and at least one main channel adapted to carry at least one continuous phase fluid;
b) flowing a sample fluid comprising at least one cell through an inlet channel which is in fluid communication with said main channel at a junction, such that said sample fluid forms a plurality of highly uniform, monodisperse droplets in said continuous phase, wherein said cells comprises at least one enzyme which can be secreted by said cells;
c) incubating the cells within the plurality of droplets such that the cells secrete at least one enzyme into the droplet, wherein the cells within the droplets can be incubated within or outside of the microfluidic substrate.
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158. A method of detecting enzyme activity comprising:
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a) providing a microfluidic substrate comprising at least one inlet channel adapted to carry at least one dispersed phase sample fluid and at least one main channel adapted to carry at least one continuous phase fluid;
b) flowing a sample fluid comprising at least one cell and at least one labeled enzyme substrate through a inlet channel which is in fluid communication with said main channel at a junction, such that said sample fluid forms a plurality of highly uniform, monodisperse droplets in said continuous phase wherein said cells comprises at least one enzyme which can be secreted by said cells;
c) collecting the droplets and incubating them on the microfluidic substrate or off the microfluidic substrate at a temperature and duration appropriate to permit the enzyme/substrate reaction to occur;
d) reintroducing the droplets onto the microfluidic substrate if said droplets removed from the microfluidic substrate in step (c);
e) analyzing the contents of the coalesced droplets using the detection module to detect the presence or absence of an enzyme/substrate reaction; and
,f) selecting the droplets which contain the presence of an enzyme/substrate reaction.
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159. A method of detecting enzyme activity comprising:
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a) providing a microfluidic substrate comprising at least two inlet channels adapted to carry at least two dispersed phase sample fluids and at least one main channel adapted to carry at least one continuous phase fluid, wherein the main channel comprises a serpentine line with heating and cooling regions;
b) flowing a first sample fluid comprising at least one cell through a first inlet channel which is in fluid communication with said main channel at a junction, such that said first sample fluid forms a plurality of highly uniform, monodisperse droplets in said continuous phase, wherein said cells comprises at least one enzyme which can be secreted by said cells;
c) flowing a second sample fluid comprising at least one labeled enzyme substrate through a second inlet channel which is in fluid communication with said main channel at a junction, such that said second sample fluid forms a plurality of highly uniform, monodisperse droplets in said continuous phase;
d) coalescing the droplets comprising the secreted enzymes from step (b) with the droplets comprising the labeled substrate from step (c) within an electric field;
e) analyzing the contents of the coalesced droplets using a detection module to detect the presence or absence of an enzyme/substrate reaction; and
,f) selecting the coalesced droplets which contain the presence of an enzyme/substrate reaction. - View Dependent Claims (160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185)
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- 186. A method of detecting an aqueous solution comprising introducing a label into the aqueous solution such that said label alters a physical property of said aqueous solution thereby permitting the detection of aqueous solution comprising said label.
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187. A method of tracking an aqueous solution comprising introducing a label into the aqueous solution such that said label alters a physical property of said aqueous solution thereby permitting the tracking of aqueous solution comprising said label.
Specification