Computational systems for biomedical data

• US 20080082584A1
• Filed: 08/14/2007
• Published: 04/03/2008
• Est. Priority Date: 09/29/2006
• Status: Abandoned Application

• Current Assignee: Gearbox LLC (Intellectual Ventures LLC)
• Original Assignee: Searete LLC (Intellectual Ventures LLC)
• Inventors: Jung, Edward, Lord, Robert, Levien, Royce, Wood, Lowell
• Application Number:
  US11/893,370
• Publication Number:
  US 20080082584A1
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• US Class Current: 707/104.1
• CPC Class Codes: G16B 25/00 ICT specially adapted for hybridisation; ICT specially adapted for gene or protein expression
• CPC Class Codes: G16B 25/10 Gene or protein expression profiling; Expression-ratio estimation or normalisation
• CPC Class Codes: G16H 50/20 for computer-aided diagnosis, e.g. based on medical expert systems
• CPC Class Codes: G16H 50/70 for mining of medical data, e.g. analysing previous cases of other patients

Abstract

Methods, apparatuses, computer program products, devices and systems are described that carry out accepting an input identifying at least one allergy, searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the allergy; searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one acquired allergy determinant of the allergy; determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population; and presenting a signal related to ingestion-dependent allergy risk information for the individual in response to determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, the allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population.

Claims

1-47. -47. (canceled)

48. A method comprising:

accepting an input identifying at least one allergy at one or more user interfaces; and

transmitting data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy;

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population; and

the data analysis system further being capable of sending a signal to either the one or more user interfaces or a different user interface in response to the allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population, which signal transmits ingestion-dependent allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population.

49. The method of claim 48 wherein the accepting an input identifying at least one allergy at one or more user interfaces comprises:

accepting an input identifying at least one Type I immediate hypersensitivity reaction, Type II cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction, Type III immune-complex reaction, or Type IV delayed hypersensitivity at one or more user interfaces.

50. The method of claim 48 wherein the accepting an input identifying at least one allergy at one or more user interfaces comprises:

accepting an input identifying at least one allergy that does not fall within the Type I-IV Gell and Coombs allergy classification system at one or more user interfaces.

51. The method of claim 48 wherein the accepting an input identifying at least one allergy at one or more user interfaces comprises:

accepting an input identifying at least one allergy to a small molecule drug candidate, an FDA-approved drug, a biologic candidate, an FDA-approved biologic, or a nutraceutical agent at one or more user interfaces.

52. The method of claim 48 wherein the accepting an input identifying at least one allergy at one or more user interfaces comprises:

accepting an input identifying at least one allergy to a non-therapeutic agent at one or more user interfaces.

53. The method of claim 48 wherein the accepting an input identifying at least one allergy at one or more user interfaces comprises:

accepting an input identifying at least a food allergy, a drug allergy, a nutraceutical allergy, or a chemical allergy at one or more user interfaces.

54. The method of claim 48 wherein the transmitting data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy:

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population comprises;

transmitting the data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy;

the data analysis system being capable of searching the individual'"'"'s medical history data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population.

55. The method of claim 48 wherein the transmitting data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy:

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population comprises;

transmitting the data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy;

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one genetic determinant, epigenetic determinant, or gene expression determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population.

56. The method of claim 48 wherein the transmitting data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy:

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population comprises;

transmitting the data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy;

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one statistically-characterized innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population.

57. The method of claim 48 wherein the transmitting data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy:

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population comprises;

transmitting the data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy;

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s medical history data to identify at least one acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population.

58. The method of claim 48 wherein the transmitting data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy:

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population comprises;

transmitting the data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy;

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one total IgE profile determinant, specific IgE profile determinant, skin test determinant, or food test determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population.

59. The method of claim 48 wherein the transmitting data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy:

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population comprises;

transmitting the data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy;

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one mast cell determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population.

60. The method of claim 48 wherein the transmitting data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy:

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population comprises;

transmitting the data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy;

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one statistically-characterized acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population.

61. The method of claim 48 wherein the transmitting data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy:

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population comprises;

transmitting the data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy;

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, statistically-characterized allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population.

62. The method of claim 48 wherein the transmitting data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy:

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population comprises;

transmitting the data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy;

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a clinical trial population.

63. The method of claim 48 wherein the transmitting data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy:

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population comprises;

transmitting the data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy;

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, statistically-characterized allergy risk information for the individual relative to a non-allergic or minimally-allergic population.

64. A system comprising:

means for accepting an input identifying at least one allergy at one or more user interfaces; and

means for transmitting data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy;

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population; and

the data analysis system further being capable of sending a signal to either the one or more user interfaces or a different user interface in response to the allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population, which signal transmits the allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population.

65. The system of claim 64 wherein the means for accepting an input identifying at least one allergy at one or more user interfaces comprises:

means for accepting an input identifying at least one Type I immediate hypersensitivity reaction, Type II cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction, Type III immune-complex reaction, or Type IV delayed hypersensitivity at one or more user interfaces.

66. The system of claim 64 wherein the means for accepting an input identifying at least one allergy at one or more user interfaces comprises:

means for accepting an input identifying at least one allergy that does not fall within the Type I-IV Gell and Coombs allergy classification system at one or more user interfaces.

67. The system of claim 64 wherein the means for accepting an input identifying at least one allergy at one or more user interfaces comprises:

means for accepting an input identifying at least one allergy to a small molecule drug candidate, an FDA-approved drug, a biologic candidate, an FDA-approved biologic, or a nutraceutical agent at one or more user interfaces.

68. The system of claim 64 wherein the means for accepting an input identifying at least one allergy at one or more user interfaces comprises:

means for accepting an input identifying at least one allergy to a non-therapeutic agent at one or more user interfaces.

69. The system of claim 64 wherein the means for accepting an input identifying at least one allergy at one or more user interfaces comprises:

means for accepting an input identifying at least a food allergy, a drug allergy, a nutraceutical allergy, or a chemical allergy at one or more user interfaces.

70. The system of claim 64 wherein the means for transmitting data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy:

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population comprises;

means for transmitting the data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy;

the data analysis system being capable of searching the individual'"'"'s medical history data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population.

71. The system of claim 64 wherein the means for transmitting data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy:

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population comprises;

means for transmitting the data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy;

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one genetic determinant, epigenetic determinant, or gene expression determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population.

72. The system of claim 64 wherein the means for transmitting data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy:

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population comprises;

means for transmitting the data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy;

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one statistically-characterized innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population.

73. The system of claim 64 wherein the means for transmitting data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy:

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population comprises;

means for transmitting the data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy;

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s medical history data to identify at least one acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population.

74. The system of claim 64 wherein the means for transmitting data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy:

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population comprises;

means for transmitting the data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy;

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one total IgE profile determinant, specific IgE profile determinant, skin test determinant, or food test determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population.

75. The system of claim 64 wherein the means for transmitting data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy:

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population comprises;

means for transmitting the data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy;

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one mast cell determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population.

76. The system of claim 64 wherein the means for transmitting data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy:

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population comprises;

means for transmitting the data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy;

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one statistically-characterized acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population.

77. The system of claim 64 wherein the means for transmitting data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy:

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population comprises;

means for transmitting the data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy;

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, statistically-characterized allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population.

78. The system of claim 64 wherein the means for transmitting data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy:

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population comprises;

means for transmitting the data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy;

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a clinical trial population.

79. The system of claim 64 wherein the means for transmitting data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy:

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population comprises;

means for transmitting the data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy;

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, statistically-characterized allergy risk information for the individual relative to a non-allergic or minimally-allergic population.

80. A computer program product comprising:

a signal-bearing medium bearing

(a) one or more instructions for accepting an input identifying at least one allergy at one or more user interfaces; and

(b) one or more instructions for transmitting data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy;

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population;

the data analysis system further being capable of sending a signal to either the one or more user interfaces or a different user interface in response to the allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population, which signal transmits ingestion-dependent allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population.

81. The computer program product of claim 80, wherein the signal-bearing medium includes a computer-readable medium.

82. The computer program product of claim 80, wherein the signal-bearing medium includes a recordable medium.

83. The computer program product of claim 80, wherein the signal-bearing medium includes a communications medium.

84. A system comprising:

a computing device; and

instructions that when executed on the computing device cause the computing device to

(a) accept an input identifying at least one allergy at one or more user interfaces;

(b) transmit data from the one or more user interfaces to at least one data analysis system, the data including at least the at least one allergy;

the data analysis system being capable of searching an individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one innate allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

searching the individual'"'"'s health data to identify at least one acquired allergy determinant of the at least one allergy;

determining, based on the innate and acquired allergy determinants, allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population;

the data analysis system further being capable of sending a signal to either the one or more user interfaces or a different user interface in response to the allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population, which signal transmits ingestion-dependent allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population.

85. The system of claim 84 wherein the computing device comprises:

one or more of a personal digital assistant (PDA), a laptop computer, a tablet personal computer, a networked computer, a computing system comprised of a cluster of processors, a computing system comprised of a cluster of servers, a workstation computer, and/or a desktop computer.

86. The system of claim 84 wherein the computing device is operable to receive information regarding the allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population and to present the ingestion-dependent allergy risk information for the individual relative to a specified population from at least one memory.