Dispersions, films, coatings and compositions

• US 20090014691A1
• Filed: 09/23/2005
• Published: 01/15/2009
• Est. Priority Date: 10/01/2004
• Status: Abandoned Application

• Current Assignee: Henkel AG & Co KGaA
• Original Assignee: Imperial Chemical Industries PLC (IMPERIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES)
• Inventors: Kint, Darwin P.R., Salhi, Fouad, Burgess, Andrew Nigel, Seeley, Gordon John
• Application Number:
  US11/664,350
• Publication Number:
  US 20090014691A1
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• US Class Current: 252/500
• CPC Class Codes: B82Y 10/00 Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
• CPC Class Codes: B82Y 30/00 Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
• CPC Class Codes: B82Y 40/00 Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 13/145 After-treatment of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. pulverising, drying, decreasing the acidity
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 2202/28 Solid content in solvents
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 32/05 Preparation or purification of carbon not covered by groups C01B32/15, C01B32/20, C01B32/25, C01B32/30
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 32/174 Derivatisation; Solubilisation; Dispersion in solvents
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 33/44 Products obtained from layered base-exchange silicates by ion-exchange with organic compounds such as ammonium, phosphonium or sulfonium compounds or by intercalation of organic compounds, e.g. organoclay material
• CPC Class Codes: C01P 2002/22 layered hydroxide-type, e.g. of the hydrotalcite-type
• CPC Class Codes: C01P 2004/03 obtained by SEM
• CPC Class Codes: C01P 2004/13 Nanotubes
• CPC Class Codes: C01P 2006/22 Rheological behaviour as dispersion, e.g. viscosity, sedimentation stability
• CPC Class Codes: C09C 1/42 Clays
• CPC Class Codes: C09C 1/48 Carbon black
• CPC Class Codes: C09C 1/56 Treatment of carbon black ; Purification
• CPC Class Codes: C09C 3/00 Treatment in general of inorganic materials, other than fibrous fillers, to enhance their pigmenting or filling properties
• CPC Class Codes: C09D 11/52 Electrically conductive inks
• CPC Class Codes: C09D 5/24 Electrically-conducting paints conductive materials H01B1/00

Abstract

A method of providing location dependent content to an end station using a base station. The base station receives from an end station and via a communications network, a content request, and an identifier indicative of an identity of the end station. The base station then authenticates the user or the end station using the identifier. In response to a successful authentication, the base station determines the location of the end station and determines content using the location or the content request, which is then transferred to the end station.

Claims

1. A non-aqueous dispersion comprising an organic solvent comprising at least 50 wt % of said dispersion and a solids component which comprises not more than 20 wt % of said dispersion, said solids component comprising fine particles and an organically-modified layered inorganic species capable of being dispersed by said solvent and, optionally, an organic polymeric species and/or a reactive precursor of an organic polymeric species soluble in said solvent, said polymeric species and/or reactive precursor of a polymeric species when present comprising less than 50 wt % of said solids content.

2. A dispersion according to claim 1 wherein the solvent comprises at least 70 wt % of said dispersion.

3. A dispersion according to claim 1 wherein the solids component comprises not more than 15 wt % of said dispersion and more especially not more than 10 wt % of said dispersion.

4. A dispersion according to claim 1 wherein the solids component comprises not more than 5 wt % of said dispersion.

5. A dispersion according to claim 1 wherein the solids component comprises at least 0.1 wt %, more preferably at least 0.5 wt % of said dispersion.

6. A dispersion according to claim 1 wherein said polymeric species and/or reactive precursor of a polymeric species when present comprises less than 35 wt % of said solids content and more especially less than 25 wt % of said solids content.

7. A dispersion according to claim 1 wherein the polymeric species and/or a reactive precursor of a polymeric species when present comprises at least 1 wt % of said solids content, more preferably at least 5 wt % of said solids content, and especially at least 10 wt % of said solids content.

8. A dispersion according to claim 1 wherein the weight ratio of fine particles to said species is in the range 99:

1 to 1;

99.

9. A dispersion according to claim 8 wherein the weight ratio of fine particles to said species is not more than 90:

10 and more especially is not more than 70;

30.

10. A dispersion according to claim 8 wherein the weight ratio of fine particles to said species is not less than 10:

90, and more especially is not less than 20;

80.

11. A dispersion according to claim 1 wherein the fine particles are selected from metal and metal oxide particles, carbon particles, conductive polymeric particles;

functional and non-functional fillers and additives, colourants, pigments, curing agents, catalysts and encapsulant systems.

12. A dispersion according to claim 1 wherein the fine particles are selected from electrically-conductive particles.

13. A dispersion according to claim 1 wherein the fine particles are selected from metal and metal oxide particles and/or carbon particles.

14. A dispersion according to claim 1 wherein the fine particles are carbon particles.

15. A dispersion according to claim 1 wherein the fine particles are carbon nanotubes or carbon black.

16. A dispersion according to claim 1 wherein the organically-modified layered inorganic species comprises an organoclay or an organically-modified layered double hydroxide.

17. A dispersion according to claim 1 wherein the organically-modified layered inorganic species is a natural or synthetic organoclay.

18. A dispersion according to claim 1 wherein the organically-modified layered inorganic species comprises a synthetic and naturally occurring layered double hydroxide in which organic anions have been substituted for inorganic anions within the interlayer regions thereof.

19. A dispersion according to claim 1 wherein the organically-modified layered inorganic species and the solvent combinations are selected to have a settled volume of at least 50% or higher, said settled volume being determined as hereinbefore described.

20. A dispersion according to claim 1 wherein the solvent is selected from organic solvents in the group comprising aliphatic, including cyclic aliphatic, and aromatic hydrocarbons, including substituted hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, including cyclic, aromatic and aromatic-aliphatic ethers, aliphatic, cyclic aliphatic, aromatic or heterocyclic carbonyl compounds (more particularly ketones), aliphatic and aromatic esters and alkoxyesters (particularly C₁ to C₆ alkoxyesters) and mixtures thereof.

21. A dispersion according to claim 20 wherein the solvent is selected from aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, including halogen-substituted hydrocarbons, ethers, including cyclic, aromatic and aromatic-aliphatic ethers, aliphatic or heterocyclic ketones, aliphatic and aromatic esters and alkoxyesters (particularly Ci to C₆ alkoxyesters) and mixtures thereof.

22. A dispersion according to claim 20 wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of iso-hexane, toluene, xylene, chloroform, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, tetrahydrofuran, anisole, methyl benzoate, 2-butoxyethylacetate, 2-ethoxyethylacetate and mixtures thereof.

23. A dispersion according to claim 1 wherein said polymeric species and/or reactive precursor of a polymeric species comprises a polymeric species derived from thermosetting polymers, thermoplastic polymers, elastomers and mixtures thereof, the reactive precursors being selected from precursors for addition-polymerisation resins, epoxide resins, cyanate ester resins, isocyanate resins (polyurethanes) or formaldehyde condensate resins or mixtures thereof.

24. A non-aqueous dispersion comprising a liquid reactive precursor of an organic polymeric species comprising at least 50 wt % of said dispersion and a solids component which comprises not more than 20 wt % of said dispersion, said solids component comprising fine particles and an organically-modified layered inorganic species capable of being dispersed by said reactive precursor.

25. A dispersion according to claim 24 wherein the solids component comprises not more than 15 wt % of said dispersion and more especially not more than 10 wt % of said dispersion.

26. A dispersion according to claim 24 wherein the solids component comprises not more than 5 wt % of said dispersion.

27. A dispersion according to claim 24 wherein the solids component comprises at least 0.1 wt %, more preferably at least 0.5 wt % of said dispersion.

28. A dispersion according to claim 24 wherein the weight ratio of fine particles to said species is in the range 99:

1 to 1;

99.

29. A dispersion according to claim 28 wherein the weight ratio of fine particles to said species is not more than 90:

10 and more especially is not more than 70;

30.

30. A dispersion according to claim 28 wherein the weight ratio of fine particles to said species is not less than 10:

90, and more especially is not less than 20;

80.

31. A dispersion according to according to claim 24 wherein the fine particles are selected from metal and metal oxide particles, carbon particles, conductive polymeric particles;

functional and non-functional fillers and additives, colourants, pigments, curing agents, catalysts and encapsulant systems.

32. A dispersion according to claim 24 wherein the fine particles are selected from electrically-conductive particles.

33. A dispersion according to according to claim 24 wherein the fine particles are selected from metal and metal oxide particles and/or carbon particles.

34. A dispersion according to claim 24 wherein the fine particles are carbon particles.

35. A dispersion according to claim 24 wherein the fine particles are carbon nanotubes or carbon black.

36. A dispersion according to claim 24 wherein the organically-modified layered inorganic species comprises an organoclay or an organically-modified layered double hydroxide.

37. A dispersion according to claim 24 wherein the organically-modified layered inorganic species is a natural or synthetic organoclay.

38. A dispersion according to claim 24 wherein the organically-modified layered inorganic species comprises a synthetic and naturally occurring layered double hydroxide in which organic anions have been substituted for inorganic anions within the interlayer regions thereof.

39. A dispersion according to claim 24 wherein the organically-modified layered inorganic species and the precursor combinations are selected such that the inorganic species is intercalated and/or exfoliated by the precursor as assessed using optical microscopy and/or settling volume as hereinbefore described.

40. A dispersion according to claim 24 wherein said reactive precursor is selected from precursors for addition-polymerisation resins, epoxide resins, cyanate ester resins, isocyanate resins (polyurethanes) or formaldehyde condensate resins or mixtures thereof.

41. A structure comprising fine particles and an organically-modified layered inorganic species and, optionally, an organic polymeric component which, when present, comprises less than 50 wt % of the combined total weight of the particles and the species.

42. A structure according to claim 41 wherein the fine particles are selected from metal and metal oxide particles, carbon particles, conductive polymeric particles;

functional and non-functional fillers and additives, colourants, pigments, curing agents, catalysts and encapsulant systems.

43. A structure according to claim 41 wherein the fine particles are selected from electrically-conductive particles.

44. A structure according to claim 41 wherein the fine particles are selected from metal and metal oxide particles and/or carbon particles.

45. A structure according to claim 41 wherein the fine particles are carbon particles.

46. A structure according to claim 41 wherein the fine particles are carbon nanotubes or carbon black.

53. A structure according to claim 41 consisting essentially of said fine particles and said species.

54. A structure according to claim 41 wherein the polymeric species comprises less than 35 wt % of the structure and more especially less than 25 wt % of the structure.

55. A structure according to claim 41 wherein the polymeric species comprises at least 1 wt % of the structure, more preferably at least 5 wt % of the structure and especially at least 10 wt % of the structure.

56. A structure according to claim 41 wherein the organically-modified layered inorganic species comprises an organoclay or an organically-modified layered double hydroxide.

57. A structure according to claim 41 wherein the organically-modified layered inorganic species is a natural or synthetic organoclay.

58. A structure according to claim 57 wherein the organoclay is selected from vermiculites and smectites and especially is a montmorillonite.

59. A structure according to claim 57 wherein the organoclay is an organically-modified clay wherein the interlayer metal cations have been exchanged by protonated organoammonium or organophosphonium cations, especially by organoammonium cations.

60. A structure according to claim 59 wherein the organoammonium are selected from mixtures of alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkenyl and aryl groups.

61. A structure according to claim 41 wherein the organically-modified layered inorganic species comprises a synthetic and naturally occurring layered double hydroxide in which organic anions have been substituted for inorganic anions within the interlayer regions thereof.

62. A structure according to claim 61 wherein the organically-modified layered inorganic species comprises a synthetic and naturally occurring layered double hydroxide of formula:

[M²⁺<sub>1−

x</sub>M³⁺_x(OH)₂]^y+A^m−

_y/mnH₂O

where M²⁺ is a divalent cation such as Mg²⁺, M³⁺ is a trivalent cation such as Al³⁺ and A^m−

is the interlayer anion, the value of x being in the range 0.2 to 0.33.

63. A structure according to claim 41 wherein the polymeric component is selected from thermosetting polymers, thermoplastic polymers, elastomers and mixtures thereof.

64. A structure according to claim 41 wherein the polymer is derived from precursors for addition-polymerisation resins, epoxide resins, cyanate ester resins, isocyanate resins (polyurethanes) or formaldehyde condensate resins or mixtures thereof.

65. A structure according to claim 41 wherein the weight ratio of fine particles to organically-modified layered inorganic species is in the range 99:

1 to 1;

99.

66. A structure according to claim 65 wherein the weight ratio of fine particles to organically-modified layered inorganic species is not more than 90:

10 and more especially is not more than 80;

20.

67. A structure according to claim 65 wherein the weight ratio of fine particles to organically-modified layered inorganic species is not less than 10:

90, and more especially is not less than 20;

80.

68. A structure according to claim 41 comprising a film.

69. A structure according to claim 41 having a conductivity of at least 1 S cm⁻

1.

70. A structure according to claim 41 having a conductivity of at least 10 S cm⁻

1.

71. A structure according to claim 41 having a conductivity of at least 50 S cm⁻

1.

47. A structure comprising fine particles which are high aspect ratio particles and an organically-modified layered inorganic species and, optionally, an organic polymeric component which, when present, comprises less than 50 wt % of the combined total weight of the particles and the species, wherein the fine particles are at least partially oriented.

48. A structure according to claim 47 wherein the fine particles are selected from metal and metal oxide particles, carbon particles and conductive polymeric particles.

49. A structure according to claim 47 wherein the fine particles are selected from electrically-conductive particles.

50. A structure according to claim 47 wherein the fine particles are selected from metal and metal oxide particles and/or carbon particles.

51. A structure according to claim 47 wherein the fine particles are carbon particles.

52. A structure according to claim 47 wherein the fine particles are carbon nanotubes.

72. A structure comprising electrically-conductive fine particles and an organically-modified layered inorganic species and an organic polymeric component which comprises at least 50 wt % of the total weight of the structure, wherein said structure has an electrical percolation threshold lower than and/or a transparency greater than an equivalent structure in which the organically-modified layered inorganic species is absent.

73. A structure according to claim 72 comprising not less than 80 wt % polymeric component, more preferably not less than 85 wt % polymeric component and more especially not less than 90 wt % polymeric component.

74. A structure according to claim 72 comprising not less than 95 wt % polymeric component.

75. A structure according to claim 72 wherein the fine particles are selected from metal and metal oxide particles, carbon particles and conductive polymeric particles.

76. A structure according to claim 72 wherein the fine particles are selected from metal and metal oxide particles and/or carbon particles.

77. A structure according to claim 72 wherein the fine particles are carbon particles.

78. A structure according to claim 72 wherein the fine particles are carbon nanotubes or carbon black.

79. A structure according to claim 78 wherein the fine particles are carbon nanotubes.

80. A structure according to claim 72 wherein the organically-modified layered inorganic species comprises an organoclay or an organically-modified layered double hydroxide.

81. A structure according to claim 72 wherein the organically-modified layered inorganic species is a natural or synthetic organoclay.

82. A structure according to claim 81 wherein the organoclay is selected from vermiculites and smectites and especially is a montmorillonite.

83. A structure according to claim 81 wherein the organoclay is an organically-modified clay wherein the interlayer metal cations have been exchanged by protonated organoammonium or organophosphonium cations, especially by organoammonium cations.

85. A structure according to claim 72 wherein the organically-modified layered inorganic species comprises a synthetic and naturally occurring layered double hydroxide in which organic anions have been substituted for inorganic anions within the interlayer regions thereof.

86. A structure according to claim 85 wherein the organically-modified layered inorganic species comprises a synthetic and naturally occurring layered double hydroxide of formula:

[M²⁺<sub>1−

x</sub>M³⁺_x(OH)₂]^y+A^m−

_y/mnH₂O

where M²⁺ is a divalent cation such as Mg²⁺, M³⁺ is a trivalent cation such as Al³⁺ and A^m−

is the interlayer anion, the value of x being in the range 0.2 to 0.33.

87. A structure according to claim 72 wherein the polymeric component is selected from thermosetting polymers, thermoplastic polymers, elastomers and mixtures thereof.

88. A structure according to claim 72 wherein the polymer is derived from precursors for addition-polymerisation resins, epoxide resins, cyanate ester resins, isocyanate resins (polyurethanes) or formaldehyde condensate resins or mixtures thereof.

89. A structure according to claim 72 wherein the polymer is derived from precursors for epoxide resins.

90. A structure according to claim 72 wherein the weight ratio of fine particles to organically-modified layered inorganic species is in the range 99:

1 to 1;

1.

91. A structure according to claim 90 wherein the weight ratio of fine particles to organically-modified layered inorganic species is not more than 90:

10 and more especially is not more than 80;

20.

92. A structure according to claim 90 wherein the weight ratio of fine particles to organically-modified layered inorganic species is not less than 3:

1, and more especially is not less than 5;

1.

93. A structure according to claim 72 comprising a film.

84. A structure according to claim 84 wherein the organoammonium are selected from mixtures of alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkenyl and aryl groups.