APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR MEASURING PARAMETERS ASSOCIATED WITH ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESSES
First Claim
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1. A non-invasive sensing apparatus for sensing at least one parameter of an entity, comprising:
- (i) at least two surface electrodes each having a contact surface adapted to be placed on a surface of the entity at corresponding at least two separate locations and further adapted to conduct electrical signals over a period of time from the at least two separate locations; and
wherein two surface electrodes of the at least two surface electrodes are adapted to sense at least one characteristic of a current source under the surface of the entity;
(ii) an electrolytic cell isolated from the surface of the entity, comprising;
an electrolyte,two cell electrodes in the electrolyte in electrical communication with the two surface electrodes adapted to sense the at least one characteristic;
wherein the electrolytic cell is adapted to be polarized responsive to the electrical signals so as to generate an electrolytic reaction, the reaction adapted to provide at least one electrical output corresponding to the electrical signals; and
(iii) a measuring unit, connected to the two cell electrodes, adapted to measure the at least one electrical output from at least one of the two electrodes so as to sense the at least one parameter.
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Abstract
This invention is directed to devices, apparatus, systems and methods for non-invasive sensing of activities occurring within an entity such as an organism. The method comprises sensing at least one characteristic of a current source from under the surface of the entity over a period of time; conveying at least one electrical signal corresponding to the at least one characteristic to an electrolytic cell so as to induce an electrolytic reaction over the period of time; and measuring at least one electrical output of the electrolytic reaction so as to sense at least one activity within the entity over the period of time.
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Citations
65 Claims
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1. A non-invasive sensing apparatus for sensing at least one parameter of an entity, comprising:
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(i) at least two surface electrodes each having a contact surface adapted to be placed on a surface of the entity at corresponding at least two separate locations and further adapted to conduct electrical signals over a period of time from the at least two separate locations; and
wherein two surface electrodes of the at least two surface electrodes are adapted to sense at least one characteristic of a current source under the surface of the entity;(ii) an electrolytic cell isolated from the surface of the entity, comprising; an electrolyte, two cell electrodes in the electrolyte in electrical communication with the two surface electrodes adapted to sense the at least one characteristic; wherein the electrolytic cell is adapted to be polarized responsive to the electrical signals so as to generate an electrolytic reaction, the reaction adapted to provide at least one electrical output corresponding to the electrical signals; and (iii) a measuring unit, connected to the two cell electrodes, adapted to measure the at least one electrical output from at least one of the two electrodes so as to sense the at least one parameter. - View Dependent Claims (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 53, 65)
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27. A non-invasive sensing apparatus for sensing at least a current source inside an entity, comprising:
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(i) at least two surface electrodes each having a contact surface adapted to be placed on a surface of the entity at corresponding at least two separate locations and further adapted to conduct electrical signals over a period of time from the at least two separate locations responsive to at least one activity occurring under the surface of the entity, (ii) an electrolytic cell isolated from the surface comprising; an electrolyte, at least three cell electrodes in the electrolyte, two of the cell electrodes in electrical communication with two of the at least two surface electrodes;
wherein at least one of the cell electrodes is a reference electrode,wherein the electrolytic cell is adapted to be polarized responsive to the electrical signals so as to generate an electrolytic reaction, the reaction adapted to provide at least one electrical output corresponding to the electrical signals; and (iii) a measuring unit, connected to at least two of the cell electrodes, adapted to measure the at least one electrical output from at least two of the cell electrodes so as to sense at least the current source.
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30. A method for non-invasive sensing of at least one parameter of an entity, comprising:
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(i) sensing at least one characteristic of a current source from under the surface of the entity over a period of time; (ii) conveying at least one electrical signal corresponding to the at least one characteristic to an electrolytic cell so as to induce an electrolytic reaction over the period of time; and (iii) measuring at least one electrical output of the electrolytic reaction so as to sense the at least one parameter over the period of time. - View Dependent Claims (31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 48, 49, 50)
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42. A method for non-invasive measurement of at least one parameter of a biological entity, comprising:
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(i) completing an electrical circuit by placing at least two surface electrodes at two separate locations on a surface of the biological entity so as to conduct at least one electrical signal from the surface responsive to at least one activity occurring on and/or under the surface of the entity and so as to generate an electrolytic reaction responsive to the at least one electrical signal in an electrolytic cell comprising; an electrolyte; at least two cell electrodes in electrical communication with two of the at least two surface electrodes;
wherein at least one of the cell electrodes is a counter electrode; and(ii) measuring at least one of; a differential signal between at least one of the cell electrodes and the counter electrode; a differential signal between two of the cell electrodes; and a differential signal between at least one of the cell electrodes and at least one of the surface electrodes; over a period of time so as to provide at least one parameter measurement over the period of time corresponding to the at least one activity, and (iii) processing the at least one parameter so as to provide at least one output relating to the at least one parameter. - View Dependent Claims (43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 51, 52)
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54. A non-invasive sensing apparatus for sensing at least one parameter of an entity, comprising:
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a first electrode of one material; and a second electrode of a second material;
wherein the first material is different from the second material; and
whereineach electrode having an exterior surface adapted to be placed on a surface of the entity at two separate locations; and a measuring unit, connected to both electrodes, adapted to measure at least one electrical output from at least one of the two electrodes so as to sense the at least one parameter.
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55. A non-invasive sensing apparatus for sensing at least one internal parameter of an entity, comprising:
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two electrodes, each having an exterior surface adapted to be placed on a surface of the entity at two separate locations, wherein the two electrodes are adapted to sense at least one characteristic of a current source under the surface of the entity; a shunting unit adapted to provide a shunting resistance similar or equal to a resistance of the surface;
wherein the shunting unit is connected to the two electrodes and is in parallel to the surface; anda measuring unit, connected to both electrodes, adapted to measure at least one electrical output from at least one of the two electrodes so as to sense the at least one parameter. - View Dependent Claims (56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64)
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Specification