REAGENTS, METHODS, AND LIBRARIES FOR GEL-FREE BEAD-BASED SEQUENCING

• US 20090062129A1
• Filed: 04/19/2007
• Published: 03/05/2009
• Est. Priority Date: 04/19/2006
• Status: Abandoned Application

• Current Assignee: Applied Biosystems LLC (Thermo Fisher Scientific Incorporated)
• Original Assignee: Agencourt Personal Genomics, Inc. (Thermo Fisher Scientific Incorporated)
• Inventors: Costa, Gina, McKernan, Kevin, Blanchard, Alan
• Application Number:
  US11/737,308
• Publication Number:
  US 20090062129A1
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• US Class Current: 506/3
• CPC Class Codes: C12Q 1/6837 using probe arrays or probe chips C12Q1/6874 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: C12Q 1/6869 Methods for sequencing
• CPC Class Codes: C12Q 1/6874 involving nucleic acid arrays, e.g. sequencing by hybridisation
• CPC Class Codes: C12Q 2531/137 Ligase Chain Reaction [LCR]
• CPC Class Codes: C12Q 2533/107 Probe or oligonucleotide ligation
• CPC Class Codes: C12Q 2535/00 Reactions characterised by the assay type for determining the identity of a nucleotide base or a sequence of oligonucleotides
• CPC Class Codes: C12Q 2537/1373 Displacement by a nucleic acid
• CPC Class Codes: C12Q 2565/501 being an array of oligonucleotides

Abstract

The present disclosure provides methods for determining a nucleic acid sequence by performing successive cycles of duplex extension along a single stranded template. The cycles typically comprise steps of extension, ligation, and cleavage. In certain embodiments, the methods make use of extension probes containing phosphorothiolate linkages and agents capable of cleaving such linkages. Methods of determining information about a sequence using at least two distinguishably labeled probe families are provided, as are methods of performing multiple sequencing reactions on a single template. Automated sequencing systems, flow cells, image processing methods, and computer-readable media that store computer-executable instructions and/or sequence information that can be used in accordance with such methods are also provided. In certain embodiments, blocking oligonucleotides are provided to facilitate sequencing using disclosed methods.

Claims

1. A method for identifying a sequence of nucleotides in a template polynucleotide, the method comprising the steps of:

(a) extending an initializing oligonucleotide along the template polynucleotide by ligating an oligonucleotide probe thereto to form an extended duplex, wherein the oligonucleotide probe is attached to a microparticle, wherein the microparticle is attached to a substrate, and wherein the microparticle is not immobilized in a semi-solid support;

(b) identifying one or more nucleotides of the polynucleotide; and

(c) repeating steps (a) and (b) until the sequence of nucleotides is determined.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the oligonucleotide probe comprises a phosphorothiolate linkage.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of identifying includes detecting a label attached to the most recently ligated oligonucleotide probe.

4. The method of claim 3, further comprising the step of generating an extendable probe terminus by cleaving the phosphorothiolate linkage with a cleavage agent comprising an atom selected from the group consisting of:

Ag, Hg, Cu, Mn, Zn and Cd.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the cleavage agent is AgNO₃.

6. The method of claim 1, comprising contacting the template polynucleotide with a blocking oligonucleotide prior to extending it.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the blocking oligonucleotide is not enzymatically extendable.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the microparticle is attached to the substrate by a linkage comprising biotin and a biotin-binding protein.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein a single-stranded template tethers the microparticle to the substrate by a linkage comprising biotin and a biotin-binding protein.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the microparticle is attached to the substrate by a linkage comprising biotin and a biotin-binding protein, wherein the biotin-binding protein is attached to the substrate.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the microparticle is attached to the substrate by a linkage comprising biotin and a biotin-binding protein, wherein the biotin-binding protein is attached to the substrate and the template comprises biotin.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate is substantially planar and rigid.

13. A method for determining a sequence of nucleotides in a template polynucleotide, the method comprising the steps of:

(a) providing a probe-template duplex comprising a probe hybridized to a template polynucleotide, the probe having an extendable terminus;

(b) ligating an extension oligonucleotide probe to said extendable terminus, to form an extended duplex containing an extended oligonucleotide probe, wherein the oligonucleotide probe is attached to a microparticle, wherein the microparticle is attached to a substrate, and wherein the microparticle is not immobilized in a semi-solid support;

(c) identifying, in the extended duplex, at least one nucleotide in the template polynucleotide that is either (1) complementary to the just-ligated extension probe or (2) a nucleotide residue in the template polynucleotide which is immediately downstream of the extended oligonucleotide probe;

(d) generating an extendable terminus on the extended oligonucleotide probe, if an extendable terminus is not already present, such that the terminus generated is different from the terminus to which the last extension probe was ligated; and

(e) repeating steps (b), (c) and (d) until a sequence of nucleotides in the template polynucleotide is determined.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the extension probe comprises a phosphorothiolate linkage;

15. The method of claim 13, wherein each extension probe has a non-extendable moiety at one terminus.

16. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of identifying includes detecting a label attached to the most recently ligated extension probe.

17. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of identifying includes removing said non-extendable moiety and extending said extended oligonucleotide probe with a nucleic acid polymerase in the presence of one or more labeled chain-terminating nucleoside triphosphates.

18. The method of claim 13, further including a step of capping an extended oligonucleotide probe whenever no extension probe has ligated to the extendable terminus in the ligation step.

19. The method of claim 13, wherein the generating step comprises cleaving the phosphorothiolate linkage with a cleavage agent comprising an atom selected from the group consisting of:

Ag, Hg, Cu, Mn, Zn and Cd.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein the cleavage agent is AgNO₃.

21. The method of claim 13, further comprising the steps of:

(f) removing the ligated probes and the initializing oligonucleotide from the template;

(g) repeating step (a) using a second oligonucleotide that is bound to a different sequence of the template polynucleotide; and

(h) repeating steps (b) to (e).

22. The method of claim 21, wherein the method is repeated a plurality of times using initializing oligonucleotides bound to different sequences of the template polynucleotide.

23. The method of claim 22, wherein the extension probes have a non-extendable moiety at one terminus.

24. The method of claim 22, wherein for each repetition, the step of identifying includes detecting a label attached to the most recently ligated extension probe.

25. The method of claim 22, further including a step of capping an extended oligonucleotide probe whenever no extension probe has ligated to the extendable terminus in the ligation step.

26. The method of claim 22, wherein the generating step comprises cleaving the phosphorothiolate linkage with a cleavage agent comprising an atom selected from the group consisting of:

Ag, Hg, Cu, Mn, Zn and Cd.

27. The method of claim 26, wherein the cleavage agent is AgNO₃.

28. The method of claim 13, comprising contacting the template polynucleotide with a blocking oligonucleotide prior to providing the probe-template duplex.

29. The method of claim 28, wherein the blocking oligonucleotide is not enzymatically extendable.

30. The method of claim 13, comprising, prior to providing the probe-template duplex:

(a) contacting the template polynucleotide with a blocking oligonucleotide; and

(b) forming a probe-template duplex.

31. A method for identifying a sequence of nucleotides in a template polynucleotide, the method comprising the steps of:

(a) providing a template polynucleotide attached to a microparticle that is immobilized in or on a semi-solid support or is attached to a substantially planar, rigid substrate;

(b) contacting the template polynucleotide with a blocking oligonucleotide;

(c) extending an initializing oligonucleotide along the template polynucleotide by ligating an oligonucleotide probe thereto to form an extended duplex, wherein the oligonucleotide probe optionally comprises a scissile linkage;

(d) identifying one or more nucleotides of the polynucleotide; and

(e) repeating steps (c) and (d) until the sequence of nucleotides is determined.

32. The method of claim 31, wherein the extending step is performed in the semi-solid support.

33. The method of claim 31, wherein the template is attached to a microparticle that is attached to a substantially planar, rigid substrate.

34. The method of claim 33, wherein the microparticle is attached to the substrate by a linkage comprising biotin and a biotin-binding protein.

35. The method of claim 34, wherein a single-stranded template tethers the microparticle to the substrate by a linkage comprising biotin and a biotin-binding protein.

36. The method of claim 33, wherein the microparticle is attached to the substrate by a linkage comprising biotin and a biotin-binding protein, wherein the biotin-binding protein is attached to the substrate.

37. The method of claim 33, wherein a single-stranded template attached to the bead tethers the microparticle to the substrate.

38. A method for determining a sequence of nucleotides in a template polynucleotide, the method comprising the steps of:

(a) providing a probe-template duplex comprising a probe hybridized to a template polynucleotide, the probe having an extendable terminus and the template having a blocking oligonucleotide hybridized thereto, the probe-template duplex being attached to a microparticle that is embedded in or on a semi-solid support or attached to a substrate;

(b) ligating an extension oligonucleotide probe to said extendable terminus, to form an extended duplex containing an extended oligonucleotide probe, wherein the extension probe comprises a phosphorothiolate linkage;

(c) identifying, in the extended duplex, at least one nucleotide in the template polynucleotide that is either (1) complementary to the just-ligated extension probe or (2) a nucleotide residue in the template polynucleotide which is immediately downstream of the extended oligonucleotide probe;

(d) generating an extendable terminus on the extended oligonucleotide probe, if an extendable terminus is not already present, such that the terminus generated is different from the terminus to which the last extension probe was ligated; and

(e) repeating steps (b), (c) and (d) until a sequence of nucleotides in the template polynucleotide is determined.

39. The method of claim 38, comprising contacting a template with a blocking oligonucleotide prior to step (a).

40. The method of claim 38, wherein the ligating and generating steps are performed in the semi-solid support.

41. The method of claim 38, wherein the template is attached to a microparticle that is attached to a substantially planar, rigid substrate.

42. The method of claim 41, wherein the microparticle is attached to the substrate by a linkage comprising biotin and a biotin-binding protein.

43. The method of claim 41, wherein the microparticle is attached to the substrate by a linkage comprising biotin and a biotin-binding protein, wherein the biotin-binding protein is attached to the substrate.

44. The method of claim 38, wherein a single-stranded template attached to the microparticle tethers the microparticle to the substrate.

45. A method for determining a sequence of nucleotides in a template polynucleotide, the method comprising the steps of:

(a) amplifying a template polynucleotide molecule in a compartment of an emulsion in the presence of a microparticle so that a microparticle having a clonal population of template polynucleotides attached thereto is produced;

(b) recovering the microparticle from the emulsion;

(c) embedding the microparticle in or on a semi-solid support or attaching the microparticle to a substrate;

(d) extending an initializing oligonucleotide along the template polynucleotide by ligating an oligonucleotide probe thereto to form an extended duplex, wherein the oligonucleotide probe comprises a scissile linkage;

(e) identifying one or more nucleotides of the polynucleotide; and

(f) repeating steps (d) and (e) until the sequence of nucleotides is determined.

46. The method of claim 45, wherein (i) a plurality of template polynucleotide molecules comprising different sequences are amplified in individual compartments of the emulsion;

(ii) a plurality of microparticles, each having attached thereto a clonal populations of template polynucleotides, wherein the clonal populations have different sequences, is recovered from the emulsion and embedded in or on the support, and (iii) steps (d), (e), and (f) are performed in parallel on the clonal populations attached to the embedded or attached microparticles so as to determine a plurality of sequences in parallel.

47. The method of claim 45, comprising contacting the template polynucleotide with a blocking oligonucleotide prior to step (c).

48. The method of claim 45, wherein the microparticles are attached to the substrate by a linkage comprising biotin and a biotin-binding protein.

49. The method of claim 45, wherein the microparticles are attached to the substrate by a linkage comprising biotin and a biotin-binding protein, wherein the biotin-binding protein is attached to the substrate.

50. The method of claim 45, wherein a single-stranded template attached to the microparticle tethers the microparticle to the substrate.

78. The method of claim 50, wherein the oligonucleotide probes in each probe family have the structure 5′

-(XY)(N)_kN_B*-3′

or 3′

-(XY)(N)_kN_B*-5′

, wherein N represents any nucleoside, N_B represents a moiety that is not extendable by ligase, * represents a detectable moiety, XY is a constrained portion of the probe in which X and Y represent nucleosides that are identical or different but are not independently selected, X and Y are at least 2-fold degenerate, at least one internucleoside linkage is a scissile linkage, and k is between 1 and 100, inclusive, with the proviso that a detectable moiety may be present on Y or on any nucleoside of (N)_k instead of, or in addition to, N_B.

79. The method of claim 78, wherein the scissile linkage is a phosphorothiolate linkage.

80. The method of claim 78, wherein the detectable moiety is attached by a cleavable linker, is photobleachable, or both.

81. The method of claim 80, wherein the cleavable linker comprises a disulfide bond.

82. The method of claim 78, wherein four distinguishably labeled oligonucleotide probe families are used, and wherein oligonucleotide probes having different sequences for the constrained portion of the probe are assigned to first, second, third, and fourth probe families according to one of the 24 encodings set forth in Table 1.

51. A method for determining information about a sequence of nucleotides in a template polynucleotide using a first collection of at least 2 distinguishably labeled oligonucleotide probe families, the method comprising the steps of:

(a) extending an initializing oligonucleotide along the template polynucleotide by ligating an oligonucleotide probe thereto to form an extended duplex, wherein the oligonucleotide probe is a member of the collection of distinguishably labeled oligonucleotide probe families and has a blocking oligonucleotide hybridized thereto;

(c) detecting a label associated with the oligonucleotide probe; and

(d) repeating steps (b) and (c) until an ordered list of probe family names is obtained; and

(d) using the ordered list of probe family names to eliminate one or more possibilities for the sequence of nucleotides.

52. The method of claim 51, wherein step (d) comprises decoding the ordered list of probe family names to determine the sequence.

53. The method of claim 51, wherein the method comprises providing a probe-template duplex comprising an initializing oligonucleotide probe hybridized to a template polynucleotide, the probe having an extendable terminus, and wherein the extending step comprises ligating an oligonucleotide probe to said extendable terminus, to form an extended duplex containing an extended oligonucleotide probe, further comprising the step of capping any remaining extendable termini whenever no oligonucleotide probe has ligated to the extendable terminus in the extending step.

54. The method of claim 51, wherein the oligonucleotide probes in each probe family comprise a non-extendable moiety at one terminus.

55. The method of claim 51, further comprising, after each detecting step, (f) producing an extendable terminus on the most recently ligated oligonucleotide probe, if an extendable terminus is not already present, such that the terminus generated is different from the terminus to which the most recently ligated oligonucleotide probe was ligated.

56. The method of claim 55, wherein the oligonucleotide probe comprises a phosphorothiolate linkage and the extendable probe terminus is produced by cleaving the phosphorothiolate linkage with a cleavage agent comprising an atom selected from the group consisting of:

Ag, Hg, Cu, Mn, Zn and Cd.

57. The method of claim 56, wherein the cleavage agent is AgNO₃.

58. The method of claim 51, wherein the extending step is performed in or on a semi-solid support.

59. The method of claim 51, wherein the template is attached to a microparticle that is attached to a substantially planar, rigid substrate.

60. The method of claim 51, wherein the collection comprises 2 distinguishably labeled probe families.

61. The method of claim 51, wherein the collection comprises 3 distinguishably labeled probe families.

62. The method of claim 51, wherein the collection comprises 4 distinguishably labeled probe families.

63. The method of claim 51, wherein the collection comprises more than 4 distinguishably labeled probe families.

64. The method of claim 51, wherein the oligonucleotide probes comprise a constrained portion in which nucleosides are not independently selected, and wherein oligonucleotide probes having constrained portions that differ in sequence are assigned to probe families according to an encoding.

65. The method of claim 51, wherein oligonucleotide probes are assigned to first, second, third, and fourth probe families according to one of the 24 encodings set forth in Table 1.

66. The method of claim 52, wherein at least one nucleotide in the template has a known identity, and wherein the decoding step comprises:

(i) assigning an identity to a nucleotide in the template adjacent to the nucleotide of known identity by determining which identity is consistent with the identity of the known nucleotide and the possible sequences of the constrained portion of the probe whose proximal nucleotide ligated opposite the nucleotide adjacent to the nucleotide of known identity;

(ii) assigning an identity to a succeeding nucleotide by determining which identity is consistent with possible sequences of the constrained portion of the probe whose proximal nucleotide ligated opposite the succeeding nucleotide; and

(iii) repeating step (ii) until the sequence is determined.

67. The method of claim 52, further comprising the step of:

(a) determining the identity of a nucleotide in the template, so that the nucleotide has a known identity, and wherein the decoding step comprises;

(i) assigning an identity to a nucleotide in the template adjacent to the nucleotide of known identity by determining which identity is consistent with the identity of the known nucleotide and the possible sequences of the constrained portion of the probe whose proximal nucleotide ligated opposite the nucleotide adjacent to the nucleotide of known identity;

(ii) assigning an identity to a succeeding nucleotide by determining which identity is consistent with possible sequences of the constrained portion of the probe whose proximal nucleotide ligated opposite the succeeding nucleotide; and

(iii) repeating step (ii) until the sequence is determined.

68. The method of claim 67, wherein the determining step comprises contacting a template-probe duplex with a labeled nucleotide in the presence of a polymerase under conditions that allow incorporation of the labeled nucleotide if it is complementary to the template at the position adjacent to the duplex.

69. The method of claim 52, wherein the decoding step comprises:

generating at least one candidate sequence from the ordered list of probe family names; and

selecting a candidate sequence as the sequence of nucleotides in the template.

70. The method of claim 69, wherein the generating step comprises generating at least 4 candidate sequences.

71. The method of claim 69, wherein the generating step comprises:

(i) assuming an identity for a first nucleotide in the sequence of nucleotides;

(ii) assigning an identity for a nucleotide adjacent to the first nucleotide by determining a possible identity for the adjacent nucleotide based on the name of the probe family that corresponds to the first nucleotide;

(iii) assigning an identity to a succeeding nucleotide by determining a possible identity for the succeeding nucleotide based on the name of the probe family that corresponds to the nucleotide whose identity was most recently assigned;

(iv) repeating step (iii) until a candidate sequence is generated; and

(v) repeating steps (i)-(iv), wherein, in each repetition, a different identity is assumed for the first nucleotide, until a desired number of candidate sequences is generated.

72. The method of claim 69, wherein the selecting step comprises comparing at least one candidate sequence with one or more known sequences and selecting a candidate sequence that exhibits a predetermined degree of identity is most nearly identical to one or more of the known sequences.

73. The method of claim 72, wherein the template is derived from an organism of interest, and wherein the comparing step comprises comparing at least one candidate sequence with sequences in a database that contains sequences obtained from the organism.

74. The method of claim 72, wherein the comparing step comprises comparing at least one candidate sequence with sequences in a database that contains a plurality of comparison sequences, each of which comprises an alternative possible sequence for the sequence of polynucleotides to be determined.

75. The method of claim 69, wherein the selecting step comprises:

(i) obtaining a second ordered list of probe family names from the template using a second collection of distinguishably labeled encoded probe families, wherein the probe families in the second collection of probe families are encoded differently to the probe families in the first collection of probe families;

(ii) generating at least one comparison sequence from the second ordered list of probe family names;

(iii) comparing a portion of at least one of the candidate sequences with a portion of at least one of the comparison sequences; and

(iv) selecting a candidate sequence that exhibits a predetermined level of identity or is most nearly identical to a comparison sequence over the portion compared in step (c) as the sequence of nucleotides in the template.

76. The method of claim 75, wherein the portion compared is a single dinucleotide.

77. The method of claim 75, wherein the second ordered list of probe family names contains only a single element.

83. The method of claim 51, wherein the detecting step comprises acquiring on average 2 bits of information simultaneously from each of at least 2 nucleotides in the template without acquiring two bits of information from any individual nucleotide.

84. The method of claim 51, wherein the detecting step comprises acquiring less than 2 bits of information simultaneously from each of at least 2 nucleotides in the template.

85. A method for determining information about a sequence of nucleotides in a template polynucleotide using a first collection of at least 2 distinguishably labeled oligonucleotide probe families, the method comprising the steps of:

(a) contacting a probe-template complex comprising a duplex portion with an extendable terminus and a single-stranded portion of interest to be sequenced with at least two distinguishably labeled oligonucleotide probe families, so that hybridization occurs between an oligonucleotide probe that comprises a portion complementary to the portion of the template immediately adjacent to the duplex portion, wherein the template has a blocking oligonucleotide hybridized thereto;

(b) ligating the hybridized oligonucleotide probe to the extendable terminus, thereby producing a probe-template complex comprising an extended duplex;

(c) detecting a label associated with the ligated probe;

(d) generating an extendable probe terminus on the extended duplex if one is not already present; and

(e) repeating steps (a) to (d) until an ordered list of probe family names is obtained.

86. The method of claim 85, wherein the detecting step comprises acquiring on average 2 bits of information simultaneously from each of at least 2 nucleotides in the template without acquiring two bits of information from any individual nucleotide.

87. The method of claim 85, wherein the detecting step comprises acquiring less than 2 bits of information simultaneously from each of at least 2 nucleotides in the template.

88. A method for determining information about a sequence of nucleotides in a template polynucleotide using a first collection of oligonucleotide probe families, the method comprising the steps of:

(a) performing sequential cycles of extension, ligation, detection, and cleavage, wherein the detection step comprises acquiring on average 2 bits of information simultaneously from each of at least 2 nucleotides in the template without acquiring two bits of information from any individual nucleotide, wherein the template has a blocking oligonucleotide hybridized thereto; and

(b) combining the information obtained in step (a) with at least one bit of additional information to determine the sequence.

89. The method of claim 88, wherein the at least one bit of additional information comprises an item selected from the group consisting of:

the identity of a nucleotide in the template, information obtained by comparing a candidate sequence with at least one known sequence; and

information obtained by repeating the method using a second collection of oligonucleotide probe families.

90. A method of preparing a plurality of template polynucleotides comprising steps of:

(a) contacting a plurality of microparticles with a semi-solid support, wherein at least some of the microparticles have a template attached thereto and wherein the semi-solid support comprises primers attached thereto or embedded therein, so that the templates hybridize to the primers; and

(b) extending the primers to form templates complementary to the templates attached to the microparticles.

91. The method of claim 90, further comprising amplifying the templates generated by extending the primers.

92. The method of claim 91, wherein amplifying comprises performing RCA.

93. The method of claim 90, further comprising releasing the microparticles from the semi-solid support.

94. The method of claim 90, further comprising sequencing the templates generated by extending the primers, optionally after amplifying the templates.

95. A collection of components for preparing a population of microparticles, the collection comprising:

(a) a population of microparticles wherein individual microparticles have at least first and second populations of primers attached thereto, wherein the primers of the first population have a different sequence from that of the primers of the second population;

(b) a library of nucleic acid fragments, wherein each nucleic acid fragment contains first and second nucleic acid segments of interest, and wherein the first and second primers correspond to universal sequences located external to the first and second nucleic acid segments of interest; and

(c) a blocking oligonucleotide that binds to a common region of the nucleic acid fragments.

96. The collection of components of claim 95, wherein the first and second nucleic acid segments of interest are 5′

and 3′

tags of a paired tag.

97. The collection of components of claim 95, wherein the nucleic acid fragments contain an internal adaptor comprising one or more primer binding sites for amplification primers so that each of the nucleic acid segments can be amplified using PCR.

98. The collection of components of claim 97, further comprising primers complementary to the primer binding sites in the internal adaptor.

99. A template comprising a population of substantially identical template molecules, wherein the template molecules comprise at least one common region and at least one segment of interest, and wherein at least some of the template molecules have a blocking oligonucleotide hybridized to the common region.

100. The template of claim 99, wherein the template molecules are members of a paired-tag library.

101. The template of claim 99, wherein the template molecules are amplified using RCA.

102. The template of claim 99, wherein the template molecules comprise at least two common regions and at least one segment of interest, and wherein at least some of the template molecules have a blocking oligonucleotide hybridized to each of at least two common regions.

103. A support or substrate having the population of claim 99 attached thereto.

104. The support or substrate of claim 101, which is a microparticle.

105. The support or substrate of claim 101, which is a semi-solid support.

106. The support or substrate of claim 101, which is a substantially planar, rigid support.

107. A collection of templates of claim 99, wherein the templates comprise different segments of interest.

108. An array comprising a population of microparticles of claim 104, wherein the microparticles have templates comprising different segments of interest attached thereto.

109. The array of claim 108, wherein the microparticles are immobilized in or on a semi-solid support or attached to a substrate.

110. A microparticle attached to the substrate, wherein the microparticle has a template attached thereto.

111. The microparticle of claim 110, wherein the microparticle is attached to the substrate by a linkage comprising biotin and a biotin-binding protein.

112. The microparticle of claim 110, wherein the microparticle is attached to the substrate by a linkage comprising biotin and a biotin-binding protein, wherein the biotin-binding protein is attached to the substrate.

113. The microparticle of claim 110, wherein the microparticle is attached to a single-stranded template which is attached to the substrate, whereby the template tethers the microparticle to the substrate.

114. The microparticle of claim 110, wherein the microparticle is attached to a single-stranded template which is attached to the substrate, whereby the template tethers the microparticle to the substrate, and wherein the template is attached to the substrate and the microparticle by linkages that comprise biotin and a biotin-binding protein.

115. A population of microparticles of claim 110, wherein templates comprising different segments of interest and a common sequence are attached to different microparticles.

116. A method for preparing an array comprising steps of:

providing a population of microparticles having templates attached thereto, wherein the templates comprise biotin; and

contacting the microparticles with a substrate comprising a biotin-binding protein under conditions in which biotin binds to the biotin-binding protein, thereby producing an array of microparticles.

117. The method of claim 116, further comprising hybridizing blocking oligonucleotides to the templates.

118. The method of claim 116, further comprising sequencing the templates.