VEHICULAR CONTROL APPARATUS AND PROGRAM STORAGE MEDIUM

• US 20090088923A1
• Filed: 10/02/2008
• Published: 04/02/2009
• Est. Priority Date: 10/02/2007
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: DENSO Corporation
• Original Assignee: DENSO Corporation
• Inventors: Ban, Yoshinori, Shimizu, Kokichi, Kondoh, Masayoshi
• Granted Patent: US 8,095,262 B2
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• US Class Current: 701/31
• CPC Class Codes: G07C 5/085 using electronic data carriers

Abstract

Whether an anomaly occurs in a data-rewritable second nonvolatile memory is determined by comparison between (i) a diagnosis code stored in the second nonvolatile memory and (ii) data contents stored as a diagnosis table in a first nonvolatile memory. The first nonvolatile memory previously stores the diagnosis table for listing diagnosis codes. If the diagnosis codes are appropriately registered in the diagnosis table, it is thereafter unnecessary to take into consideration whether the diagnosis codes are normally stored in the first nonvolatile memory. This configuration requires no further rewriting of information in the first nonvolatile memory unlike other memories, and thus decreases a possibility of an occurrence of an anomaly to garble the information in the first nonvolatile memory in comparison with other memories. Whether an anomaly occurs in the second nonvolatile memory can be thus performed more appropriately.

Claims

1. A method of preparing a perfluorocarbon ionomer membrane with aligned nanostructure which comprises:

(a) casting a perfluorocarbon ionomer solution;

(b) evaporating organic solvents at a temperature below T_g of perfluorocarbon ionomer, wherein the perfluorocarbon ionomers are in an amorphous state;

(c) annealing the amorphous membranes at a temperature between T_g (glass transition temperature) and T_m (crystalline melting temperature) of perfluorocarbon ionomer;

(d) applying an electric field on the membranes during annealing;

(e) keeping the membrane in an electric field and cooling the membrane from the annealing temperature to a temperature below T_g of perfluorocarbon ionomer; and

(f) moving the power supply of the electric field after the membrane is cooled to a temperature below Tg.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the organic solvent is characterized in that:

(a) low boiling point so that it can be easily evaporated (or vacuum evaporated) at a temperature below T_g of the perfluorosulfonate ionomer;

(b) high dielectric constant so that the ionic groups of perfluorocarbon ionomer are in ionic state; and

(c) compatible with the perfluorocarbon ionomer so that the ionomer can be easily dissolved in solvents.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the organic solvent is N,N′

-dimethyl acetamide (DMAc), N,N′

-dimethyl formamide (DMF), N-methyl formamide (NMF), glycerol, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and water, or mixtures of previous solvents.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the organic solvent is N,N′

-dimethyl acetamide (DMAc).

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the temperature is between T_g and T_m of perfluorocarbon ionomers.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the temperature is between T_g+10°

C. and T_m.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the temperature is between T_g+20°

C. and T_g+60°

C. but below T_m.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the electric field is between 3 kVcm⁻

1 and 20 kVcm<sup>−

1</sup>.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the electric field is between 5 kVcm⁻

1 and 18 kVcm<sup>−

1</sup>.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the electric field is between 7 kVcm⁻

1 and 10 kVcm<sup>−

1</sup>.

11. A polyelectrolyte membrane comprising an aligned fibril-like structure in the membrane, wherein said polyelectrolyte membrane is made using the method of claim 1.

12. The membrane of claim 11, wherein the alignment is induced by applying an electric field along the membrane thickness direction to lead ionic aggregations aligned along the membrane thickness direction.

13. The membrane of claim 11, which has high ionic conductivity and aligned fibril-like structure.

14. The membrane of claim 11, which contains linear ions transferring pathways in the membrane.

15. The membrane of claim 11, which is prepared according to the method of claim 1.

16. The membrane of claim 11, wherein the polyelectrolyte is selected from the group consisting of polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, sulfonated polyetherketone, sulfonated polyimide, sulfonated polybenzimidazole, sulfonated polyethersulfone, sulfonated polystyrene, and perfluorosulfonated ionomer.

17. The membrane of claim 11, which contains a polar acid group or an ionic group.

18. The membrane of claim 17, wherein the polar acid group is —

SO₃H, —

COOH, —

PO₃H₂ or the ionic group is —

SO₃M, —

COOM, —

PO₃HM, wherein the M represent metal atom.

19. The membrane of claim 18, wherein the polar acid group is —

SO₃H.

20. The membrane of claim 11, which can be used in fuel cell membrane electrode assembly (MEA), electrochemical cell, or the ion exchange polymer.