METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR PERFORMING VARIABLE BLACK LENGTH WATERMARKING OF MEDIA

• US 20090192805A1
• Filed: 01/29/2009
• Published: 07/30/2009
• Est. Priority Date: 01/29/2008
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Nielsen Company (US) LLC (RR Donnelley & Sons Company)
• Original Assignee: Nielsen Company (US) LLC (RR Donnelley & Sons Company)
• Inventors: Srinivasan, Venugopal, Topchy, Alexander
• Granted Patent: US 8,457,951 B2
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• US Class Current: 704/500
• CPC Class Codes: G10L 19/018 Audio watermarking, i.e. embedding inaudible data in the audio signal

Abstract

Methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacture are disclosed in which auxiliary information is added to or removed from an audio signal. In one example, the information may be added to the audio signal using at least two frequencies that are dictated by two different frequency transformation block sizes, such that the two frequencies are not fully visible when an incorrect block size is used to perform a frequency transformation. Additionally, in another example, a decoder may compensate for time and frequency affects caused by removing old samples and adding new samples, which, in one example, alleviates the need to perform repeated frequency transformation using different frequency transformation block sizes. Other examples are described.

Claims

1. A method of detecting the presence of auxiliary information in an audio signal, wherein the auxiliary information is imparted onto the audio signal by emphasizing one or more frequency components of the audio signal, the method comprising:

sampling the audio signal to create an audio block in a buffer having a buffer size;

storing one or more components of a frequency domain representation of the audio block in a spectral characteristics table;

receiving a subsequent sample of the audio signal;

adjusting the stored components in the spectral characteristics table in accordance with elapsed time since generating the frequency domain representation to form a modified frequency domain representation;

removing a spectral effect of an oldest sample in the audio block from the modified frequency domain representation stored in the spectral characteristics table;

adding a spectral effect of the subsequent sample of the audio signal to the modified frequency domain representation stored in the spectral characteristics table to form an updated frequency domain spectrum in the spectral characteristics table;

analyzing the updated frequency domain spectrum to determine emphasis of one or more frequency components; and

determining auxiliary information corresponding to the emphasis of one or more frequency components.

2. A method as defined in claim 1, wherein storing one or more components of the frequency domain representation of the audio block in the spectral characteristics table comprises storing only those frequency components that may be used by an encoder to include the auxiliary information in the audio signal.

3. A method as defined in claim 1, wherein adjusting the stored components in the table in accordance with elapsed time since processing the frequency domain representation to form the modified frequency domain representation comprises multiplying a real component of the frequency domain representation by a cosine function of a first phase angle.

4. A method as defined in claim 3, wherein adjusting the stored components in the table in accordance with elapsed time since processing the frequency domain representation to form the modified frequency domain representation comprises multiplying an imaginary component of the frequency domain representation by a sine function of the first phase angle.

5. A method as defined by claim 4, wherein the phase angle is a function of a block size and a frequency index.

6. A method as defined by claim 5, wherein removing a spectral effect of an oldest sample in the audio block from the modified frequency domain representation stored in the spectral characteristics table comprises multiplying an amplitude of the oldest sample by a cosine of the first phase angle.

7. A method as defined by claim 6, wherein adding the spectral effect of the subsequent sample of the audio signal to the modified frequency domain representation stored in the table comprises multiplying an amplitude of the subsequent sample and a cosine of a second phase angle, wherein the second phase angle is a function of the block size, the frequency index, and a compensation factor.

8. A method as defined by claim 7, wherein the compensation factor compensates between the buffer size and the block size.

9. A method as defined by claim 8, wherein spectral effect of the subsequent sample is performed in conjunction with determining the spectral effect of several samples.

10. A decoder for detecting the presence of auxiliary information in an audio signal, wherein the auxiliary information is imparted onto the audio signal by emphasizing one or more frequency components of the audio signal, the decoder comprising:

a buffer having a buffer size;

a sampler to sample the audio signal to create an audio block in the buffer;

a memory to store one or more components of a frequency domain representation of the audio block in a spectral characteristics table;

a compensator to adjust the stored components in the spectral characteristics table in accordance with elapsed time since generating the frequency domain representation to form a modified frequency domain representation;

a subtractor to subtract a spectral effect of an oldest sample in the audio block from the modified frequency domain representation stored in the spectral characteristics table;

an adder to add a spectral effect of a subsequent sample of the audio signal to the modified frequency domain representation stored in the spectral characteristics table to form an updated frequency domain spectrum in the spectral characteristics table; and

an analyzer to analyze the updated frequency domain spectrum to determine emphasis of one or more frequency components and determine auxiliary information corresponding to the emphasis of one or more frequency components.

11. A decoder as defined in claim 10, wherein the memory stores only those frequency components that may be used by an encoder to include the auxiliary information in the audio signal.

12. A decoder as defined in claim 10, wherein the adjuster multiplies a real component of the frequency domain representation by a cosine function of a first phase angle.

13. A decoder as defined in claim 12, wherein the adjuster multiplies an imaginary component of the frequency domain representation by a sine function of the first phase angle.

14. A decoder as defined by claim 13, wherein the phase angle is a function of a block size and a frequency index.

15-23. -23. (canceled)

24. A method of inserting auxiliary information in an audio signal, the method comprising:

evaluating a masking ability of a first audio block;

receiving a first code;

selecting a first frequency to represent the first code, wherein the first frequency is selected from a set of frequencies that are fully visible when performing a frequency transformation using a first block length, but are not fully visible when performing a frequency transformation using a second block length different from the first;

synthesizing a first signal having the first frequency in accordance with the masking ability of the first audio block;

combining the first signal with the first audio block;

evaluating a masking ability of a second audio block;

receiving a second code;

selecting a second frequency to represent the second code, wherein the second frequency is selected from a set of frequencies that are fully visible when performing a frequency transformation using the second block length;

synthesizing a second signal having the second frequency in accordance with the masking ability of the second audio block; and

combining the second signal with the second audio block.

25. A method as defined in claim 24, wherein the first and second frequencies are selected based on first and second frequency indices.

26. A method as defined in claim 25, wherein the first and second frequency indices have different values.

27. A method as defined in claim 24, wherein a plurality of frequencies are selected to represent the first code and wherein each of the frequencies is selected from the set of frequencies that are fully visible when performing a frequency transformation using the first block length.

28. A method as defined in claim 27, wherein a plurality of frequencies are selected to represent the second code and wherein each of the frequencies is selected from the set of frequencies that are fully visible when performing a frequency transformation using the second block length.

29. A method as defined in claim 27, wherein the plurality of frequencies selected to represent the first code signal and the plurality of frequencies selected to represent the second code signal are selected using the same frequency indices.

30. A method as defined by claim 24, further comprising selecting a plurality of frequencies to represent the first code, wherein each of the plurality of frequencies is only fully visible using a different frequency transformation block length.

31. An encoder for inserting auxiliary information in an audio signal, comprising:

a masking evaluator to evaluate a masking ability of a first audio block;

a block length and index selector to receive a first code and select a first frequency to represent the first code, wherein the first frequency is selected from a set of frequencies that are fully visible when performing a frequency transformation using a first block length, but are not fully visible when performing a frequency transformation using a second block length different from the first, wherein the block length and index selector, upon receiving a second code, will select a second frequency to represent the second code, wherein the second frequency is selected from a set of frequencies that are fully visible when performing a frequency transformation using the second block length;

a synthesizer to synthesize a first signal having the first frequency in accordance with the masking ability of the first audio block; and

a combiner to combine the first signal with the first audio block.

32. An encoder as defined in claim 31, wherein the first and second frequencies are selected based on first and second frequency indices.

33. An encoder as defined in claim 32, wherein the first and second frequency indices have different values.

34. An encoder as defined in claim 31, wherein a plurality of frequencies are selected to represent the first code and wherein each of the frequencies is selected from the set of frequencies that are fully visible when performing a frequency transformation using the first block length.

35. An encoder as defined in claim 34, wherein a plurality of frequencies are selected to represent the second code and wherein each of the frequencies is selected from the set of frequencies that are fully visible when performing a frequency transformation using the second block length.

36. An encoder defined in claim 34, wherein the plurality of frequencies selected to represent the first code signal and the plurality of frequencies selected to represent the second code signal are selected using the same frequency indices.

37. An encoder as defined by claim 31, further comprising selecting a plurality of frequencies to represent the first code, wherein each of the plurality of frequencies is only fully visible using a different frequency transformation block length.

38-44. -44. (canceled)