Feedback Compensation Detector For A Direct Conversion Transmitter

• US 20090262861A1
• Filed: 06/30/2009
• Published: 10/22/2009
• Est. Priority Date: 05/15/2001
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Malikie Innovations Limited (Key Patent Innovations Limited)
• Original Assignee: Blackberry Limited
• Inventors: Nielsen, Jorgen S.
• Granted Patent: US 7,725,087 B2
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• US Class Current: 375/296
• CPC Class Codes: H03C 3/40 using two signal paths the outputs of which have a predetermined phase difference and at least one output being amplitude-modulated
• CPC Class Codes: H04B 1/0475 with means for limiting noise, interference or distortion H04B1/0483 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H04B 1/30 for homodyne or synchrodyne receivers demodulator circuits H03D1/22

Abstract

A feedback compensation detector for a direct conversion transmitter includes a baseband processor, a direct up-converter, an antenna, and an impairment detection and compensation feedback circuit. The baseband processor generates an in-phase (I) baseband signal and a quadrature-phase (Q) baseband signal. The direct up-converter is coupled to the baseband processor, and combines the I and Q baseband signals with an RF carrier signal to generate an RF output signal. The antenna is coupled to the direct up-converter, and transmits the RF output signal. The impairment detection and compensation feedback circuit is coupled to the RF output signal and the I and Q baseband signals. The impairment detection and compensation feedback circuit down-converts the RF output signal to generate an intermediate frequency (IF) signal, measures as least one signal impairment in the IF signal, and pre-distorts the I and Q baseband signals to compensate for the measured signal impairment.

Claims

1. A direct up conversion transmitter chain, comprising:

means for generating an in-phase (I) baseband signal and a quadrature-phase (Q) baseband signal;

means for combining the I and Q baseband signals with a radio frequency (RF) carrier signal to generate an RF output signal;

means for transmitting the RF output signal;

pre-distortion means for down-converting the RF output signal to generate an intermediate frequency (IF) signal, measuring at least one signal impairment in the IF signal, and pre-distorting the I and Q baseband signals to compensate for the measured signal impairment; and

means for generating a reference voltage as a function of both an ambient temperature in the vicinity of the pre-distortion means and a battery supply voltage;

wherein the direct up conversion transmitter chain estimates actual values for the ambient temperature and the battery supply voltage and adjusts the signal impairment by a function of estimated ambient temperature and estimated battery supply voltage.

2. The direct up conversion transmitter chain of claim 1, wherein the I and Q baseband signals generated by the means for generating are digital signals, and further comprising:

means for converting the digital I baseband signal into an analog I baseband signal; and

means for converting the digital Q baseband signal into an analog baseband signal;

wherein the analog I and Q baseband signals are combined with the RF carrier signal to generate the RF output signal.

3. The direct up conversion transmitter chain of claim 1, further comprising:

means for generating the RF carrier signal output and generating a local oscillator (LO) signal, wherein the pre-distortion means uses the LO signal to convert the RF output signal to the IF signal.

4. The direct up conversion transmitter chain of claim 1, further comprising:

means for filtering the RF output signal to a passband frequency range before transmission by the means for transmitting.

5. The direct up conversion transmitter chain of claim 1, wherein pre-distortion means includes impairment detection means for down-converting the RF output signal to generate the IF signal, estimating the signal impairment in the IF signal, and generating a feedback signal that is used by the pre-distortion means to pre-distort the I and Q baseband signals.

6. The direct up conversion transmitter chain of claim 5, wherein the impairment detection means comprises:

down conversion means for combining the RF output signal with a local oscillator (LO) signal to generate the IF signal, wherein the frequency of the LO signal is different from the frequency of the RF carrier signal; and

impairment processing means for estimating the signal impairment in the RF output signal using the IF signal and generating the feedback signal.

7. The direct up-conversion transmitter chain of claim 6, wherein the impairment detection means further comprises:

means for reducing the gain of the RF output signal.

8. The direct up-conversion transmitter chain of claim 6, wherein the impairment detection means further comprises:

means for filtering the IF signal to a passband frequency range to generate an analog impairment signal; and

means for sampling the analog impairment signal to generate a digital impairment signal.

9. The direct up conversion transmitter chain of claim 1, wherein the pre-distortion means includes an impairment compensation means for receiving a feedback signal generated by the pre-distortion means and using at least one signal impairment parameter in the feedback signal to pre-distort the I and Q baseband signals.

10. The direct up conversion transmitter chain of claim 9, wherein the pre-distortion means estimates I and Q component delays in the RF output signal and generates I and Q delay compensation values in the feedback signal that are proportional to the estimated I and Q component delays, and wherein the impairment compensation means comprises:

means for advancing the I baseband signal by the I delay compensation value; and

means for advancing the Q baseband signal by the Q delay compensation value.

11. The direct up conversion transmitter chain of claim 9, wherein the pre-distortion means estimates direct-current (DC) bias in the RF output signal and generates I and Q bias offset values in the feedback signal that are proportional to the estimated DC bias, and wherein the impairment compensation means comprises:

means for subtracting the bias offset value from the I baseband signal; and

means for subtracting the bias offset value from the Q baseband signal.

12. The direct up conversion transmitter chain of claim 9, wherein pre-distortion means estimates phase and amplitude imbalance in the transmitter chain and generates a phase imbalance parameter and an amplitude imbalance parameter in the feedback signal, and wherein the impairment compensation means comprises:

means for applying an inverse model of the estimated phase and amplitude imbalance to the I and Q baseband signals using the phase and amplitude imbalance parameters.

13. The direct up conversion transmitter chain of claim 9, wherein pre-distortion means estimates the overall gain of the transmitter chain and generates a scaling factor in the feedback signal that is a function of the estimated gain and a pre-selected desired gain of the transmitter chain, and wherein the impairment compensation means comprises:

means for multiplying the I baseband signal by the scaling factor; and

gain means for multiplying the Q baseband signal by the scaling factor.

14. The direct up conversion transmitter chain of claim 1, wherein the pre-distortion means estimates the overall gain of the transmitter chain and generates a gain estimate, and wherein the pre-distortion means includes:

means for comparing the gain estimate with a pre-selected desired gain of the transmitter chain and generating a gain-compensated loop output that is a function of the difference between the gain estimate and the pre-selected desired gain;

wherein the pre-distortion means pre-distorts the I and Q baseband signals by multiplying the I and Q baseband signal with the gain-compensated loop output.

15. The direct up conversion transmitter chain of claim 1, wherein the pre-distortion means estimates direct-current (DC) bias in the RF output signal and generates I and Q bias offset values that are proportional to the estimated DC bias, and wherein pre-distortion means includes:

means for generating a compensated I bias parameter as a function of the I bias offset value and a compensated Q bias parameter as a function of the Q bias offset value;

wherein pre-distortion means pre-distorts the I and Q baseband signals by subtracting the compensated I bias parameter from the I baseband signal and subtracting the Q bias parameter from the Q baseband signal.

16. The direct up conversion transmitter chain of claim 1, wherein pre-distortion means estimates phase and amplitude imbalance in the transmitter chain and generates a phase imbalance parameter and an amplitude imbalance parameter, and wherein the pre-distortion means includes:

means for generating a desired phase compensation variable as a function of the phase and amplitude imbalance parameters and a desired amplitude compensation variable as a function of the amplitude imbalance parameter;

wherein the pre-distortion means pre-distorts the I and Q baseband signals by using the desired phase and amplitude compensation parameters to apply an inverse model of the estimated phase and amplitude imbalance to the I and Q baseband signals.

17. The direct up conversion transmitter chain of claim 1, wherein the pre-distortion means estimates I and Q component delays in the RF output signal and generates I and Q delay compensation values that are proportional to the estimated I and Q component delays, and wherein the pre-distortion means includes:

means for generating a compensated I component delay as a function of the I delay compensation value and a compensated Q component delay as a function of the Q delay compensation value;

wherein the pre-distortion means pre-distorts the I and Q baseband signal by advancing the I baseband signal by the compensated I component delay and advancing the Q baseband signal by the compensated Q component delay.

18. The direct up conversion transmitter chain of claim 1, wherein the means for combining comprises:

means for combining the I and Q baseband signals with the RF carrier signal to generate an RF quadrature up-converter output; and

means coupled to the quadrature up-converter means for increasing the gain of the RF quadrature up-converter output to generate the RF output signal.

19. The direct up conversion transmitter chain of claim 18, wherein the means for combining further comprises:

means for increasing the gain of the RF quadrature up-converter output and generating an AGC output signal.

20. The direct up conversion transmitter chain of claim 19, wherein the means for combining further comprises:

means for filtering the AGC output signal prior to amplification by the amplification means.

21. The direct up conversion transmitter chain of claim 18, wherein the means for combining further comprises:

first band pass filter means for filtering the I baseband signal and generating a first band pass filter output signal;

second band pass filter means for filtering the Q baseband signal and generating a second band pass filter output signal;

first amplifier means for increasing the gain of the first band pass filter output and generating a first amplifier output signal; and

second amplifier means for increases the gain of the second band pass filter output and generates a second amplifier output signal.

22. A direct up conversion transmitter chain, comprising:

means for generating an in-phase (I) baseband signal and a quadrature-phase (Q) baseband signal;

pre-distortion means coupled to a feedback signal for pre-distorting the I and Q baseband signals as a function of at least one signal impairment parameter in the feedback signal and generating modified I and Q baseband signals;

means for combining the modified I and Q baseband signals with a radio frequency (RF) carrier signal to generate an RF output signal;

means for transmitting the RF output signal;

impairment detection means for down-converting the RF output signal to generate an intermediate frequency (IF) signal, estimating the signal impairment parameter from the IF signal, and generating the feedback signal, including temperature and voltage sensitive components;

means for generating a temperature sensor voltage as a function of both an ambient temperature in the vicinity of the impairment detection means and a battery supply voltage;

means for estimating the signal impairment parameter from the IF signal and adjusting the signal impairment parameter by a function of the temperature sensor voltage; and

means for generating a reference voltage as a function of both the ambient temperature in the vicinity of the impairment detection means and the battery supply voltage;

wherein the means for estimating estimates actual values for the ambient temperature and the battery supply voltage and adjusts the signal impairment by a function of the estimated ambient temperature and the estimated battery supply voltage.

23. The direct up conversion transmitter chain of claim 22, further comprising:

means for generating a first ratio output as a function of the temperature sensor voltage and the reference voltage and a second ratio output as a function of the battery supply voltage and the reference voltage, wherein the first and second ratio outputs are coupled to the means for estimating and the means for estimating estimates an actual value for the ambient temperature as a function of the first ratio and estimates an actual value of the battery supply voltage as a function of the second ratio.

24. A direct up conversion transmitter chain, comprising:

a baseband processor that generates a baseband signal;

a direct up-converter that combines the baseband signal with a radio frequency (RF) carrier signal to generate an RF output signal;

an antenna that transmits the RF output signal;

an impairment detection and compensation feedback circuit that down-converts the RF output signal to generate an intermediate frequency (IF) signal, measures at least one signal impairment in the IF signal, and pre-distorts the baseband signal to compensate for the measured signal impairment;

a band gap voltage reference that generates a reference voltage as a function of both an ambient temperature in the vicinity of the impairment detection and compensation feedback circuit and a battery supply voltage;

wherein the direct up conversion transmitter chain estimates actual values for the ambient temperature and the battery supply voltage and adjusts the signal impairment by a function of the estimated ambient temperature and the estimated battery supply voltage.

25. The direct up conversion transmitter chain of claim 24, wherein the baseband signal generated by the baseband processor is a digital signal, and further comprising:

a digital-to-analog converter that converts the digital baseband signal into an analog baseband signal.

26. The direct up conversion transmitter chain of claim 25, further comprising:

a frequency synthesizer having a first frequency output and a second frequency output, wherein the frequency synthesizer generates the RF carrier signal at the first frequency output and generates a local oscillator (LO) signal at the second frequency output, wherein the impairment detection and compensation feedback circuit uses the LO signal to convert the RF output signal to the IF signal.

27. The direct up conversion transmitter chain of claim 24, further comprising:

a band pass filter that filters the RF output signal to a passband frequency range before transmission by the antenna.

28. The direct up conversion transmitter chain of claim 24, wherein the impairment detection and compensation feedback circuit includes an impairment detector that down-converts the RF output signal to generate the IF signal, estimates the signal impairment in the IF signal, and generates a feedback signal that is used by the impairment detection and compensation feedback circuit to pre-distort the baseband signal.

29. The direct up conversion transmitter chain of claim 28, wherein the impairment detector comprises:

a down-conversion mixer coupled to a local oscillator (LO) signal that combines the RF output signal with the local oscillator (LO) signal to generate the IF signal, wherein the frequency of the LO signal is different from the frequency of the RF carrier signal; and

an impairment detector processor that estimates the signal impairment in the RF output signal using the IF signal and generates the feedback signal.

30. The direct up-conversion transmitter chain of claim 29, wherein the impairment detector further comprises:

a variable attenuator that reduces the gain of the RF output signal.

31. The direct up-conversion transmitter chain of claim 29, wherein the impairment detector further comprises:

a band pass filter that filters the IF signal to a passband frequency range to generate an analog impairment signal; and

an analog-to-digital converter that samples the analog impairment signal to generate a digital impairment signal.

32. The direct up conversion transmitter chain of claim 24, wherein the impairment detection and compensation feedback circuit includes an impairment compensator that receives a feedback signal generated by the impairment detection and compensation feedback circuit and uses at least one signal impairment parameter in the feedback signal to pre-distort the baseband signal.

33. The direct up conversion transmitter chain of claim 32, wherein the impairment detection and compensation feedback circuit estimates a component delay in the RF output signal and generates a delay compensation value in the feedback signal that is proportional to the estimated component delay, and wherein the impairment compensator comprises:

a delay compensation block that advances the baseband signal by the delay compensation value.

34. The direct up conversion transmitter chain of claim 32, wherein the impairment detection and compensation feedback circuit estimates direct-current (DC) bias in the RF output signal and generates a bias offset value in the feedback signal that is proportional to the estimated DC bias, and wherein the impairment compensator comprises:

a bias compensation adder having a positive input that subtracts the bias offset value from the baseband signal.

35. The direct up conversion transmitter chain of claim 32, wherein the impairment detection and compensation feedback circuit estimates phase and amplitude imbalance in the transmitter chain and generates a phase imbalance parameter and an amplitude imbalance parameter in the feedback signal, and wherein the impairment compensator comprises:

a linear compensation block that uses the phase and amplitude imbalance parameters to apply an inverse model of the estimated phase and amplitude imbalance to the baseband signal.

36. The direct up conversion transmitter chain of claim 32, wherein the impairment detection and compensation feedback circuit estimates the overall gain of the transmitter chain and generates a scaling factor in the feedback signal that is a function of the estimated gain and a pre-selected desired gain of the transmitter chain, and wherein the impairment compensator comprises:

a gain multiplier that multiplies the baseband signal by the scaling factor.

37. The direct up conversion transmitter chain of claim 24, wherein the impairment detection and compensation feedback circuit estimates the overall gain of the transmitter chain and generates a gain estimate, and wherein the impairment detection and compensation feedback circuit includes:

an automatic gain control (AGC) correction loop that compares the gain estimate with a pre-selected desired gain of the transmitter chain and generates a gain-compensated loop output that is a function of the difference between the gain estimate and the pre-selected desired gain;

wherein the impairment detection and compensation feedback circuit pre-distorts the baseband signal by multiplying the baseband signal with the gain-compensated loop output.

38. The direct up conversion transmitter chain of claim 24, wherein the impairment detection and compensation feedback circuit estimates direct-current (DC) bias in the RF output signal and generates a bias offset value that is proportional to the estimated DC bias, and wherein the impairment detection and compensation feedback circuit includes:

a local oscillator (LO) leakage nulling loop that generates a compensated bias parameter as a function of the bias offset value;

wherein the impairment detection and compensation feedback circuit pre-distorts the baseband signal by subtracting the compensated bias parameter from the baseband signal.

39. The direct up conversion transmitter chain of claim 24, wherein the impairment detection and compensation feedback circuit estimates phase and amplitude imbalance in the transmitter chain and generates a phase imbalance parameter and an amplitude imbalance parameter, and wherein the impairment detection and compensation feedback circuit includes:

an imbalance compensation loop that generates a desired phase compensation variable as a function of the phase and amplitude imbalance parameters and a desired amplitude compensation variable as a function of the amplitude imbalance parameter;

wherein the impairment detection and compensation feedback circuit pre-distorts the baseband signal by using the desired phase and amplitude compensation parameters to apply an inverse model of the estimated phase and amplitude imbalance to the baseband signal.

40. The direct up conversion transmitter chain of claim 24, wherein the impairment detection and compensation feedback circuit estimates a component delay in the RF output signal and generates a delay compensation value that are proportional to the estimated component delay, and wherein the impairment detection and compensation feedback circuit includes:

a differential timing error compensation loop that generates a compensated component delay as a function of the delay compensation value;

wherein the impairment detection and compensation feedback circuit pre-distorts the baseband signal by advancing the baseband signal by the compensated component delay.

41. The direct up conversion transmitter chain of claim 24, wherein the direct up-converter comprises:

an up-converter that combines the baseband signal with the RF carrier signal to generate an RF up-converter output; and

a power amplifier that increases the gain of the RF up-converter output to generate the RF output signal.

42. The direct up conversion transmitter chain of claim 41, wherein the direct up-converter further comprises:

an automatic gain control (AGC) amplifier that increases the gain of the RF up-converter output and generates an AGC output signal.

43. The direct up conversion transmitter chain of claim 42, wherein the direct up-converter chain further comprises:

a band pass filter that filters the AGC output signal prior to amplification by the power amplifier.

44. The direct up conversion transmitter chain of claim 41, wherein the direct up-converter further comprises:

a band pass filter that filters the baseband signal and generates a band pass filter output signal;

an amplifier that increases the gain of the band pass filter output and generates an amplifier output signal.