ADVANCED ACTIVE METAMATERIAL ANTENNA SYSTEMS

• US 20100110943A2
• Filed: 03/09/2009
• Published: 05/06/2010
• Est. Priority Date: 03/25/2008
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Tyco Electronics Services GmbH (TE Connectivity Ltd. (United Kingdom))
• Original Assignee: Rayspan Corporation
• Inventors: Achour, Maha, Gummalla, Ajay, Lee, Cheng-Jung, Dupuy, Alexandre
• Granted Patent: US 8,451,175 B2
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• US Class Current: 370/281
• CPC Class Codes: H01Q 1/2283 mounted in or on the surface of a semiconductor substrate as a chip-type antenna or integrated with other components into an IC package
• CPC Class Codes: H01Q 13/08 Radiating ends of two-conductor microwave transmission lines, e.g. of coaxial lines, of microstrip lines
• CPC Class Codes: H01Q 13/28 comprising elements constituting electric discontinuities and spaced in direction of wave propagation, e.g. dielectric elements or conductive elements forming artificial dielectric
• CPC Class Codes: H01Q 15/0086 said selective devices having materials with a synthesized negative refractive index, e.g. metamaterials or left-handed materials
• CPC Class Codes: H01Q 23/00 Antennas with active circuits or circuit elements integrated within them or attached to them

Abstract

Techniques, antenna systems and apparatus based on composite right and left handed (CRLH) metamaterial (MTM) structures to couple CRLH MTM circuits to transistors to amplify signals in wireless RF receivers and transmitters.

Claims

1. An antenna system for frequency division duplex (FDD) based on a composite right and left handed (CRLH) metamaterial (MTM) structure, comprising:

a first MTM transmission line comprising a plurality of first CRLH blocks, each first CRLH block comprising at least one first CRLH unit cell, the first MTM transmission line configured to operate as a first transmission line that guides a signal at a first frequency and to operate as a first leaky wave antenna that receives a signal at a second frequency;

a second MTM transmission line comprising a plurality of second CRLH blocks, each second CRLH block comprising at least one second CRLH unit cell, the second MTM transmission line configured to operate as a second transmission line that guides a signal at the second frequency and to operate as a second leaky wave antenna that transmits a signal at the first frequency; and

a plurality of transistors coupled to the first and second MTM transmission lines, each transistor having a first terminal coupled to the first MTM transmission line and a second terminal coupled to the second MTM transmission line.

2. The antenna system for FDD based on the CRLH MTM structure as in claim 1, wherein

the first CRLH unit cell is configured to have a first dispersion curve that includes a point in a guided region at the first frequency, and another point in a radiated region at the second frequency;

and

the second CRLH unit cell is configured to have a second dispersion curve that includes a point in the radiated region at the first frequency, and another point in the guided region at the second frequency.

3. The antenna system for FDD based on the CRLH MTM structure as in claim 1, wherein

the first CRLH unit cell is configured to be balanced;

and

the second CRLH unit cell is configured to be balanced.

4. The antenna system for FDD based on the CRLH MTM structure as in claim 3, wherein

the first dispersion curve includes a point where a propagation constant is substantially zero at the second frequency, enabling the first leaky wave antenna to generate broadside radiation;

and

the second dispersion curve includes a point where the propagation constant is substantially zero at the first frequency, enabling the second leaky wave antenna to generate broadside radiation.

5. The antenna system for FDD based on the CRLH MTM structure as in claim 2, wherein each of the at least one first CRLH unit cell and the at least one second CRLH unit cell comprises a series right-handed (RH) inductor, a series left-handed (LH) capacitor, a shunt LH inductor, and a shunt RH capacitor, which provides first equivalent circuit parameters for the first CRLH unit cell determining the first dispersion curve, and second equivalent circuit parameters for the second CRLH unit cell determining the second dispersion curve.

6. The antenna system for FDD based on the CRLH MTM structure as in claim 5, wherein

the first equivalent circuit parameters and a number of the first CRLH unit cells in each of the first CRLH blocks are determined to have a phase across the first CRLH block to be φ

₁, and the second equivalent circuit parameters and a number of the second CRLH unit cells in each of the second CRLH blocks are determined to have a phase across the second CRLH block to be φ

₂, such that a difference between φ

₁ and φ

₂ is 360 degrees times an integer.

7. The antenna system for FDD based on the CRLH MTM structure as in claim 1, wherein

the first MTM transmission line is configured as a first zeroth order resonator having an open circuited first end and a second end capacitively coupled to an input port;

the second MTM transmission line is configured as a second zeroth order resonator having an open circuited third end and a fourth end capacitively coupled to an output port; and

the first terminal of each of transistors is capacitively coupled to the first MTM transmission line and the second terminal of each of the transistors is capacitively coupled to the second MTM transmission line.

8. An antenna system for time division duplex (TDD) based on a composite right and left handed (CRLH) metamaterial (MTM) structure, comprising:

a first MTM transmission line comprising a plurality of first tunable CRLH blocks, each first tunable CRLH block comprising at least one CRLH unit cell, the first tunable CRLH blocks configured to tune the first MTM transmission line to operate as a first transmission line that guides a signal at a frequency during a first time period and to tune the first MTM transmission line to operate as a first leaky wave antenna that receives a signal at the frequency during a second time period;

a second MTM transmission line comprising a plurality of second tunable CRLH blocks, each second tunable CRLH block comprising at least one CRLH unit cell, the second tunable CRLH blocks configured to tune the second MTM transmission line to operate as a second transmission line that guides a signal at the frequency during the second time period and to tune the second MTM transmission line to operate as a second leaky wave antenna that transmits a signal at the frequency during the first time period; and

a plurality of transistors coupled to the first and second MTM transmission lines, each transistor having a first terminal coupled to the first MTM transmission line and a second terminal coupled to the second MTM transmission line.

9. The antenna system for TDD based on the CRLH MTM structure as in claim 8,

wherein each of the CRLH unit cells in the first and second MTM transmission lines is configured to have a first state or a second state, the first state corresponding to a first dispersion curve and the second state corresponding to a second dispersion curve;

and

wherein the first dispersion curve includes a point in a guided region at the frequency, and the second dispersion curve includes a point in a radiated region at the frequency.

10. The antenna system for TDD based on the CRLH MTM structure as in claim 9, further comprising a control circuit to tune each of the first and second tunable CRLH blocks, wherein

the control circuit sends a first control signal to the at least one CRLH unit cell in each of the first tunable CRLH blocks to be tuned to the first state, and a second control signal to the at least one CRLH unit cell in each of the second tunable CRLH blocks to be tuned to the second state during the first time period, and

the control circuit sends a third control signal to the at least one CRLH unit cell in each of the first tunable CRLH blocks to be tuned to the second state, and a fourth control signal to the at least one CRLH unit cell in each of the second tunable CRLH blocks to be tuned to the first state during the second time period.

11. The antenna system for TDD based on the CRLH MTM structure as in claim 8, wherein

each of the CRLH unit cells in the first and second MTM transmission lines is configured to be balanced.

12. The antenna system for TDD based on the CRLH MTM structure as in claim 11, wherein

the second dispersion curve includes a point where a propagation constant is substantially zero at the frequency for providing broadside radiation.

13. The antenna system for TDD based on the CRLH MTM structure as in claim 9, wherein

each of the CRLH unit cells in the first and second MTM transmission lines comprises a series right-handed (RH) inductor, a series left-handed (LH) capacitor, a shunt LH inductor, a shunt RH capacitor, a first varactor in series with the series LH capacitor, and a second varactor in series with the shunt LH inductor, which provide equivalent circuit parameters, wherein the first and second varactors are used to tune the CRLH unit cell to the first state or to the second state.

14. The antenna system for TDD based on the CRLH MTM structure as in claim 9, wherein

each of the CRLH unit cells in the first and second MTM transmission lines comprises a series right-handed (RH) inductor, a series varactor, a shunt variable inductor, and a shunt RH capacitor, which provide equivalent circuit parameters, wherein the series varactor and the shunt variable inductor are used to tune the CRLH unit cell to the first state or to the second state.

15. The antenna system for TDD based on the CRLH MTM structure as in claim 9, wherein

each of the CRLH unit cells in the first and second MTM transmission lines comprises a series right-handed (RH) inductor, a series varactor, and a shunt gyrator, and a shunt RH capacitor, which provide equivalent circuit parameters, wherein the series varactor and the shunt gyrator are used to tune the CRLH unit cell to the first state or to the second state.

16. The antenna system for TDD based on the CRLH MTM structure as in claim 13, wherein

the equivalent circuit parameters and a number of the CRLH unit cells in each of the first and second tunable CRLH blocks are determined to have a phase across each of the first and second tunable CRLH blocks for the first state to be φ

₁ and a phase across each of the first and second tunable CRLH blocks for the second state to be φ

₂, such that a difference between φ

₁ and φ

₂ is 360 degrees times an integer.

17. The antenna system for TDD based on the CRLH MTM structure as in claim 8, wherein

the first MTM transmission line is configured as a first zeroth order resonator having an open circuited first end and a second end capacitively coupled to an input port;

the second MTM transmission line is configured as a second zeroth order resonator having an open circuited third end and a fourth end capacitively coupled to an output port; and

the first terminal of each of the transistors is capacitively coupled to the first MTM transmission line and the second terminal of each of the transistors is capacitively coupled to the second MTM transmission line.

18. The antenna system for TDD based on the CRLH MTM structure as in claim 8, wherein

the CRLH unit cell comprises distributed circuit elements and conductive segments that are formed separately from the distributed circuit elements, wherein an electrical length of each of the distributed circuit elements can be changed by coupling and decoupling the conductive segment using a switch to provide different states corresponding to different dispersion curves.

19. An antenna system for time division duplex (TDD) based on a composite right and left handed (CRLH) metamaterial (MTM) structure, comprising:

a first MTM transmission line comprising a plurality of first CRLH blocks, each first CRLH block comprising at least one first CRLH unit cell, the first MTM transmission line configured to operate as a first transmission line that guides a signal at a frequency;

a second MTM transmission line comprising a plurality of second CRLH blocks, each second CRLH block comprising at least one second CRLH unit cell, the second MTM transmission line configured to operate as a first leaky wave antenna that receives a signal at the frequency;

a third MTM transmission line comprising a plurality of third CRLH blocks, each third CRLH block comprising at least one third CRLH unit cell, the third MTM transmission line configured to operate as a second leaky wave antenna that transmits a signal at the frequency;

a fourth MTM transmission line comprising a plurality of fourth CRLH blocks, each fourth CRLH block comprising at least one fourth CRLH unit cell, the fourth MTM transmission line configured to operate as a second transmission line that guides a signal at the frequency;

a switch for activating the first and third MTM transmission lines during a transmit time period and the second and fourth MTM transmission lines during a receive time period;

a first plurality of transistors coupled to the first and third MTM transmission lines; and

a second plurality of transistors coupled to the second and fourth MTM transmission lines;

wherein

the first CRLH unit cell is configured to have a first dispersion curve that includes a point in a guided region at the frequency;

the second CRLH unit cell is configured to have a second dispersion curve that includes a point in a radiated region at the frequency;

the third CRLH unit cell is configured to have a third dispersion curve that includes a point in the radiated region at the frequency; and

the fourth CRLH unit cell is configured to have a fourth dispersion curve that includes a point in a guided region at the frequency.

20. The antenna system for TDD based on a CRLH MTM structure as in claim 19, wherein each of the first, second, third and fourth MTM transmission line is configured as a zeroth order resonator that is capacitively coupled to the first or second plurality of transistors.

21. The antenna system for TDD based on a CRLH MTM structure as in claim 19, comprising a series of transistors that are coupled to the first and third MTM transmission lines to operate as the first plurality of transistors during the transmit time period, and to the second and fourth MTM transmission lines to operate as the second plurality of transistors during the receive time period.

22. A method for processing signals for frequency division duplex (FDD) based on a composite right and left handed (CRLH) metamaterial (MTM) structure, comprising steps of:

configuring a first MTM transmission line to operate as a first transmission line that guides a signal at a first frequency and to operate as a first leaky wave antenna that receives a signal at a second frequency;

configuring a second MTM transmission line to operate as a second transmission line that guides a signal at the second frequency and to operate as a second leaky wave antenna that transmits a signal at the first frequency;

coupling a plurality of transistors to the first and second MTM transmission lines by coupling a first terminal of each transistor to the first MTM transmission line and a second terminal of each transistor to the second MTM transmission line;

receiving a first signal at the first frequency at an input port;

guiding the first signal through the first MTM transmission line which operates as the first transmission line at the first frequency;

amplifying the first signal by using the plurality of transistors;

transmitting the first signal through the second MTM transmission line which operates as the second leaky wave antenna at the first frequency;

receiving a second signal at the second frequency through the first MTM transmission line which operates as the first leaky wave antenna at the second frequency;

amplifying the second signal by using the plurality of transistors;

guiding the second signal through the second MTM transmission line which operates as the second transmission line at the second frequency; and

outputting the second signal from an output port.

23. The method for processing signals for FDD based on a CRLH MTM structure as in claim 22,

wherein the step of configuring the first MTM transmission line includes steps of:

using a plurality of first CRLH blocks, each comprising at least one first CRLH unit cell; and

adjusting first equivalent circuit parameters of each of the at least one first CRLH unit cell to have a first dispersion curve that includes a point in a guided region at the first frequency, and another point in a radiated region at the second frequency,

and wherein the step of configuring the second MTM transmission line includes steps of;

using a plurality of second CRLH blocks, each comprising at least one second CRLH unit cell; and

adjusting second equivalent circuit parameters of each of the at least one second CRLH unit cell to have a second dispersion curve that includes a point in the radiated region at the first frequency, and another point in the guided region at the second frequency.

24. The method for processing signals for FDD based on a CRLH MTM structure as in claim 23,

wherein the step of configuring the first MTM transmission line further includes a step of:

adjusting the first equivalent circuit parameters to balance the first CRLH unit cell and to have the first dispersion curve that includes a point where a propagation constant is substantially zero at the second frequency for generating broadside radiation;

and wherein the step of configuring the second MTM transmission line further includes a step of;

adjusting the second equivalent circuit parameters to balance the second CRLH unit cell and to have the second dispersion curve that includes a point where the propagation constant is substantially zero at the first frequency for generating broadside radiation.

25. The method for processing signals for FDD based on a CRLH MTM structure as in claim 23,

wherein the step of adjusting the first equivalent circuit parameters includes a step of:

using a first series right-handed (RH) inductance, a first series left-handed (LH) capacitance, a first shunt LH inductance, and a first shunt RH capacitance,

and wherein the step of adjusting the second equivalent circuit parameters includes a step of;

using a second series right-handed (RH) inductance, a second series left-handed (LH) capacitance, a second shunt LH inductance, and a second shunt RH capacitance.

26. The method for processing signals for FDD based on a CRLH MTM structure as in claim 25,

wherein the step of adjusting the first equivalent circuit parameters includes adjusting the first series RH inductance, the first series LH capacitance, the first shunt LH inductance, the first shunt RH capacitance, and a number of the first CRLH unit cells in each of the first CRLH blocks to have a phase across each of the first CRLH blocks to be φ

₁;

and wherein the step of adjusting the second equivalent circuit parameters includes adjusting the second series RH inductance, the second series LH capacitance, the second shunt LH inductance, the second shunt RH capacitance, and a number of the second CRLH unit cells in each of the second CRLH blocks to have a phase across each of the second CRLH blocks to be φ

₂,

such that a difference between φ

₁ and φ

₂ is 360 degrees times an integer.

27. The method for processing signals for FDD based on a CRLH MTM structure as in claim 22,

wherein the step of configuring the first MTM transmission line includes using a first zeroth order resonator having an open circuited first end and a second end capacitively coupled to the input port;

wherein the step of configuring the second MTM transmission line includes using a second zeroth order resonator having an open circuit third end and a fourth end capacitively coupled to the output port;

and wherein the step of coupling the plurality of transistors includes capacitively coupling the first terminal of each transistor to the first MTM transmission line and the second terminal of each transistor to the second MTM transmission line.

28. A method for processing signals for time division duplex (TDD) based on a composite right and left handed (CRLH) metamaterial (MTM) structure, comprising steps of:

configuring a first MTM transmission line to be tuned to operate as a first transmission line that guides a signal at a frequency during a first time period and to be tuned to operate as a first leaky wave antenna that receives a signal at the frequency during a second time period;

configuring a second MTM transmission line to be tuned to operate as a second transmission line that guides a signal at the frequency during the second time period and to be tuned to operate as a second leaky wave antenna that transmits a signal at the frequency during the first time period;

coupling a plurality of transistors to the first and second MTM transmission lines by coupling a first terminal of each transistor to the first MTM transmission line and a second terminal of each transistor to the second MTM transmission line;

receiving a first signal at the frequency at an input port during the first time period;

guiding the first signal through the first MTM transmission line which operates as the first transmission line at the frequency;

amplifying the first signal by using the plurality of transistors;

transmitting the first signal through the second MTM transmission line which operates as the second leaky wave antenna at the frequency;

receiving a second signal at the frequency through the first MTM transmission line which operates as the first leaky wave antenna at the frequency during the second time period;

amplifying the second signal by using the plurality of transistors;

guiding the second signal through the second MTM transmission line which operates as the second transmission line at the frequency; and

outputting the second signal from an output port.

29. The method for processing signals for TDD based on a CRLH MTM structure as in claim 28,

wherein

the step of configuring the first MTM transmission line includes using a plurality of first tunable CRLH blocks, each comprising at least one CRLH unit cell;

and

the step of configuring the second MTM transmission line includes using a plurality of second tunable CRLH blocks, each comprising at least one CRLH unit cell,

the method further comprising a step of adjusting equivalent circuit parameters of each of the CRLH unit cells in the first and second MTM transmission lines to have a first state or a second state, the first state corresponding to a first dispersion curve and the second state corresponding to a second dispersion curve, wherein the first dispersion curve includes a point in a guided region at the frequency, and the second dispersion curve includes a point in a radiated region at the frequency.

30. The method for processing signals for TDD based on a CRLH MTM structure as in claim 29, further comprising a step of using a control circuit, wherein

the control circuit sends a first control signal to the at least one CRLH unit cell in each of the first tunable CRLH blocks to be tuned to the first state, and a second control signal to the at least one CRLH unit cell in each of the second tunable CRLH blocks to be tuned to the second state during the first time period, and

the control circuit sends a third control signal to the at least one CRLH unit cell in each of the first tunable CRLH blocks to be tuned to the second state, and a fourth control signal to the at least one CRLH unit cell in each of the second tunable CRLH blocks to be tuned to the first state during the second time period.

31. The method for processing signals for TDD based on a CRLH MTM structure as in claim 29, wherein the step of adjusting the equivalent circuit parameters of each of the CRLH unit cells includes further adjusting the equivalent circuit parameters to balance the CRLH unit cell and to have the second dispersion curve that includes a point where a propagation constant is substantially zero at the frequency for providing broadside radiation.

32. The method for processing signals for TDD based on a CRLH MTM structure as in claim 29, wherein the step of adjusting the equivalent circuit parameters of each of the CRLH unit cells includes using a series right-handed (RH) inductance, a series left-handed (LH) capacitance, a shunt LH inductance, a shunt RH capacitance, a first varactor in series with the series LH capacitance, and a second varactor in series with the shunt LH inductance, wherein the first and second varactors are used to tune the CRLH unit cell to the first state or to the second state.

33. The method for processing signals for TDD based on a CRLH MTM structure as in claim 32, wherein the step of adjusting the equivalent circuit parameters of each of the CRLH unit cells includes adjusting the equivalent circuit parameters and a number of the CRLH unit cells in each of the first and second tunable CRLH blocks to have a phase across each of the first and second tunable CRLH blocks to be φ

₁ for the first state and φ

₂ for the second state, such that a difference between φ

₁ and φ

₂ is 360 degrees times an integer.

34. The method for processing signals for TDD based on a CRLH MTM structure as in claim 28,

wherein the step of configuring the first MTM transmission line includes using a first zeroth order resonator having an open circuited first end and a second end capacitively coupled to the input port;

wherein the step of configuring the second MTM transmission line includes using a second zeroth order resonator having an open circuit third end and a fourth end capacitively coupled to the output port;

and wherein the step of coupling the plurality of transistors includes capacitively coupling the first terminal of each transistor to the first MTM transmission line and the second terminal of each transistor to the second MTM transmission line.

35. The method for processing signals for TDD based on a CRLH MTM structure as in claim 29, wherein the step of adjusting the equivalent circuit parameters of each of the CRLH unit cells includes using distributed circuit elements and conductive segments that are formed separately from the distributed circuit elements, and changing an electrical length of each of the distributed circuit elements by coupling and decoupling the conductive segment using a switch to provide different states corresponding to different dispersion curves.

39. The method for processing signals for TDD based on a CRLH MTM structure as in claim 29, wherein the step of adjusting the equivalent circuit parameters of each of the CRLH unit cells includes using a series right-handed (RH) inductor, a series varactor, a shunt variable inductor, and a shunt RH capacitor, wherein the series varactor and the shunt variable inductor are used to tune the CRLH unit cell to the first state or to the second state.

40. The method for processing signals for TDD based on a CRLH MTM structure as in claim 29, wherein the step of adjusting the equivalent circuit parameters of each of the CRLH unit cells includes using a series right-handed (RH) inductor, a series varactor, a shunt gyrator, and a shunt RH capacitor, wherein the series varactor and the shunt gyrator are used to tune the CRLH unit cell to the first state or to the second state.

36. A method for processing signals for time division duplex (TDD) based on a composite right and left handed (CRLH) metamaterial (MTM) structure, comprising steps of:

configuring a first MTM transmission line based on a plurality of first CRLH blocks, each first CRLH block comprising at least one first CRLH unit cell, to operate as a first transmission line that guides a signal at a frequency;

configuring a second MTM transmission line based on a plurality of second CRLH blocks, each second CRLH block comprising at least one second CRLH unit cell, to operate as a first leaky wave antenna that receives a signal at the frequency;

configuring a third MTM transmission line based on a plurality of third CRLH blocks, each third CRLH block comprising at least one third CRLH unit cell, to operate as a second leaky wave antenna that transmits a signal at the frequency;

configuring a fourth MTM transmission line based on a plurality of fourth CRLH blocks, each fourth CRLH block comprising at least one fourth CRLH unit cell, to operate as a second transmission line that guides a signal at the frequency;

using a switch to activate the first and third MTM transmission lines during a transmit time period and the second and fourth MTM transmission lines during a receive time period;

coupling a first plurality of transistors to the first and third MTM transmission lines; and

coupling a second plurality of transistors to the second and fourth MTM transmission lines;

wherein

the first CRLH unit cell is configured to have a first dispersion curve that includes a point in a guided region at the frequency;

the second CRLH unit cell is configured to have a second dispersion curve that includes a point in a radiated region at the frequency;

the third CRLH unit cell is configured to have a third dispersion curve that includes a point in the radiated region at the frequency; and

the fourth CRLH unit cell is configured to have a fourth dispersion curve that includes a point in a guided region at the frequency.

37. The method for processing signals for TDD based on a CRLH MTM structure as in claim 36, wherein each of the steps of configuring of the first, second, third, and fourth MTM transmission lines includes using a zeroth order resonator, and capacitively coupling the zeroth order resonator to either the first or the second plurality of transistors.

38. The method for processing signals for TDD based on a CRLH MTM structure as in claim 36, wherein

coupling the first plurality of transistors to the first and third MTM transmission lines includes coupling a series of transistors to the first and third MTM transmission lines during the transmit time period;

and

coupling the second plurality of transistors to the second and fourth MTM transmission lines includes coupling the series of transistors to the second and fourth MTM transmission lines during the receive time period.

41. An antenna system based on a composite right and left handed (CRLH) metamaterial (MTM) structure, comprising:

a first MTM line comprising a plurality of first CRLH blocks, each first CRLH block comprising at least one first CRLH unit cell structured to guide signals within a selected signal frequency region so that the first MTM line operates as a transmission line to guide a signal at a signal frequency in the selected signal frequency region along the first MTM line;

a second MTM line comprising a plurality of second CRLH blocks, each second CRLH block comprising at least one second CRLH unit cell structured to wirelessly transmit or receive signals within the selected signal frequency region so that the second MTM line operates as a leaky wave antenna that wirelessly transmits or receives the signal at the signal frequency; and

a plurality of transistors coupled to the first and second MTM lines, each transistor having a first terminal coupled to the first MTM line and a second terminal coupled to the second MTM line to amplify the signal that is guided by the first MTM line.

42. The system as in claim 41, comprising:

a signal input port coupled to the first MTM line to direct the signal into the first MTM line to cause the signal to be amplified by the transistors and transmitted by the second MTM line as a wireless signal.

43. The system as in claim 41, comprising:

a signal output port coupled to the first MTM line to direct energy guided by the first MTM line as an output signal of a wireless signal in the selected signal frequency region that is first received by the second MTM line and then amplified by the transistors.

44. The system as in claim 41, wherein:

the first CRLH unit cell in the first MTM line radiates signals within a second, different selected signal frequency region so that the first MTM line operates as a leaky wave antenna that wirelessly radiates or receives a wireless signal in the second, different selected signal frequency region; and

the second CRLH unit cell in the second MTM line guides signals within the second selected signal frequency region so that the second MTM line operates as a transmission line to guide a signal in the second, different selected signal frequency region along the second MTM line.