Method for setting characteristic variables of a brake system in a motor vehicle

• US 20100198471A1
• Filed: 11/05/2007
• Published: 08/05/2010
• Est. Priority Date: 11/15/2006
• Status: Abandoned Application

• Current Assignee: Andreas Georgi, Frank Ewerhart, Reiner Marchthaler, Stephan Stabrey, Thomas Lich
• Original Assignee: Andreas Georgi, Frank Ewerhart, Reiner Marchthaler, Stephan Stabrey, Thomas Lich
• Inventors: Stabrey, Stephan, Georgi, Andreas, Ewerhart, Frank, Marchthaler, Reiner, Lich, Thomas
• Application Number:
  US12/308,341
• Publication Number:
  US 20100198471A1
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• US Class Current: 701/70
• CPC Class Codes: B60T 17/221 Procedure or apparatus for checking or keeping in a correct functioning condition of brake systems hydraulic pressure systems in general F15B19/00, F15B21/04; testing structures or apparatus G01M
• CPC Class Codes: B60T 2220/02 Driver type; Driving style; Driver adaptive features
• CPC Class Codes: B60T 7/042 by electrical means, e.g. using travel or force sensors

Abstract

The invention provides a process for preparing organic nanoparticles comprising the steps of: (a) preparing a solution comprising an unsaturated polyester and/or a vinyl ester resin, an initiator and a hydrophobic monomer; (b) emulsifying the solution obtained in step (a) in an aqueous phase; and thereafter (c) curing the emulsified solution. The invention further provides organic nanoparticles obtainable by the process according to the invention; various uses of said nanoparticles; and paper, dye compositions and toner compositions comprising said nanoparticles.

Claims

1. A process for preparing organic nanoparticles comprising the steps of:

(a) preparing a solution comprising an unsaturated polyester and/or a vinyl ester resin, an initiator and a hydrophobic monomer;

(b) emulsifying the solution obtained in step (a) in an aqueous phase; and

thereafter

(c) curing the emulsified solution.

2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic monomer is selected from the group consisting of aromatic (vinyl) compounds, methacrylates and acrylates.

3. The process according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the hydrophobic monomer is an aromatic monomer.

4. The process according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein the unsaturated polyester and/or the vinyl ester resin has a number average molecular weight per reactive unsaturation in the range of from 250-2500 g/mol, preferably the unsaturated polyester and/or vinyl ester resin has at least 1 reactive unsaturations per molecule, more preferably the unsaturated polyester and/or vinyl ester resin has an average of at least 1.5 reactive unsaturations per molecule, and most preferably, the unsaturated polyester and/or vinyl ester resin has an average of at least 2.0 reactive unsaturations per molecule.

5. The process according to any one of claims 1-4, wherein the unsaturated polyester and/or the vinyl ester resin has an acid value in the range of from 0-200 mg KOH/g resin, preferably the unsaturated polyester resin—

if present—

has an acid value in the range of from 10-50 mg KOH/g resin and the vinyl ester resin—

if present—

has an acid value in the range of from 0-10 mg KOH/g resin.

6. The process according to any one of claims 1-5, wherein the initiator is selected from the group consisting of peranhydrides, peresters and hydroperoxides.

7. The process according to any one of the claims 1-6, further comprising the step of adding an inhibitor to the solution and/or the aqueous phase, preferably the inhibitor is a water soluble inhibitor, more preferably at least 90 weight-% of the inhibitor is in the water phase after emulsifying the solution, more preferably the inhibitor is selected from the group of water soluble inhibitors;

such as gallic acid, 3-carboxy Tempo, Carboxy proxyl, propyl gallate, their derivates, their salts or combinations thereof; and

/or chain transfer agents, such as mercapto ethanol, mercapto acetic acid, mercapto propionic acid, their derivates, their salts or combinations of these.

8. The process according to any one of claims 1-7, wherein the number average molecular weight of the unsaturated polyester and/or the vinyl ester resin is in the range of from 250-5000 g/mol.

9. The process according to any one of claims 1-8, wherein the weight ratio of the unsaturated polyester and/or the vinyl ester resin (A) and the hydrophobic monomer (B) in the solution in step (a) is in the range of from 95/5-40/60 (A/B), preferably the the weight ratio of the unsaturated polyester and/or the vinyl ester resin (A) and the hydrophobic monomer (B) in the solution in step (a) is in the range of from 80/20-40/60, and more preferably the the weight ratio of the unsaturated polyester and/or the vinyl ester resin (A) and the hydrophobic monomer (B) in the solution in step (a) is in the range of from 75/25-50/50 (NB).

10. The process according to any one of claims 1-9, wherein at least 50 weight-% of the hydrophobic monomer is styrene, preferably between 70-95 weight-% of the hydrophobic monomer is styrene.

11. The process according to any one of claims 1-10, wherein less than 40 weight-% of the solution is styrene upon initiation of step (b), preferably 10-30 weight-% of the solution is styrene upon initiation of step (b).

12. The process according to any one of claims 1-11, wherein no emulsifier is present in emulsifying step (b).

13. The process according to any one of claims 1-12, further comprising the step of adding a base with a pKa of at least 10 in an effective amount to neutralize at least part of the terminal acid groups of the unsaturated polyester and/or vinyl ester resin, preferably the base with a pKa of at least 10 is added in an amount to obtain an emulsion with a pH of 3-10, and more preferably the base with a pKa of at least 10 is added in an amount to obtain an emulsion with a pH of 6-8, more preferably to obtain an emulsion with a pH of 6-7.5.

14. The process according to claim 1-13, wherein the step of adding the base with pKa of at least 10 takes place after addition of the solution in the aqueous phase.

15. The process according to any one of claims 1-14, wherein the pH of the aqueous emulsion obtained in step (b) after formation of the polymer-based nanoparticles is in the range of from 5-8, preferably the pH of the aqueous emulsion obtained in step (b) after formation of the polymer-based nanoparticles is in the range of from 6-8.

16. The process according to any one of claims 1-15, wherein the emulsifying in step (b) provides a droplet size of the solution in the emulsion of 5-1000 nm, prefereably a droplet size of the solution in the emulsion of 50-400 nm.

17. The process according to any one of claims 1-16, wherein the solution in step (a) is substantially free from a solvent other than the hydrophobic monomer.

18. The process according to any one of claims 1-17, further comprising the step of separating the cured nanoparticles from the emulsion, and optionally agglomerating the cured nanoperticles prior to separating cured nanoparticles from the emulsion.

19. Organic nanoparticles obtainable by the process as defined in any one of claims 1-18, wherein the nanoparticles are emulsified in an aqueous phase or separated from the aqueous emulsion.

20. Use of the organic nanoparticles as defined in claim 19 as plastic pigment, preferably as a plastic pigment for paper coating.

21. Paper comprising a coating, which coating comprises nanoparticles according to claim 19.

22. Dye composition comprising organic nanoparticles as defined in claim 19.

23. Toner composition comprising organic nanoparticles as defined in claim 19.

24. A process for preparing organic microparticles by subjecting organic nanoparticles as defined in claim 19 to a spray-drying treatment and/or a coagulation treatment and/or an agglomeration treatment, and recovering the organic microparticles.

25. Organic microparticles obtainable by the process as defined in claim 24.

26. Use of the organic microparticles as defined in claim 25 or the organic nanoparticles according to claim 19 in SMC;

as a plastic pigment;

as filler in composite materials, coatings, concrete, waxes;

as spacer;

as hybrid pigment;

as encapsulating agent for example for dyes and UV-blockers and/or in adhesives.