CARBON MATERIALS COMPRISING AN ELECTROCHEMICAL MODIFIER
First Claim
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1. A carbon material comprising at least 1,000 ppm of an electrochemical modifier, wherein the electrochemical modifier comprises lead, tin, antimony, bismuth, arsenic, tungsten, silver, zinc, cadmium, indium, sulfur, silicon or combinations thereof, and wherein the carbon material comprises a total of less than 500 ppm of all other elements having atomic numbers ranging from 11 to 92, as measured by proton induced x-ray emission.
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Abstract
The present application is directed to carbon materials comprising an electrochemical modifier. The carbon materials find utility in any number of electrical devices, for example, in lead acid batteries. Methods for making the disclosed carbon materials are also disclosed.
166 Citations
55 Claims
- 1. A carbon material comprising at least 1,000 ppm of an electrochemical modifier, wherein the electrochemical modifier comprises lead, tin, antimony, bismuth, arsenic, tungsten, silver, zinc, cadmium, indium, sulfur, silicon or combinations thereof, and wherein the carbon material comprises a total of less than 500 ppm of all other elements having atomic numbers ranging from 11 to 92, as measured by proton induced x-ray emission.
- 37. An electrical energy storage device comprising a carbon material comprising at least 1,000 ppm of an electrochemical modifier, wherein the electrochemical modifier comprises lead, tin, antimony, bismuth, arsenic, tungsten, silver, zinc, cadmium, indium, sulfur, silicon or combinations thereof, and wherein the carbon material comprises a total of less than 500 ppm of all other elements having atomic numbers ranging from 11 to 92, as measured by proton induced x-ray emission.
- 46. An electrode comprising a binder and a carbon material comprising at least 1,000 ppm of an electrochemical modifier, wherein the electrochemical modifier comprises lead, tin, antimony, bismuth, arsenic, tungsten, silver, zinc, cadmium, indium, sulfur, silicon or combinations thereof, and wherein the carbon material comprises a total of less than 500 ppm of all other elements having atomic numbers ranging from 11 to 92, as measured by proton induced x-ray emission.
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50. A method for making a carbon material comprising an electrochemical modifier, the method comprising:
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(a) reacting one or more polymer precursors to obtain a polymer gel; (b) freeze drying the polymer gel to obtain a polymer cryogel; (c) pyrolyzing the polymer cryogel to obtain a pyrolyzed polymer cryogel; and (c) activating the pyrolyzed cryogel to obtain an activated carbon material, the method further comprising the step of contacting the one or more polymer precursors, the polymer gel, the polymer cryogel, the pyrolyzed polymer cryogel or the activated carbon material with the electrochemical modifier, and wherein the electrochemical modifier comprises lead, tin, antimony, bismuth, arsenic, tungsten, silver, zinc, cadmium, indium, sulfur, silicon or combinations thereof. - View Dependent Claims (51, 52, 53, 54, 55)
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Specification